Mammalian Stomach Research Articles

Simulation of slow-wave electrical activity of small intestine.

Simulation of slow-wave electrical activity of small intestine.

Lipolytic Peptides in Mammalian Stomach and Choroid Plexus

Acetone powders of porcine stomach stimulated lipolysis in the rabbit’s adipose tissue at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml. By extraction with glacial acetic acid, fractional precipitation with organic solvents, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, the lipolytic activity was concentrated 1000 times. This activity was destroyed by trypsin and by chymotrypsin. The porcine stomach lipolytic factor, apparently a peptide with molecular weight 1000–3500 (as indicated by volume of elution from Sephadex G-25), stimulated lipolysis in adipose tissues of rabbit, rat, hamster, guinea pig, cat and opossum, but not in that of the chicken. Lipolytic activity with similar properties was found in omassum and abomassum of bovine stomach, and in leporine, cavian, canine and simian stomach. Acetone powder of bovine choroid plexus was also active at 1000 μg/ral on adipose tissue of the rabbit. The lipolytic activity was concentrated 100-fold by extraction with glacial acetic acid, fractional precipitation with organi...

The preparation and properties of some nitrosamino acids

The N-nitroso derivatives of the amino acids sarcosine, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, proline, hydroxyproline and pipecolic acid have been prepared and characterized. All five compounds are formed in high yield under conditions approximating those in the mammalian stomach. The nitrosamino acids can be decarboxylated in low yield in the presence of dilute alkali, the product in each case being a nitrosamine. The possible relevance of these findings to the occurrence of human cancer is discussed. The variation of NMR spectral properties with time has shown that four of these nitrosamino acids preferentially crystallize in a conformation in which the C atom bearing the carboxyl group is syn to the nitroso O atom, while nitrosoazetidinecarboxylic acid assumes the anti conformation in the crystal. The carboxyl group of nitrosopipecolic acid strongly prefers the axial orientation.

A model to explain uphill water transport in the mammalian stomach

Under most conditions the osmotic gradient hypothesis can account for water movement in the stomach. However, in the resting in vivo dog stomach, with isotonic HCl bathing the mucosal surface, H + disappears and Na + appears at approximately the same rate and water moves from the blood to the mucosal bathing fluid, resulting in the production of a hypotonic fluid. In the present paper we have developed a conceptual model to explain these findings. According to the model the cells on the surface and those lining the pits are impermeable to both water and solutes, the site of the H + -Na + exchange is the tubules, and the tubules are permeable to water. In demonstrating how the model works we have first obtained expressions for the concentration profiles of the ions in the pits under conditions of no water flow and show that the fluid at the bottom of the pits would be hypertonic. We then allow the tubules to become permeable to water, with the result that water moves from blood to lumen while the number of osmotically active particles does not change (the loss of H + equals the gain of Na + ). We obtain an approximate quantitative picture during water flow by making the assumption that HCl and NaCl diffuse independently.

The ultrastructual morphology of the midgut diverticulum of the calanoid copepod Calanus helgolandicus (Claus) (Crustacea)

The midgut diverticulum of the marine calanoid copepod C. helgolandicus consists of a columnar epithelial layer, a myoepithelial layer, and between these a well-developed basement membrane. The apical region of the epithelial cell is thrown into tightly packed microvilli which showed an alcian blue reaction indicating the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides. The apical half of the cell contains numerous microvesicles and mitochondria as well as tiny Golgi-like bodies. The plasma membrane of the basal region of the epithelium is extremely digitated. The digitations contain numerous mitochondria and the whole structure resembles mitochondrial pumps. The epithelial cells contain a large centrally situated oval nucleus with its single nucleolus. The myoepithelial cell is squamous and contains a flattened nucleus as well as very well-developed circularly and longitudinally arranged myofibrils. It is suggested that the midgut diverticulum of Calanus is probably analogous to the mammalian stomach in that food is mechanically churned. However, it does not appear to be involved in the secretion of digestive juices but only mucopolysaccharides; it is probably involved in the absorption of amino acids which are probably actively transported, by the "mitochondrial pump" in the basal region of the epithelial cells, into the haemocoel.

The autonomic innervation of the stomach of a toad ( Bufo marinus)

1. 1. Gastric smooth muscle of the toad Bufo marinus is innervated via splanchnic sympathetic, cervical sympathetic and vagal parasympathetic nervous pathways. 2. 2. The cervical sympathetic outflow is excitatory to the stomach. The nerve fibres are probably cholinergic. 3. 3. The splanchnic innervation is adrenergic and causes relaxation of the stomach. 4. 4. The vagal innervation of the stomach is solely inhibitory. The inhibitory nerve fibres, like those in the vagal supply to the mammalian stomach, are neither adrenergic nor cholinergic.

Acid secretion, Na+ absorption, and the origin of the potential difference across isolated mammalian stomachs.

The stomach wall of several species will function in isolation for several hours. A normal transmural potential difference is generated, and H+ secretion proceeds at a modest rate. In contrast to the isolated frog gastric mucosa, the isolated mammalian stomach, to a significant but varying degree, actively absorbs Na+. To some extent, the prandial state determines Na+ absorption. Acidification of the solution bathing the mucosal surface of the isolated stomach depresses Na+ absorption and favors Cl− secretion.

Nature of the intestinal slow-wave frequency gradient.

Nature of the intestinal slow-wave frequency gradient.

Electrical properties of intestinal muscle as measured intracellularly and extracellularly

ARTICLESElectrical properties of intestinal muscle as measured intracellularly and extracellularlyM Kobayashi, CL Prosser, and T NagaiM Kobayashi, CL Prosser, and T NagaiPublished Online:01 Jul 1967https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.213.1.275MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByMovement based artifacts may contaminate extracellular electrical recordings from GI muscles25 September 2011 | Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Vol. 23, No. 11Enteric nervous system: reflexes, pattern generators and motilityCurrent Opinion in Gastroenterology, Vol. 24, No. 2Is colonic electrical activity a similar phenomena to small-bowel electrical activity?Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, Vol. 40, No. 1Mathematical modeling of the peristaltic reflex: A numerical experimentJournal of Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 71, No. 6Biomechanics of small bowel motilityMedical Engineering & Physics, Vol. 16, No. 5System identification of electrically coupled smooth muscle cells: the passive electrical propertiesIEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 11Impedance analysis applicable to cardiac muscle and smooth muscle bundlesIEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 10Gastrointestinal Physiology, 1895–1975: Motility1 January 2011Electrophysiology of the intestinal musculature1 January 2011Interstitial cells of Cajal1 January 2011In vivo myoelectric activity: methods, analysis, and interpretation1 January 2011The simplest possibility for the appearance of self-oscillations in pacemaker cellsBioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, Vol. 17, No. 3Gap Junctions in Smooth MuscleSummation and gradient characteristics of local electroantennogram response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalisPesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 24, No. 1Interstitial Cells of Cajal: Selective Uptake of Methylene Blue Inhibits Slow Wave ActivityElectrophysiology of Intestinal Smooth MuscleOn Exploring The Basis For Slow Potential Oscillations in the Mammalian Stomach and IntestineJournal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 81, No. 1An Atlas of Cellular Oscillators1 August 1979 | Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 81, No. 1Electrophysiological properties of human oviduct smooth muscle cells in dissociated cell cultureJournal of Cellular Physiology, Vol. 98, No. 2Junctional Transmission in Smooth Muscle and the Autonomic Nervous System1 January 2011Evaluation of electric field changes in the cleft between excitable cellsJournal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 64, No. 1Models of Smooth Muscle Electrical ActivityReferencesRatio of transverse to longitudinal resistivities of isolated cardiac muscle fiber bundlesJournal of Electrocardiology, Vol. 7, No. 4Shunting effect on resistance measurements in visceral smooth muscle tissueJournal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 46, No. 2The Permeability Change Produced by Acetylcholine in Smooth MuscleThe electrical activity of single isolated smooth muscle cellsPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 341, No. 4Physiological and morphological correlation of the functional syncytium in the bivalve myocardiumComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 44, No. 1Propagation and electrical entrainment of intestinal slow wavesThe American Journal of Digestive Diseases, Vol. 17, No. 4Electrical activity of the stomach and upper intestineThe American Journal of Digestive Diseases, Vol. 16, No. 7The possible role of close contacts (nexuses) in the propagation of control electrical activity in the stomach and small intestineThe American Journal of Digestive Diseases, Vol. 16, No. 7Studies of intestinal slow wave activity with a double sucrose gap apparatusLife Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 6Insect visceral muscle. Responses of the proctodeal muscles to mechanical stretchJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 16, No. 3Sharp discontinuity in sarcomere lengths across intercalated disks of fibrillating cat heartsJournal of Ultrastructure Research, Vol. 30, No. 5-6Excitation-contraction coupling and electrical events in two types of vascular smooth muscleMicrovascular Research, Vol. 1, No. 4Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the stomach of the squid Loligo pealii (lesueur)Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 30, No. 5Electrical activity of small intestinal smooth muscleThe American Journal of Surgery, Vol. 117, No. 6Lack of Electrical Coupling between Contiguous Myocardial Cells in Vertebrate HeartsThe propagation of contractile waves from duodenum to jejunumPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 305, No. 3Activity of Pilomotor Muscles of Single Tactile Hairs in the Cat1 July 2014 | Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 74, No. 3The electrical activity of the alimentary tractThe American Journal of Digestive Diseases, Vol. 13, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 213Issue 1July 1967Pages 275-286 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1967 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.213.1.275PubMed6027931History Published online 1 July 1967 Published in print 1 July 1967 Metrics

An improved staining of the three fundic gland cells of mammalian stomach.

An improved staining of the three fundic gland cells of mammalian stomach.

An experimental study of the relation between the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and secretion in the surface epithelium of the mammalian stomach

An experimental study of the relation between the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and secretion in the surface epithelium of the mammalian stomach

Observations on the gastric mucosa of reptilia.

1. Histological and experimental observations were made on the gastric secretion of the Australian lizards Tiliqua nigro‐lutea and Tachysaurus rugosus, and on the tortoise Testudo grœca. In Tiliqua nigro‐lutea a permanent fistula with an indwelling cannula was inserted into the stomach for the collection of gastric juice from the unanæsthetized animal.2. Histologically, the gastric gland cells of these animals contain granules that resemble mammalian pepsinogen granules, but there is no cell in the glands that can be identified with the mammalian parietal cell.3. The effects of food, of drugs and of vagal stimulation on the secretion of gastric juice were observed. In spite of histological differences from the mammalian stomach, the stomach in these three species produces a gastric juice that in essentials resembles that of mammals.

Chloride Ions in the Secretion of the Pitcher Plant

ANALOGIES between the pitchers of insectivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes and the mammalian stomach were first given biochemical justification when De Zeeuw1 demonstrated that the proteolytic activity, long known to occur in the viscous secretion of opened pitchers, was also present in the juice of pitchers opened under sterile conditions and could hence not be of bacterial origin. A recent study of the secretions from opened and unopened pitchers of some fifteen species of Nepenthes, made available to me by courtesy of the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, makes it possible to suggest a yet closer analogy between the animal and vegetable organs.

Effect of thiocyanate on electrophysiological properties of mammalian stomach.

ArticleEffect of Thiocyanate on Electrophysiological Properties of Mammalian StomachHilda Schlesinger, Warren H. Dennis, and Warren S. RehmHilda SchlesingerFrom the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, Warren H. DennisFrom the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, and Warren S. RehmFrom the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KentuckyPublished Online:30 Sep 1955https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1955.183.1.75MoreSectionsPDF (597 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByEffect of current direction and K+ on polarization of the frog gastric mucosa proton pumpBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 1240, No. 1Electrogenicity of the frog gastric mucosa proton pump based on polarization responses in the presence of H+-secretion inhibitorsBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, Vol. 1149, No. 2Role of polarization of gastric EMFs in evaluation of contemporary HCl models13 February 2014 | Journal of Internal Medicine, Vol. 228, No. S732Aminopyrine uptake by guinea pig gastric mucosal cells mediation by cyclic AMP and interactions among secretagoguesBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, Vol. 675, No. 3-4Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the human parietal cell during acid inhibition and increase of gastric potential difference by glucagon.Gut, Vol. 21, No. 1Electrical Events During Activation and Inhibition of Gastric HCI SecretionGastroenterology, Vol. 73, No. 4The effect of metiamide on the gastric mucosal barrierJournal of Surgical Research, Vol. 22, No. 5ELECTROGENIC MECHANISMS OF THE FROG'S GASTRIC MUCOSAAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 137, No. 2 Biological MeIon and Water Transport in Stomach and Intestine More from this issue > Volume 183Issue 1September 1955Pages 75-78 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1955 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1955.183.1.75PubMed13268639History Received 27 March 1955 Published online 30 September 1955 Published in print 30 September 1955 Metrics

Electrical resistance of the mammalian stomach.

Electrical resistance of the mammalian stomach.

A study of the gastric glands of alligator mississippiensis

AbstractA review of the literature of the gastric glands of reptiles shows marked differences of opinion concerning the nature and character of the cells composing the gastric glands.The present investigation of the gastric glands of the alligator has been carried out by histochemical and physiological experiments, rather than by the usual morphological methods, but the results can be stated both in terms of structure and function. The surface epithelial cells and those lining the gland pits in the fundic, cardiac, and pyloric regions of the stomach of the alligator are not strictly comparable functionally to the mucous cells of mammals. The cells composing the necks and bodies of the glands in the fundus, according to histochemical reactions, are parietal cells. Certain cells lying beneath the columnar epithelial cells lining the lumen of the stomach and the foveolae react to one method of fixation and staining as do the chief cells of mammalian material. The results of the experiment with the vital dye, neutral red, show that the cells of the gastric pits, the necks and bodies of the glands in the fundus of the alligator's stomach, react identically as those of the mammalian stomach. The gastric juice of the alligator is acid to litmus‐paper and contains a free mineral acid.

Gastric response to extragastric irritation

Occasional experience with the contracting stomach in the open surgical abdomen has been confirmed and enlarged by similar experimental studies on the mammalian stomach. For this purpose, a dog is narcotized with morphia and ether, and opened, under surgical conditions, in the upper abdomen with the least possible mechanical trauma. The stomach is exposed and watched for contractions. If a typical animal, after the lapse of three minutes, two waves of peristaltic contractions occur on the exposed part of the stomach and follow each other at intervals of twenty seconds. With the stomach contracting in this manner, the gallbladder is seized in a crushing clamp for a few moments and released; similarly, the appendix or the duodenum may be clamped and released. In the great proportion of instances, there is a cessation of the stomach's motility for three minutes, more or less, followed by hypermotility after clamping in this manner the gallbladder, appendix, or duodenum. The experimental series is as follows: In these thirteen experiments, there are eleven irritated gall bladders, eight traumatized duodeni, and five crushed appendices, The respectibe gastric motor responses may be expressed in percentages as follows : After completing these experiments, the clinical records at Bellevue Hospital, Third Division, were reviewed from 1911 to the present time with the following result: