MAM Group Research Articles

Dietary Aronia melanocarpa supplementation inhibit the oxidative stress caused by aging in ovary of late laying hens from 59 to 67 weeks of age

The ageing of laying hens’ ovaries in the late laying period leads to oxidative stress, which ultimately results in the decrease of laying performance. Thus, we investigated Aronia melanocarpa (AM) as a potent antioxidant to improve ovarian senescence in the late laying hens through antioxidant pathway, thereby improving egg production performance. A total of 480 Hy-line brown laying hens aged 59 wks (60–67 wks) were randomly divided into CON, LAM, MAM and HAM groups and fed 0, 1, 4 and 7% AM, respectively. The results showed that compared with the CON group, the MAM group could significantly improve the laying rate and reduce the feed egg ratio at 64–67 weeks of age (p < 0.05). The AM groups increased the eggshell thickness, while HAM group significantly reduced yolk colour (p < 0.05). The MAM and HAM groups significantly increased egg white weight (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the ovarian index in MAM group was increased, and the proteins related to proliferation and anti-apoptosis of ovarian cells (PCNA and Bcl2/Bax) were enhanced in all AM groups (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, all AM groups could significantly reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of ovary and yolk, and increase the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in yolk. LAM and MAM groups significantly increased ovarian GSH-Px activity, but only the MAM group significantly increased ovarian T-SOD activity. The expression levels of Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) genes and proteins were significantly increased in all AM groups, while the expression levels of kelch ECH – associated protein 1 (Keap1) genes and proteins were decreased. The expressions of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) genes were significantly increased in all AM groups, but the expression of SOD1 protein was significantly increased in MAM group and NQO1 protein was significantly increased in HAM group. Antioxidant enzyme protein expressions in the ovary showed positive associations with antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, the expression of Nrf2 protein in the ovary was inversely connected with Keap1 protein expression and favourably correlated with antioxidant protein expressions. In summary, dietary AM supplementation activates the Keap1/Nrf2 antioxidant pathway to inhibit the oxidative stress caused by ageing in ovary of late laying hens. Taken together, the results of the study suggest that the inclusion of 4% AM was able to better improve the laying performance and antioxidant capacity of laying hens in the late laying period.

Abstract 11151: Pre-Operative Malnutrition Increases Risk of Major Infection and Death in Hospital After Ventricular Septal Defect Closure in Low-Resource Settings

Introduction: High energy requirements and poor feeding due to left-to-right shunting can lead to growth failure in patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) but the effect of malnutrition on surgical outcomes is not well known, especially in low-resource settings. More data would inform decisions on whether nutritional repletion should occur pre-operatively or be deferred until after surgery. Methods: We analyzed cases of isolated VSD +/- ASD or PDA closure in children &lt; 5 years old from 19 centers in 10 low- and middle-income countries with complete audited data collected as part of the International Quality Improvement Collaborative for Congenital Heart Disease from 2016 - 2020. Premature infants and those with known genetic/non-cardiac structural anomalies were excluded. We examined inter-center variation in weight-for-height z score (WHZ) and adjusted for age and major medical illness to calculate odds ratios (OR) of death and major infection (surgical site infection or bacterial sepsis) during hospitalization for changes in WHZ, and for patients with moderate acute malnutrition (-3 &lt; WHZ ≤ -2; MAM) or severe acute malnutrition (WHZ ≤ -3; SAM) versus those without malnutrition (WHZ &gt; -2). Results: Among 6441 VSD closures (5023 membranous, 160 muscular, 73 AV canal, 1046 infundibular, 139 DORV), median age was 8 months (1 day - 4.4 years). Median WHZ at time of surgery was -1.1 (-8.0 - 7.4); 949 patients (15%) had MAM and 1026 (16%) had SAM. Median WHZ (-3.52 - 0.35) and rates of MAM (19 - 80%) and SAM (6 - 63%) varied among centers. Overall, 0.5% died in hospital and 1.2% had major post-operative infection. Odds of major infection (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.89-1.29) and mortality (OR 1.18, 0.93-1.49) increased for each one unit decrease in WHZ. For the MAM group, odds of major infection (OR 1.50, 0.67-3.37) and mortality (OR 1.32, 0.50-3.49) were increased compared to those without malnutrition. For SAM, odds were higher, and were significant for major infection (OR 2.15, 1.01-4.56) and nearly so for mortality (OR 1.93, 0.98-3.77). Conclusions: Malnutrition is common in children undergoing VSD closure in low-resource settings and increases risk of major infection and death, especially in cases of SAM. Pre-operative nutritional repletion may be considered to reduce risk.

Adult stress exposure blunts dopamine system hyperresponsivity in a neurodevelopmental rodent model of schizophrenia

Stress is a major risk factor for the development of both schizophrenia and depression, and comorbidity between the two is common in schizoaffective disorders. However, the effects of stress exposure (i.e. chronic mild stress-CMS) on depression-related phenotypes in a neurodevelopmental model relevant to schizophrenia (i.e. methylazoxymethanol acetate—MAM) have yet to be explored and could provide insight into shared mechanisms of disease. To this end, we combined the prenatal MAM model with adult CMS exposure and explored the resultant pathophysiology using the social approach test (SAT), immobility in the forced swim test (FST) and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (AIH) as depression- and schizophrenia-related endophenotypes and performed extracellular recordings of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons. MAM rats exhibited a reduction in social approach and increased VTA DA neuron activity compared to SAL rats or CMS groups. Separate cohorts of MAM animals were subjected to FST and AIH testing (counterbalanced order) or FST only. CMS groups exhibited increased FST immobility. Post-FST, both MAM groups (MAM-CON, MAM-CMS) exhibited blunted locomotor response to amphetamine compared with their SAL counterparts exposed to the same tests. Post-FST, MAM rats exhibited comparable VTA population activity to SAL rats, and CMS groups exhibited attenuated VTA population activity. Apomorphine administration results were consistent with the model suggesting that reductions in VTA DA neuron activity in MAM rats following FST exposure resulted from over-excitation, or depolarization block. These data suggest stress-induced DA downregulation in MAM rats, as FST exposure was sufficient to block the DA hyperresponsivity phenotype.

Mantra meditation as adjunctive therapy in major depression: A randomized controlled trial

• Mantra meditation is an effective add-on treatment in major depression. • Mantra meditation is superior to progressive muscle relaxation. • After 6 months, mantra meditation mainly improved mood rather than cognitive symptoms. • Untapped potentials of mantra meditation warrant further research. To investigate the efficacy of add-on mantra meditation compared to progressive muscle relaxation in major depression. This study was a two-arm, single-site, raterblinded, randomized controlled trial involving 123 inpatients at a psychiatric hospital diagnosed with major depression according to DSM-IV criteria (January 2017 to June 2020). The treatment group practiced mantra meditation (MAM, N = 60); the comparator group practiced progressive muscle relaxation (PMR, N = 63). Both treatments were delivered via an introductory lesson followed by 30-minute group sessions twice weekly, adjunctively to usual treatment for depressive inpatients (TAU). The primary outcome measure was change in clinician-rated depression symptom severity, measured by the MADRS interview. The secondary outcome measure was self-reported depression severity, measured by the BDI-II questionnaire. Intentionto-treat was analyzed using linear mixed models. The TAU + MAM group had significantly greater improvements in MADRS score than the TAU + PMR group, both at the 3- month follow-up (between-group difference = 4.78, 95% CI = -8.32 – -1.42; d = 0.62) and at the 6-month follow-up (between-group difference = -6.24, 95% CI = -9.80 – -2.69; d = 0.79). Posttreatment, self-reported depression symptom severity was not significantly lower in the TAU + MAM group than in the TAU + PMR group. Exploratory analysis of the differences between primary and secondary outcomes showed that mantra meditation mainly improved mood rather than cognitive symptoms. In inpatients with major depression, adjunctive mantra meditation led to clinically relevant reduction in depressive symptom severity. Further research would build evidence for the untapped potentials of mantra meditation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier : NCT03004430

Adolescent social isolation affects parvalbumin expression in the medial prefrontal cortex in the MAM-E17 model of schizophrenia.

Altered parvalbumin (PV) expression is observed in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Environmental context, particularly during adolescence, might regulate PV expression. In the present study, we investigated the effect of adolescent social isolation (SI) on PV expression in the medial prefrontal cortex in a neurodevelopmental model (MAM-E17) of schizophrenia. SI exposure occurred from postnatal day 30 to 40, followed by resocialization until late adolescence or early adulthood. PV mRNA and protein levels, as well as the number of PV cells, were analysed at these ages. Moreover, epigenetic regulation of PV expression by histone methylation was examined by measuring the total and PV gene-bound H3K4me3 levels. MAM only decreased levels of the PV mRNA and protein in adulthood. Decreases in total H3K4me3 levels and its level at the PV gene were also observed at this age. In contrast, in late adolescence, SI induced a decrease in the expression of the PV mRNA in the MAM group that was related to the reduction in total and PV gene-bound H3K4me3 levels. However, at this age, SI increased the levels of the PV protein in both the control and MAM groups. In adulthood, SI did not affect PV mRNA or H3K4me3 levels but decreased levels of the PV protein in both groups. Both MAM and SI failed to change the number of PV cells at any age. The results indicate that adolescent SI accelerated epigenetic impairments of PV expression in MAM-E17 rats; however, subsequent resocialization abolished this dysfunction, but failed to prevent alterations in PV protein.

Study of thyroid profile in malnourished children (6 months - 5 years) admitted in the nutritional rehabilitation centre and paediatric ward NSCB Medical College Jabalpur, India

Background: Globally, PEM continues to be a major health problem in developing countries and the most important risk factor for illnesses and death especially among young children. The research was conducted to study the effect of thyroid profile in malnourished children (6 month-5 years) admitted in tertiary care center in Central India.Methods: A cross sectional hospital based observational study was carried out in tertiary care hospital NSCB MCH Jabalpur. 80 malnourished children were included in the study. The cases were categorized into moderate and severe malnutrition as per WHO classification. Detailed clinical assessment of nutritional status followed by anthropometric measurement (weight for height) was recorded in predesigned proforma. Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), serum total protein and serum albumin were estimated. The parameters were compared among SAM and MAM groups using appropriate tool.Results: Mean serum protein, serum albumin, T3, T4 were significantly low in SAM group, when compared to the MAM group (p &lt;0.001). while level of TSH was not found significant among SAM and MAM groups.Conclusions: Malnutrition is associated with decrease level of thyroid hormone levels and were positively correlated with serum total protein and albumin levels. The decrease level of thyroid hormone may have a contributory role in retarded growth and development.

Adolescent Social Isolation Affects Schizophrenia-Like Behavior in the MAM-E17 Model of Schizophrenia.

Social isolation (SI) during adolescence may induce schizophrenia-like behavior. In the present study, we investigated whether adolescent SI might affect the development of schizophrenia-like behavior in the MAM-E17 neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Rats were socially isolated for 10days during adolescence (postnatal days (P) 30-40), followed by resocialization until late adolescence (P45-P48) or early adulthood (P70-P75); behavioral and neurochemical studies were performed at these ages. The behavioral studies analyzed locomotor activity, social interaction, recognition memory, and sensorimotor gating; GAD65 and GAD67 protein levels were measured in the prefrontal cortex. The results showed that SI did not affect locomotor activity, but it prevented the social interaction deficits induced by MAM administration at both of the analyzed age points. However, SI induced a deficit in recognition memory in the MAM group during adolescence, which was not observed in the MAM-treated, socially housed rats at this age. In adulthood, impairments in recognition memory were detected in both MAM groups. In contrast, SI did not accelerate the appearance of sensorimotor gating deficits in MAM animals during adolescence, and sensorimotor gating impairments were observed in both MAM groups during adulthood. Adolescent SI rearing did not affect any examined behavioral responses in the VEH-treated groups. SI altered the levels of GAD65 and GAD67 proteins during adolescence in both groups; however, the decrease in the level of GAD65 protein was observed only in the adult MAM-SI group. Thus, SI rearing during a defined period of adolescence might have specific effects on the emergence of schizophrenia-like abnormalities in MAM-treated animals.

A New Rat Model of Epileptic Spasms Based on Methylazoxymethanol-Induced Malformations of Cortical Development.

Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) can cause medically intractable epilepsies and cognitive disabilities in children. We developed a new model of MCD-associated epileptic spasms by treating rats prenatally with methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) to induce cortical malformations and postnatally with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) to induce spasms. To produce cortical malformations to infant rats, two dosages of MAM (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) were injected to pregnant rats at gestational day 15. In prenatally MAM-exposed rats and the controls, spasms were triggered by single (6 mg/kg on postnatal day 12 (P12) or 10 mg/kg on P13 or 15 mg/kg on P15) or multiple doses (P12, P13, and P15) of NMDA. In prenatally MAM-exposed rats with single NMDA-provoked spasms at P15, we obtain the intracranial electroencephalography and examine the pretreatment response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or vigabatrin. Rat pups prenatally exposed to MAM exhibited a significantly greater number of spasms in response to single and multiple postnatal NMDA doses than vehicle-exposed controls. Vigabatrin treatment prior to a single NMDA dose on P15 significantly suppressed spasms in MAM group rats (p < 0.05), while ACTH did not. The MAM group also showed significantly higher fast oscillation (25–100 Hz) power during NMDA-induced spasms than controls (p = 0.047). This new model of MCD-based epileptic spasms with corresponding features of human spasms will be valuable for future research of the developmental epilepsy.

Burden of migraine related to menses: results from the AMPP study.

BackgroundStudies of the difference between menstrually associated and non-menstrually associated migraine are somewhat controversial. The majority of studies have focused on comparing menstrual to non-menstrual attacks rather than comparing study groups with different migraine diagnoses with respect to menstruation. As there is limited knowledge available on the overall impact and burden of migraine among groups of women with and without menstrually associated migraine our goal was to examine differences between these groups. We hypothesized that there would be greater burden of migraine related to menstruation and headache frequency in a population study across groups of women.MethodsWe analyzed data from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study, a longitudinal, US, population-based study. We included female respondents to the 2009 survey, aged 18 to 60, who met modified ICHD-2 criteria for migraine, were actively menstruating and fit one of three definitions based on the self-reported association of menses and migraine attacks: self-reported predominantly menstrual migraine (MM, attacks that only or predominantly occur at the time of menses), self-reported menstrually-associated migraine (MAM, attacks commonly associated with menses, but that also occur at other times of the month), and self-reported menstrually-unrelated migraine (MUM). These three groups were compared on characteristics and measures of headache impact and burden (Headache Impact Test– 6 item (HIT-6) and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS).ResultsThere were 1,697 eligible subjects for this study in the following categories: MM (5.5%), MAM (53.8%), or MUM (40.7%). Women with MM had an older age of migraine onset. Those with predominantly menstrually-related attacks (MM) had fewer headache-days but appeared to be more impaired by attacks. HIT-6 and MIDAS scores were significantly higher for both the MM and MAM groups compared with the MUM groups; however, effects were more robust for MM than MAM.ConclusionsNearly 60% of women with migraine reported an association between migraine and menses. These women reported greater headache impact and migraine-related burden on functioning than those in whom migraines were not related to menstruation. Women with MM were more impaired by attacks while women with MAM had overall highest burden, likely due to experiencing migraines on additional days.

Breast conservation therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): does presentation of disease affect long-term outcomes?

For DCIS patients eligible for breast conservation treatment (BCT), it remains unclear whether presenting with physical signs/symptoms (Phys) confers a worse long-term prognosis compared to mammographically detected DCIS (Mam). We collected data on 669 DCIS patients treated with BCT from 1974 to 2007 of whom 80 were identified as category "Phys" and 589 were in category "Mam." Treatment parameters (i.e., the RT dose delivered, boost, rates of stereotactic biopsy, re-excision, node dissection) did not differ significantly between the two cohorts (p = NS). At a 60-month median follow-up, significant associations included younger age at presentation (p < 0.001), non-white race (p = 0.041), larger tumor size (p = 0.002), more 1°/2° papillary histology (1°, p = 0.001; 2°, p = 0.005) for the Phys cohort. As expected, mammograms were more likely to show mass/nodules/asymmetrical densities and less likely to show microcalcifications for the Phys versus Mam group (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in family history, multifocality, grade, necrosis, or residual disease at re-excision, nodal involvement, status of margins, or ER/PR/HER-2 between the cohorts. The local relapse-free survival was similar at 5 years (100 vs. 96.9 %, p = 0.116) and 10 years (96.2 vs. 96.2 %, p = 0.906), with no significant overall survival difference at 10 years (97.5 vs. 95.9 %, p = 0.364) between the Phys and Mam patients, respectively. On multivariate analysis, presentation was not an independent predictor of local relapse-free survival or overall survival when accounting for age, race, tumor size, mammogram appearance, and adjuvant hormone treatment. Our findings suggest that although some clinicopathological differences exist between DCIS patients presenting with physical signs/symptoms compared with those presenting with mammographically detected disease, long-term outcomes are similar for patients appropriately selected for BCT.

Strategic and Leadership Approach Required for MAM Group to Remain a Global Player in the Turbulent Business Environment

Strategic and Leadership Approach Required for MAM Group to Remain a Global Player in the Turbulent Business Environment

Adherence Characteristics After Abnormal Screening Results Between Mammogram and Papanicolaou Test Groups

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the adherence concerns related to follow-up were different between groups of women after abnormal screening results of mammography (Mam) and Papanicolaou (Pap) test. Taiwanese women with abnormal Mam screening results (n = 42) and abnormal Pap test results (n = 109) provided data via a self-administered survey. Data were collected in 2005. After providing informed consent, women completed the AFAR, an 18 item questionnaire that measured the Adherence concerns of Follow-up after Abnormal screening Results. The results showed that (1) for both Mam and Pap test groups, the most important adherence concern for clinical follow-up after abnormal screening results is disease related, followed by others' response and resource accessibility; and (2) in these 2 clinical follow-up groups, women in the Mam group were more likely to be concerned with all of the 18 adherence factors than those in the Pap test group (OR, 2.46-9.86). The most important adherence concern on clinical follow-up after abnormal screening results for Mam and Pap test women is disease related. Mammography women considered significantly more adherence concerns than Pap test women. These differences imply that improving follow-up after Mam or Pap screen may require different interventions.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO PETROGRÁFICA E GEOQUÍMICA DE ROCHAS ANFIBOLÍTICAS E METAMÁFICAS ASSOCIADAS ÀS FAIXAS METAMÓRFICAS AMPARO E ITAPIRA NA REGIÃO NORDESTE DE SÃO PAULO

Metamafic and metaultramafic rocks and amphibolite are common throughout the region of occurrence of the Amparo and Itapira metamophic complexes. A regional study of these rocks is presented for an area between the cities of Socorro and Amparo in the south and Monte Sião and Itapira in the north. Field and petrographic data indicate that these rocks may be classified into four groups, represented by hornblende schist, amphibolite, orthopyroxene amphibolite and metaultramafic units. The last one is interpreted as a cumulate based on petrographic features and olivine and pyroxene contents. Geochemical data show evidences of magmatic derivation, and a tholeiitic sub alkaline composition. Sub alkaline basalt, andesi basalt and picro basalt or picrite can be recognized in the classification diagrams. Some samples show MgO contents between 6,30 and 8,41% and are grouped as low MgO (MBM) and others have MgO contents between 12,31 and 28, 81% and are grouped as high MgO (MAM). The sample with 28,81% MgO is the metaultramafic that is considered to be a cumulate, with very high Cr and Ni contents. The rocks of the MAM group present in the diagrams trends of magmatic differentiation that are not confirmed by fractional crystallization tests. Besides the high Ce anomalies may be related to process involving the continental crust in the generation of the protolith from the mantle or during emplacement. Also the spidergrams show that these rocks have been affected by the continental crust related to the mantle source or to the intrusion time. As an example are the anomalies of Sr, K, Rb and Ba. The metamorphic effects are also evident when some discrepant signatures are observed in spidergrams of incompatible elements. Even so, it is still possible to recognize E-MORB type signatures shown by the multielement diagrams for the metamafic and amphibolite, with the ultramafic being more primitive.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO PETROGRÁFICA E GEOQUÍMICA DE ROCHAS ANFIBOLÍTICAS E METAMÁFICAS ASSOCIADAS ÀS FAIXAS METAMÓRFICAS AMPARO E ITAPIRA NA REGIÃO NORDESTE DE SÃO PAULO

Metamafic and metaultramafic rocks and amphibolite are common throughout the region of occurrence of the Amparo and Itapira metamophic complexes. A regional study of these rocks is presented for an area between the cities of Socorro and Amparo in the south and Monte Siao and Itapira in the north. Field and petrographic data indicate that these rocks may be classified into four groups, represented by hornblende schist, amphibolite, orthopyroxene amphibolite and metaultramafic units. The last one is interpreted as a cumulate based on petrographic features and olivine and pyroxene contents. Geochemical data show evidences of magmatic derivation, and a tholeiitic sub alkaline composition. Sub alkaline basalt, andesi basalt and picro basalt or picrite can be recognized in the classification diagrams. Some samples show MgO contents between 6,30 and 8,41% and are grouped as low MgO (MBM) and others have MgO contents between 12,31 and 28, 81% and are grouped as high MgO (MAM). The sample with 28,81% MgO is the metaultramafic that is considered to be a cumulate, with very high Cr and Ni contents. The rocks of the MAM group present in the diagrams trends of magmatic differentiation that are not confirmed by fractional crystallization tests. Besides the high Ce anomalies may be related to process involving the continental crust in the generation of the protolith from the mantle or during emplacement. Also the spidergrams show that these rocks have been affected by the continental crust related to the mantle source or to the intrusion time. As an example are the anomalies of Sr, K, Rb and Ba. The metamorphic effects are also evident when some discrepant signatures are observed in spidergrams of incompatible elements. Even so, it is still possible to recognize E-MORB type signatures shown by the multi element diagrams for the metamafic and amphibolite, with the ultramafic being more primitive.

A consortium approach to commissioning services for mentally disordered offenders

In 1997–8 the Wessex Consortium commissioned a project team to identify and assess the security and accommodation needs of mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) from within the consortium area and to ascertain the distribution and shortfall of suitable inpatient and residential facilities. MDOs in Special Hospitals, in regional secure units (RSUs) and in extra-contractual referral (ECR) placements on 31 October 1997 were identified and their needs assessed. Questionnaires were sent to all health and social services lead managers for mental illness and learning disabilities in order to catalogue existing services. The needs assessments identified two mam groups of individuals with unmet needs, i.e. people with mental health problems needing long-term secure care and those with learning disabilities and personality disorder causing severe challenging behaviour needing long-term and short-term secure care. The findings also revealed a total absence of intensive care beds in some areas and no long-term medium- or low-security care beds for people with mental illness across the consortium area. They also showed an almost total lack of any type of provision suitable for people with a combination of learning disabilities, personality disorder and severe challenging behaviour.

Verb i passiv fulgt av perfektum parcitisipp: Bruk og historie By Jan Engh (review)

41? LANGUAGE, VOLUME 74, NUMBER 2 (1998) Ch. 5, 'Dialect and standard in speakers' perceptions ' (101-17), discusses informants' reactions to recorded speech. Tape recordings of four different speakers were played, and the informants were then asked which of the four speakers spoke like people in Neckarau. The recordings contained a variety of prominent features of Mannheim/Neckarau dialect, including apocope of final schwa, unrounding of [y] to [i], and spirantization of medial and final [g] following back vowels, among others. In addition, some of the informants' comments about the recorded dialect samples are given here. The sixth chapter, 'Linguistic usage in the interview situation' (1 18-61). deals with the informants' linguistic usage. The first part addresses the informants ' 'alleged' usage, i e. what the informants think that they say. The second section analyzes their actual usage. The final section discusses the notion of slang (Umgangssprache). The final chapter, 'Conclusion' (162-65) briefly summarizes some of the main points of D's study. There are also several appendices, including brief biographies of the informants, comments on 'typical' Neckarau dialect, a copy of the questionnaire given to informants, and transcripts of the test speakers' and informants' speech samples [Marc Pierce, University ofMichigan.] Verb i passiv fulgt av perfektum parcitisipp : Bruk og historic By Jan Engh. Oslo: Novus Forlag, 1994. Pp. 374. NCr 285.00. This book investigates the history and usage of the past participle when preceded by a passive verb in Norwegian. It builds on Engh's paper of 1 977, a preliminary sketch of the structure of this passive construction , which E calls the AO construction. The book is divided into three main parts and appendices (309-74) which cover lists ofmaterial, possible verbs in Old and Middle Norwegian, and other matters. Part lisa description of the different AO constructions in Modern Norwegian. E analyzes these constructions in traditional syntax and sets up an informal semantic classification of the AO construction and its two verbs (the past participle and the passive verb). AO constructions are basically of two sorts (1) sentences with a free predicate such as (1-1) Planen fors0kes iverksat (The plan tries to be realized', i.e. we try to carry out the plan), which refer to a future state of affairs, and (2) sentences with a stable predicate such as (1-4) Leilighet selges m0blert ("The apartment sells furnished', i.e. Furnished apartment for sale) and (1-5) Mannskapet fryktes omkommet (The crew is feared lost'), which depict present states of affairs. Within the two mam groups, the AO construction can possess other syntactic and semantic structures, e.g. sentence (1-4) has a past participle which is derived from a transitive verb whereas ( 1 -5) has a participle derived from an intransitive verb. Furthermore, E defines a range of constructions which seem identical to the AO construction but which are unacceptable AO sentences, e.g. Leilighet selges m0blert i forrige uge (The apartment sells furnished last week'), where the time adverbial disqualifies the sentence. The second part centers on the comparison of semantic and morphosyntactic features in the AO construction of older Danish-Norwegian, Old and Middle Norwegian, and Modern Norwegian. E concludes that the AO construction is not a new construction in Norwegian; it appears as part of the infinitive system of Old Norse and Old Norwegian. In Part III E considers the origin of the AO in Latin and German. He also considers whether the AO could have been based on Norwegian or Scandinavian. In addition, he discusses the development of the AO construction from Old and Middle Norwegian to today and the connection to similar constructions m other languages. The AO construction does not originate from Latin, but probably from the AO construction in Old and Middle English (e.g. Hit wasfounyn ywritte in oon stone) and from an older Nordic predicative construction. Verbs without the required syntactic features, but with other semantic features, might have replaced the predicative, leading to an AO construction. The book offers a thorough and comprehensive treatment of a neglected aspect of Norwegian It will be of primary interest to those seeking philological evidence for the change in the use of the past participle preceded...

Hazards in the dental office.

Abstract— Four mam groups of hazards for both dentist and patient are discussed. Some of these have been avoided by the use of modern equipment and techniques whilst others have been introduced. The dentist should be constantly aware of the problems and ensure that his own health is not affected.