Mallory's Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin Research Articles

The effect of a muscle relaxant on the growth and differentiation of skeletal muscles in the chick embryo.

AbstractThe present work is concerned with the extreme controversy of views over the problem of the dependency of embryonic muscular development on neural factors.A chemopharmacological method was adopted to selectively block the motor nerve endings. One hundred and seventy‐seven chick embryos, 6–7 days old, were injected in ovo with marginal doses of oily tubocurarine. The control embryos were injected with arachis oil. Eleven days after injection, the majority of the embryos injected with curare were macroscopically stunted, especially the limbs. Specimens from experimental and control embryos were fixed simultaneously in isotonic 10% formalin made in Howard's solution. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin and Van Gieson. Dawson's technique was used to demonstrate the whole of the embryo skeletons. Microscopic examination of the limb musculature revealed inhibition of development and differentiation. The muscle fibers were reduced in size and number, poorly striated and contained many centrally situated nuclei.In the chick, it is suggested that at a critical time of development the final differentiation and maturation of skeletal muscles begin to become dependent on the anatomical and physiological intactness of the motor nerves. This time is found to be approximately between the sixth and seventh days of incubation. The significance of these observations is discussed.

Histological recognition of gingival reticulin

Paraffin and cold microtome sections of human gingival tissue were impregnated with silver or stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, van Gieson's picro-fuchsin, acid solochrome cyanine, the connective tissue stain of Herovici, the MSB method of Lendrum et al. and Mallory's phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin. Reticulin and young collagen fibres, but not mature collagen fibres, were argyrophilic and were stained blue by the aniline blue component of the Herovici method. Reticulin and collagen fibres were both stained by the acid fuchsin in van Gieson's picro-fuchsin, by the aniline blue in the Masson's trichrome and MSB methods, and by acid solochrome cyanine. However, in chronically inflamed areas where collagen had been degraded, reticulin could still be distinguished, particularly in sections stained by the Masson trichrome and MSB methods. In contrast to collagen, reticulin was stained by the haematoxylin in haematoxylin and eosin preparations, and was coloured blue when stained by Mallory's PTAH. The different reactions to haematoxylin of collagen and reticulin might be explained by the differing availability of their basic and acidic groups. Structures having the staining characteristics of reticulin should only be so identified if characteristically branched.

Acceleration of Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin staining for skeletal muscle fixed in formalin.

The staining time for mammalian skeletal muscle fixed in neutral phosphate-buffered formalin was shortened from 12-24 hr to 10-30 min. The permanganate-oxalate sequence was omitted although oxidation by periodic acid or with iodine was found to be necessary. The material was embedded in paraffin and cut 6 μ or less. Deparaffinized sections were treated with 1% alcoholic iodine for 10 rain followed by 5% Na2S2O3 for 2 min and placed in an oven at 60 C for 10-30 min to stain in a preheated mixture of 50 ml of ripened Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin and 1 ml of 2% phosphomolybdic acid. Experiments with fixation showed that the staining procedure followed Zenker's fluid successfully but not Bouin's fluid. Oxidation by KMnO4 was effective only after Zenker fixation; oxidation by CrO3 was unsuccessful.

尿道壁細動脈の病変形態観察 (膠原病観) に基づく尿道狹窄成因に関しての考察

A resume of investigations on urethral stricture as outlined in the reports of Rrof. Tabayashi and Midorikawa was published by our department in 1958. It was then noted that in the area of urethral stricture a definite sequence of changes was taking place in the locations neighboring the connective tissue and its arteriolar walls. The present report is concerned with the details of these changes.Urethral stricture has hitherto been regarded as a sequela of gonorrhoeal infection, but at present there is an increasing incidence of traumatic origin, which, though somewhat differing according to geographic locations, is largely due to the rapid advances in mechanical civilization such as heavy industry, skyscraper construction and automobile manufacture. Tuberculosis also plays a role in a relatively small percentage of cases. There is also a group of urethral stricture in which the cause is unknown as judged from the past history or routine examination. A statistical summary of all cases seen in our department is herewith attempted:Etiological incidence of urethral stricture (%) during the 10 year periodThe stricture occurred at the bulba and pars membranecea urethra in 35 cases, while it involved the anterior urethra in 5 cases.The materials for the present investigation consisted of the transverse or longitudinal serial sections prepared from 1-4.5cm circular blocks of stricture tissue obtained from these 40 patients. The sections were stained by 10 different methods, namely hamatoxylineosin, Van Gieson's stain, Weigert's method, Mallory's stain, Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin stain, PAS stain and others.The general and pathological findings of the tissue may here be omitted, since they agree fairly well with the description published by Midorikawa in his on “Clinical and histopathological studies on urethral stricture” (Japan 'J. Urology, Vol 49, No. 11, 1958). Of the histological observations those presenting various changes of peripheral arterioles may be classified as follows:This table indicates that the cases with vasculitic type are by far most numerous, followed in order by those showing hypertrophy of middle layer and sclerrotic changes, while only a few presented no systematic changes.These changes may be summarized as follows:1) Internal meatus. The internal meatus presented varying degrees and shapes of narrowing, such as central or marginal, oval or similunar, narrowing as well as dendritic or even obstructive in nature. Occasional thrombosis containing erythrocytes and desquamated endothelial cells.2) Internal layer. The internal layer was seen to have undergone hypertrophy in various manners, such as fibrotic and proliferative hypertrophy, or hyaline degeneration, producing the narrowing of the internal meatus.3) Middle layer. The middle layer exhibited pictures of degenerative changes In almost all cases, including the irregularities in the arrangement as well as swelling, dissolution and even disappearance of smooth muscles.4) External layer. The extanal layer wes generally indistinct in appearance, although there were a few wick presented fibrotic proliferation or cicatrization.5) Many cases showed cellular infiltrations, hypertrophied internal layer and degenerative changes in the middle layer, while inflammatory cellular infiltrations around the blood vessels were frequently encountered. Generally speaking, the infiltrative changes were most remarkable in the perivascular areas. These cells were recognaized to have migrated from the internal layer into the perivascular tissues, or from the perivascular areas into the vessel walls.6) Elastic fibers. There were many instances of vasculitic type in which degenerative pictures consisted of semicircular remains of tissues resulting from the well demarkated partial. dissolution or disappearance of swollen, proliffiferative and internal elastic layer.In addition to the above cases, the

EXPERIMENTAL LAENNEC TYPE OF CIRRHOSIS IN MONKEYS

Excerpt Despite extensive research, no proved concept of the etiology of Laennec's cirrhosis has yet been established. Cirrhosis has been produced experimentally by different means in several speci...

The histogenesis of four cases of angiomyxoma of the auricle.

Manyindividual primary tumours oftheheart havenowbeenreported andthere aretwogeneral reviews intheEnglish literature, thoseofYater (1931) andPrichard (1951), andalsoanextensive monograph inFrenchbyMahaim(1945). The addition ofafewmorewouldbeoflittle interest, butthestudy of10benign tumours, collected from some19,000 necropsies performed bythestaff of a central histological laboratory, hasyielded facts ofimportance intheaetiology anddesignation ofthese lesions. Fourofthese tumours wereangiomyxomas arising intheleft auricle and theyaloneareconsidered inthis paper. Techiique Portions oftissue werefixed informolsaline and embeddedinparaffin wax.Thefollowing stains and histochemical methods wereemployed; haematoxylin and eosin, ironhae,rnatoxylin and Van Gieson, Heidenhain's ironhaematoxylin, Mallory's phosphotungstic acidhaematoxylin, andWeigert's stain for elastic fibres. Mucinwasdemonstrated bySouthgate's method, bytoluidine blue, andbytheperiodicacid-Schiff reaction (P.A.S.). Thelasttwomethods werealsousedafter prior treatment ofthesections withhyaluronidase. Best's methodwasemployed as wellasP.A.S. todemonstrate glycogen. Ironwas demonstrated bythemethodofPerls. Frozensections

The Embryonic Origin of the Gas Bladder in the Centrarchid Fish Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus

IN this study the bluegill was chosen because the Centrarchidae is a family of fishes in which the functional gas bladder has no pneumatic duct connection with the esophagus. This type of gas bladder in other fishes is generally attributed to arise as a dorsal diverticulum of the esophagus by way of a pneumatic duct which subsequently atrophies. However, whether the gas bladder arises in the bluegill as conventionally described in other groups, or in some other manner, can be established only by direct study. This investigation, suggested by Dr. John W. Price, was consequently undertaken to determine the actual mode of embryonic development of the gas bladder in Lepomis m. macrochirus Rafinesque, and the time during which such development occurs. Embryos and postlarvae of the following periods of incubation were studied: 1 day (7 and 19 hours); 2 days (7 and 19 hours); 3 days (9 and 21 hours); 4 days (9 and 21 hours); 5 days (21 hours); 6 days (9' and 21 hours); 7 days (9 hours); 8 days (9 hours); 9 days (9 hours); and a 14-mm postlarva. The material was kindly supplied by Dr. G. D. Morgan of Denison university. Sectioning was done by the paraffin method and staining was done in Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. As critical sections of each embryonic series were located, they were marked and photomicrographs were made (Pls. I-II). The first manifestation of the gas bladder in the bluegill was observed in the three-day 21hour embryo. It appears in sagittal sections as a dorsal diverticulum of the esophageal region of the alimentary canal at the level of the third pair of body somites (Fig. 1). Transverse sections of this stage of development show the gut lying to the left of the midline of the embryo and the diverticulum coming off the right side of the gut (Fig. 2). The four-day 9-hour embryo shows the diverticulum pointing toward the ventral edge of the notochord (Fig. 3). Later stages of incubation show the gut in the middle of the embryo and the gas bladder developing

Pathology of Tumors of the External Ear in Mice Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation

This paper deals with the gross and histologic features of tumors of the external ear induced in male mice of strain A by ultraviolet radiation according to the technique discussed in the preceding paper (1). Details of dosage, intensity, and incidence data may be found therein. Tumors of the external ear have been adopted as the basis for incidence studies since in a total of 147 tumor-bearing mice the external ear has been involved in 144. Tumors of the eye have developed in 6 mice, 3 in combination with tumors of the ear and 3 without tumor elsewhere. These latter have not been included in the incidence data, and the 3 animals bearing tumors of both eye and ear have been listed as positive for statistical purposes only when the tumor of the ear appeared. When a tumor appeared on the external ear the animal was killed by cervical dislocation, and both ears and cervical lymph nodes were immediately placed in Zenker's fluid containing 5 percent of acetic acid. Histologic examination of the Bars and cervical nodes was made in every instance, and any other lesions observed at autopsy were allo examined histologically. Tissues were embedded in paraffin. The haematoxylin-eosin stain was employed routinely; other stains employed on occasion were Mallory's phosphotungstic-acid haematoxylin, Mallory's aniline blue, and Wilder's or Foot's methodsfordemonstrating reticulum.

Differential Staining of the Anterior Pituitary Gland of the Cat

The terms “acidophile” and “basophile” as applied to the two recognized types of chromophilic cells of the anterior pituitary have been sanctioned by long usage. Nevertheless, these cells do not always give a specific reaction to acid and basic dyes respectively. The difficulty of classification has been further complicated by the demonstration of an additional tinctorial type in the female rabbit and cat which has been provisionally classed as a modified acidophile. This distinction is based on the differential staining reaction obtained with Heidenhain's “azan” technic following sublimate-formalin fixation, the standard acidophile reacting with orange G, the modified type with azocarmine.Both of these cells are stained with copper hematoxylin, Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin, Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin and Kultschitzky's acetic hematoxylin. However, Hansen's chroroalum hematoxylin stains the basophiles intensely and also reacts very slightly with the so-called modified acidophile.The orang...

The Fundamental Pathology of Infectious Myxomatosis

Infectious myxomatosis of rabbits was first described by Sanarelli in 1898 (1). Despite the peculiar features of the disease and the interest which it merits, studies on infectious myxomatosis have resulted in but thirteen papers and in several discordant statements as to its fundamental pathologic manifestations. The term “myxomatosis” by common usage implies that the process is neoplastic. Yet Aragao (2) states that the myxomatous tumors are not truly neoplastic, but merely remarkable collections of edematous fluid due to the presence of an infectious agent. Rivers (3) believes that in certain respects the infectious myxomatosis of rabbits resembles the Rous sarcoma of fowls, whereas in others it is quite different. It may serve to bridge the gap between virus tumor and vesicular, destructive virus diseases. It occurred to the writer that the early stages of the disease still merited purely morphologic investigation. A number of rabbits were inoculated, intradermally at first and by scratch inoculation from rabbit to rabbit later on. To secure as many involved lymph nodes as possible, the infection was usually introduced at more than one point, i.e . the thoracic skin near the axilla, near the groin, and the ear, to make certain of spread to the preauricular and cervical nodes. The animals were usually killed by air embolus at stages between the development of orbital and conjunctival lesions and the intense dyspnea preceding death from the disease itself. All organs, the subcutaneous tissues and skin, and as many lymph nodes as possible, were preserved for study. Tissues were fixed in absolute alcohol for mucin, in 10 per cent formalin, and in Zenker's fluid. The stains employed were mucicarmine, hematoxylin and eosin, eosin-methylene blue, Wright's blood stain which was found to give excellent results on formalin-fixed tissues, Giemsa stain, and Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin.

EPENDYMOMAS

Tumors of ependymal origin are considered rare. In an analytic study of 140 gliomas from the neurosurgical service here, eight were found to be tumors composed of cells of ependymal derivation. Five of these had their origin in the cerebrum, while three grew within the fourth ventricle. Although this is a small collection on which to base definite conclusions, certain clinical and histologic observations seem to warrant a report of these cases. HISTOLOGIC METHODS In the histologic study of these ependymal gliomas, the following staining methods were used: (1) hematoxylin and eosin; (2) Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin; (3) Bailey's neutral ethyl violetorange G; (4) Hortega's silver carbonate for oligodendroglia; (5) Penfield's second modification of Hortega's silver carbonate for oligodendroglia; this method proved valuable in staining tissue that had been preserved in formaldehyde for a long time; (6) a modification of Hortega's silver carbonate (lithium) method for impregnating astrocytes, with sections cut