Malignant Distal Bile Duct Obstruction Research Articles

Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Transmural Biliary Drainage With 6 mm and 8mm Cautery-enhanced Lumen-apposing Metal Stents: A Multicenter Collaborative Study.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be unsuccessful in patients with duodenal stenosis or malignant ampullary infiltration. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has been proposed as an alternative. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of EUS-BD for malignant distal bile duct obstruction using the newly introduced smaller caliber 6 or 8 mm cautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stent. A multicenter retrospective study was performed on patients with unresectable malignant distal bile duct obstruction who underwent EUS-BD between 2021 and 2022 after unsuccessful ERCP. Thirty-two patients were included [7 (53.13%) males], with a mean age of 72.2 ± 12.5 years. The technical success rate was 100%. Altered anatomy was present in 2 (6.25%). The indication for drainage was biliary obstruction from pancreatic cancer in 26 patients (84.5%), cholangiocarcinoma in 3 (9.4%), and ampullary mass in 3 (9.4%). The procedure was performed mostly in an outpatient setting (n = 19, 59.38%). The clinical success rate was 92.3% [bilirubin: 14.1 (SD: 8.9) preprocedure vs 4.9 (SD: 1.1) postprocedure; P = 0.0001]. There was one early adverse event of a perforation, which was closed endoscopically and drained percutaneously. Delayed adverse events included food impaction of the stent (n = 1), which was resolved with a repeat procedure and insertion of a double pigtail stent. This study demonstrates the feasibility of EUS-BD drainage using smaller caliber 6 or 8 mm lumen-apposing metal stent to relieve malignant distal bile duct obstruction in patients who fail conventional ERCP.

Efficacy of Fully Covered Self-Expandable Metal Stents for Distal Biliary Obstruction Caused by Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Primary Metal Stent vs. Metal Stent following Plastic Stent.

Fully covered self-expandable metallic stents (FCSEMSs) are inserted in patients with unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) to resolve malignant distal bile duct obstructions. Some patients receive FCSEMSs during primary endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and others receive FCSEMSs during a later session, after the placement of a plastic stent. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of FCSEMSs for primary use or following plastic stent placement. A total of 159 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (m:f, 102:57) who had achieved clinical success underwent ERCP with the placement of FCSEMSs for palliation of obstructive jaundice. One-hundred and three patients had received FCSEMSs in a first ERCP, and 56 had received FCSEMSs after prior plastic stenting. Twenty-two patients in the primary metal stent group and 18 in the prior plastic stent group had recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO). The RBO rates and self-expandable metal stent patency duration did not differ between the two groups. An FCSEMS longer than 6 cm was identified as a risk factor for RBO in patients with PDAC. Thus, choosing an appropriate FCSEMS length is an important factor in preventing FCSEMS dysfunction in patients with PDAC with malignant distal bile-duct obstruction.

Diagnosing malignant distal bile duct obstruction using artificial intelligence based on clinical biomarkers

Diagnosing distal bile duct obstruction remains challenging. This study aimed to examine the diagnostic ability of artificial intelligence (AI) based on clinical biomarkers in diagnosing malignant distal bile duct obstruction. A total of 206 patients with distal bile duct obstruction were included in this study. Clinical laboratory parameters were collected from the patients and evaluated using AI. All clinical parameters were input into the AI algorithm, and the AI value for malignant distal bile duct obstruction was calculated. The benign and malignant diagnostic capabilities of AI and other factors (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], intrahepatic bile duct [IHBD] diameters, and total bile duct [CBD] diameters) were compared. Benign and malignant bile duct obstruction were diagnosed in 142 and 64 patients, respectively. The median AI value of malignant distal bile duct obstruction was significantly greater than that of benign distal bile duct obstruction (0.991 vs. 0.002, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of AI, ALP, IHBD diameter, and CBD diameter were 0.908, 0.795, 0.794, and 0.775, respectively. AI showed a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 83.1%, 87.2%, and 85.9%. AI-based on clinical biomarkers could serve as an auxiliary for diagnosing malignant bile duct obstruction.

Comparison of surgical biliary bypass and biliary metallic stents for palliation of incurable malignant distal bile duct obstruction: A prospective observational study

: Management of obstructive jaundice from periampullary and pancreatic head malignancies is mostly palliative. With advancements in endoscopic and stent technology and instrumentation, endoscopic interventions are gaining popularity and acceptance over surgical relief of jaundice. To study efficacy of surgical biliary bypass over biliary metallic stents for palliation of incurable malignant distal bile duct obstructionProspective observational study was carried out among 77 patients withincurable malignant distal bile duct obstruction. 45 of them chose to undergo surgical bypass while 32 agreed to undergo metallic stenting. Parameters like improvement in jaundice, procedure related morbidities, need for re-hospitalization, need for re-intervention, quality of life and survival were compared in two groups. Chi square test and t test were applied to compare two groups. : There was prompt and good relief of jaundice in both groups. There was one procedure related mortality in each group. The morbidities were comparable. The stented patients were hospitalized for a cumulative mean period of 34.1 days compared to 14.2 days in the surgical bypass group (p= 0.0001). The global quality of life, pain, nausea, vomiting and appetite were significantly better in the surgical bypass group. There was significantly improved overall survival in the surgical bypass group (163.5 days vs. 150 days, p= 0.0001). urgical bypass offers safe and superior palliation to obstructive jaundice from inoperable periampullary and pancreatic head cancer.

Acetylsalicylic acid for metal stent in malignant distal common bile duct obstruction: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEndoscopic biliary drainage is the treatment of choice for patients with malignant distal common bile duct obstruction. Self-expandable metal stents have clinical advantages including an increased duration of patency that may be prolonged by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) use. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ASA had a positive effect on the patency of self-expandable metal stents compared with placebo. MethodsThis prospective, multicenter, double-blinded, and randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted from October 2017 to May 2020 in Korea. Patients who underwent palliative endoscopic biliary drainage with self-expandable metal stents for malignant distal bile duct obstruction were enrolled, and allocated to ASA treatment or placebo. The study outcomes were the rate of stent dysfunction at 6 months, duration of stent patency, risk factors for stent dysfunction, and any adverse events. ResultsInterim analysis included 24 and 28 patients in the ASA and placebo groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the ASA and placebo groups in stent dysfunction (25.0% vs. 20.7%, P = 0.761) or the duration of stent patency (150.97 ± 10.55 vs. 158.07 ± 8.70 days, P = 0.497). Six patients experienced suspected ASA-related adverse events, and there was one lethal case. ConclusionsASA did not prolong stent patency. This study was terminated early because of the possibility of serious adverse events related to ASA treatment of these patients receiving palliative care.

Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in first-line biliary drainage for malignant distal bile duct obstruction: A multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Introduction:In patients with malignant distal bile duct obstruction and normal gastrointestinal anatomy, endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) is indicated when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) fails. The ERCP drainage route passes through the tumor, whereas the EUS-CDS route does not. Therefore, EUS-CDS is expected to have a longer stent patency than ERCP. However, for first-line biliary drainage, it remains unclear whether EUS-CDS or ERCP is superior in terms of stent patency. To reduce the frequency of highly adverse events (AEs) such as bile peritonitis or stent migration following EUS-CDS, we developed an antimigration metal stent with a thin delivery system for tract dilatation. This study is designed to assess whether EUS-CDS with this novel stent is superior to ERCP with a traditional metal stent in terms of stent patency when the two techniques are used for first-line drainage of malignant distal biliary obstruction.Methods/design:This study is a multicenter single-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 95 patients in four tertiary centers. Patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction that is unresectable or presents a very high surgical risk and who pass the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be randomized to EUS-CDS or ERCP in a 1:1 proportion. The primary endpoint is the stent patency rate 180 days after stent insertion. Secondary outcomes include the rates of technical success, clinical success, technical success in cases not requiring fistulous-tract dilation (only EUS-CDS group), procedure-related AEs, re-intervention success, patients receiving post-drainage chemotherapy, procedure time, and overall survival time.Discussion:If EUS-CDS is superior to ERCP in terms of stent patency and safety for the first-line drainage of malignant distal biliary obstruction, it is expected that the first-line drainage method will be changed from ERCP to EUS-CDS, and that interruption of chemotherapy due to stent dysfunction can be avoided.Trial registration:University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), ID: UMIN000041343. Registered on August 6, 2020. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000047201Version number: 1.2, December 7, 2020.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage as a rescue therapy for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction: a multicenter experience.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is often unsuccessful in patients with duodenal stenosis or malignant ampullary infiltration. While endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has been proposed as an alternative, EUS-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) is an attractive option when both approaches fail. We aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of EUS-GBD as rescue therapy for malignant distal bile duct obstruction. A multicenter retrospective study was performed on patients with unresectable malignant distal bile duct obstruction who underwent EUS-GBD between 2014 and 2019 after unsuccessful ERCP and EUS-BD. Clinical success was defined as a decrease in serum bilirubin of > 50 % within 2 weeks. 28 patients were included, with a lumen-apposing metal stent used in 26 (93 %) and a self-expandable metal stent in two (7 %). The technical success rate was 100 %. The clinical success rate was 93 %, with an improvement in bilirubin (7.3 [SD 5.4] pre-procedure vs. 2.8 [SD 1.1] post-procedure; P = 0.001). Delayed adverse events included food impaction of the stent (n = 3), with a further two patients developing cholecystitis and bleeding. This study demonstrates the feasibility of gallbladder drainage to relieve malignant distal bile duct obstruction in patients with failed ERCP and EUS-BD.

Aspirin for metal stent in malignant distal common bile duct obstruction (AIMS): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEndoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) is the treatment of choice for patients with malignant distal common bile duct (CBD) obstruction. Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS), which are commonly used in unresectable cases, have many clinical advantages, including longer stent patency. Although the expected patency of SEMS is around 8 months, it has recently been reported that the duration of SEMS’ patency in patients using aspirin is prolonged. Our study, therefore, aims to investigate the effect of aspirin on SEMS’ patency.Methods/designThis is an investigator-initiated, prospective, multicenter, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial that will be conducted from November 2017 in four tertiary centers in South Korea. We intend to include in our study 184 adult (aged ≥ 20 years) patients with malignant distal CBD obstruction for whom ERBD with SEMS was successfully performed. The patients will be randomly allocated to two groups, which will comprise patients who have either taken 100 mg aspirin or a placebo for 6 months after index ERBD. The primary outcome will be the rate of stent dysfunction, and the secondary outcomes will be the duration of patency, the rate of reintervention, and the occurrence of adverse events.DiscussionThe aspirin for metal stents in malignant distal common bile duct obstruction (AIMS) study should determine the efficacy of aspirin in maintaining metal-stent patency in patients with malignant distal CBD obstructive.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03279809. Registered on 5 September 2017.

Single Versus Multiple Plastic Stents in Malignant Distal Bile Duct Obstruction

Single Versus Multiple Plastic Stents in Malignant Distal Bile Duct Obstruction

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of the biliary system: Techniques, indications and future perspectives.

Over the last decade, endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has evolved into a widely accepted alternative to the percutaneous approach in cases of biliary obstruction with failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). The available evidence suggests that, in experienced hands, EUS-BD might even replace ERCP as the first-line procedure in specific situations such as malignant distal bile duct obstruction. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on EUS-BD and propose an evidence-based algorithm clarifies the role of the different EUS-BD techniques in the management of benign and malignant biliary obstructive disease.

Therapeutic EUS: New tools, new devices, new applications

Linear echoendoscopes with large instrument channels enable EUS-guided interventions in organs and anatomical spaces in proximity to the gastrointestinal tract. Novel devices and tools designed for EUS-guided transluminal interventions allow various new applications and improve the efficacy and safety of these procedures. New-generation biopsy needles provide higher histology rates and require less passes. Specially designed stents and stent insertion devices enable intra- and extra-hepatic bile and pancreatic duct stenting as well as gallbladder drainage. Currently, EUS-guided biliary drainage in obstructive jaundice due to malignant distal bile duct obstruction is feasible and safe when ERCP has failed. It might replace ERCP as first choice intervention in future. EUS-guided transmural stenting is regarded as the preferred intervention in the management of symptomatic peripancreatic fluid collections. Creating a new anastomosis between different organs such as gastrojejunostomy has also become possible with lumen-apposing stents. EUS-guided creation of a gastrogastrostomy is a promising novel technique to access the excluded stomach to facilitate conventional ERCP in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass anatomy. The role of EUS in tumor ablation and targeted angiotherapy is also constantly expanding. In this review, we report on the newest developments of therapeutic EUS within the past 4 years.

Single-stage EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy using a lumen-apposing metal stent for malignant distal biliary obstruction

EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CD) using a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) has recently been reported as an alternative treatment approach for patients with malignant obstructive jaundice and failed ERCP. We analyzed the safety and technical and clinical efficacy of EUS-CD using LAMSs in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. This was a retrospective study of consecutive patients with inoperable malignant distal bile duct obstruction who underwent EUS-CD using an electrocautery-enhanced (EC)-LAMS over a 3-year period (2015-2018). The main outcome measures were technical and clinical success (defined as a decline in serum bilirubin level by 50% at 2-week follow-up). Secondary outcomes were occurrence of adverse events, procedure time, and stent patency. Forty-six patients (47.8% women; median age, 73.1 ± 12.6 years) underwent direct EUS-CD using the biliary EC-LAMS. The procedure was technically successful in 43 patients (93.5%). The rate of clinical success was 97.7%. Adverse events occurred in 5 (11.6%) patients and included the following: 1 fatal bleeding 17 days after stent placement, 3 episodes of stent occlusion (food impaction), and 1 spontaneous migration(all 4 requiring reintervention). The mean follow-up was 114.37 days (95% confidence interval, 73.2-155.4). EUS-CD using the EC-LAMS is effective. The rate of adverse events including one fatal event is not negligible and should be carefully considered before using the stent in this clinical setting. Prospective studies are required to validate our preliminary findings to fully assess the long-term efficacy and safety of the stent.

Endoscopic versus surgical palliation for malignant distal bile duct obstruction

Endoscopic versus surgical palliation for malignant distal bile duct obstruction

Utility of Diffusion-Weighted MRI to Detect Changes in Liver Diffusion in Benign and Malignant Distal Bile Duct Obstruction: The Influence of Choice of b-Values

PurposeThe study sought to evaluate the potential of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to detect changes in liver diffusion in benign and malignant distal bile duct obstruction and to investigate the effect of the choice of b-values on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). MethodsDiffusion-weighted imaging was acquired with b-values of 200, 600, 800, and 1000 s/mm2. ADC values were obtained in 4 segments of the liver. The mean ADC values of 16 patients with malignant distal bile duct obstruction, 14 patients with benign distal bile duct obstruction, and a control group of 16 healthy patients were compared. ResultsMean ADC values for 4 liver segments were lower in the malignant obstruction group than in the benign obstruction and control groups using b = 200 s/mm2 (P < .05). Mean ADC values of the left lobe medial and lateral segments were lower in the malignant obstruction group than in the benign obstructive and control groups using b = 600 s/mm2 (P < .05). Mean ADC values of the right lobe posterior segment were lower in the malignant and benign obstruction groups than in the control group using b = 1000 s/mm2 (P < .05). Using b = 800 s/mm2, ADC values of all 4 liver segments in each group were not significantly different (P > .05). There were no correlations between the ADC values of liver segments and liver function tests. ConclusionMeasurement of ADC shows good potential for detecting changes in liver diffusion in patients with distal bile duct obstruction. Calculated ADC values were affected by the choice of b-values.

EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy for malignant distal biliary obstruction using a lumen-apposing fully covered metal stent after failed ERCP.

A novel lumen-apposing, self-expanding metal stent to perform EUS-guided drainage procedures has been recently developed. The aim of this study was to analyze the safety, technical and clinical effectiveness of this device for EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CD) with palliative intent. Retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients with unresectable malignant distal bile duct obstruction who, between March 2012 and September 2014, underwent EUS-CD using the study devices (AXIOS™ and Hot AXIOS™, Xlumena Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA) after unsuccessful ERCP in seven European centers was carried out. Fifty-seven patients (M/F 31/26; median age 73) underwent EUS-CD using the AXIOS™ stent or the Hot AXIOS™ delivery system. ERCP failure was due to duodenal obstruction in 41 patients (71.9%) and to inability to cannulate the papilla in the remaining 16 patients (28.1%). The procedure was technically successful in 56/57 patients (98.2%), with a mean procedural time of 22.4min (range 11-65). Clinical success was achieved in 54 of these 56 patients (96.4%; 94.7% of the entire cohort). Overall major procedural complication rate was 7% (two duodenal perforations, one bleeding and one transient cholangitis). During follow-up, 5 out of 54 (9.3%) patients with clinica success required re-intervention for stent migration in one case and a sump syndrome with transient increase in serum bilirubin concentrations with sludge in the distal duct reservoir in the remaining four patients. Our study shows that EUS-CD using the AXIOS™ and the Hot AXIOS™ devices is a safe procedure, with high technical and clinical success rates.

Choice of plastic or metal stent for patients with jaundice with pancreaticobiliary malignancy using simple clinical tools: a prospective evaluation

Background and aimAlthough plastic stents have been recommended for patients with pancreaticobiliary malignancy and an expected survival of less than 6 months, no study has developed criteria to assess survival...

Double Penetrated Duodenal Wall during Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Choledochoduodenostomy

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) using a covered self-expandable metallic stent (CSEMS) was developed as an alternative biliary drainage technique in patients with failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).1,2 Here, we present a case that underwent EUS-CDS with a partial CSEMS, resulting in a doubly penetrated duodenal wall for malignant distal bile duct obstruction. A 44-year-old woman with cancer of unknown origins and obstructive jaundice was referred to our hospital. We performed ERCP, but selective bile duct cannulation was unsuccessful even with precutting. EUS-CDS was attempted using a curved-linear echoendoscope. Following the puncture of the common bile duct from the duodenal bulb using a 19-gauge needle (EchoTip® Ultra; Cook Japan, Tokyo, Japan), a 0.025-inch guidewire (VisiGlide™; Olympus Medical Systems Corp., Tokyo, Japan) was inserted into the intrahepatic bile duct. The needle tract was dilated by a 6-F wire-guided diathermic dilator (Cysto-Gastro-Set; Endo-Flex GmbH, Voerde, Germany) using a blended cut mode. After the dilation of the tract, we inserted a partial CSEMS through the fistula tract under fluoroscopic guidance and direct visualization. The EUS-CDS procedure was performed quickly; however, the fluoroscopic view revealed partial CSEMS showing a candy-like appearance (Fig. 1). At first, we thought the candy-like appearance was caused by the long distance between the bile duct and the duodenal wall.3 However, no dislocation was observed after releasing the partial CSEMS, which indicated that no distal migration occurred at the puncture site. Eventually, we confirmed that the candy-like appearance resulted from the doubly penetrated duodenal wall (Fig. 2). Fortunately, no additional interventions were required. Fig. 1 Radiograph showing a candy-like appearance during endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy. Fig. 2 Endoscopic image immediately after endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy showing the doubly penetrated duodenal wall at the duodenal bulb. Recently, EUS-CDS using CSEMS has been reported and is favored for reducing bile leakage and achieving prolonged stent patency.2 Forward-viewing echoendoscopes may be useful to prevent doubly penetrating the duodenal wall with a needle compared with curved-linear ones for the following differences: the location of the echo probe and its short length. The endoscopist should check the endoscopic view during CSEMS deployment at the anastomotic site. However, doubly penetrating the duodenal wall during EUS-CDS cannot be avoided at that time. The findings described here suggest that more attention should be paid to the possibility of doubly penetrating the duodenal wall when performing EUS-CDS using curved-linear echoendoscopes.

Continuing Medical Education Exam: April 2015

Instructions: The GIE: Gastroinintestinal Endoscopy CME Activity can now be completed entirely online. To complete do the following: 1. Read the CME articles in this issue carefully and complete the activity: Holt BA, Jayasekeran V, Williams SJ, et al. Early metal stent insertion fails to prevent stricturing after single-stage complete Barrett’s excision for high-grade dysplasia and early cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:857-64. Abougergi MS, Travis AC, Saltzman JR. The in-hospital mortality rate for upper GI hemorrhage has decreased over 2 decades in the United States: a nationwide analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:882-8. Schlag C, Menzel C, Nennstiel S, et al. Emergency video capsule endoscopy in patients with acute severe GI bleeding and negative upper endoscopy results. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:889-95. Dhir V, Itoi T, Khashab MA, et al. Multicenter comparative evaluation of endoscopic placement of expandable metal stents for malignant distal common bile duct obstruction by ERCP or EUS-guided approach. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:913-23. 2. Log in online to complete a single examination with multiple choice questions followed by a brief post-test evaluation. Visit the Journal’s Web site at www.asge.org (members) or www.giejournal.org (nonmembers). 3. Persons scoring greater than or equal to 75% pass the examination and can print a CME certificate. Persons scoring less than 75% cannot print a CME certificate; however, they can retake the exam. Exams can be saved to be accessed at a later date. You may create a free personal account to save and return to your work in progress, as well as save and track your completed activities so that you may print a certificate at any time. The complete articles, detailed instructions for completion, as well as past Journal CME activities can also be found at this site.

Multicenter comparative evaluation of endoscopic placement of expandable metal stents for malignant distal common bile duct obstruction by ERCP or EUS-guided approach

A single session of EUS-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) may be a viable alternative to ERCP in patients with malignant distal common bile duct (CBD) obstruction. There is no study comparing EUS-BD andERCP for the relief of distal malignant biliary obstruction. To compare the outcomes of self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement for malignant distal biliary obstruction by using ERCP and EUS-BD. Multicenter, retrospective analysis. Tertiary referral centers. Patients with malignant distal CBD obstruction requiring SEMS placement. Patients in the EUS-BD group underwent EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) or EUS-guided antegrade (EUS-AG) procedures after 1 or more failed ERCP attempts. Patients in the ERCP group underwent retrograde SEMS placement. Composite success (the ability to complete the intended therapeutic procedure in a single session and resulting in a greater than 50% decrease in bilirubin over 2 weeks). The study included 208 patients, 104 treated with ERCP and 104 treated with EUS-BD (68 EUS-CDS, 36EUS-AG). SEMS placement was successful in 98 patients in the ERCP group and 97 in the EUS-BD group (94.23% vs 93.26%, P= 1.00). The frequency of adverse events in the ERCP and EUS-BD groups was 8.65% and 8.65%, respectively. Postprocedure pancreatitis rates were higher in the ERCP group (4.8% vs 0, P= .059). The mean procedure times in the ERCP and EUS-BD groups were similar (30.10 and 35.95 minutes, P= .05). Retrospective analysis. In patients with malignant distal CBD obstruction requiring SEMS placement, the short-term outcome of EUS-BD is comparable to that of ERCP.

Quality indicators for ERCP

ERCP is one of the most technically demanding and high-risk procedures performed by GI endoscopists. It requires significant focused training and experience to maximize success and to minimize poor outcomes (1, 2). ERCP has evolved from a purely diagnostic to a predominately therapeutic procedure (3). ERCP and ancillary interventions are effective in the non-surgical management of a variety of pancreaticobiliary disorders, most commonly the removal of bile duct stones and relief of malignant obstructive jaundice (4). The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) has published specific criteria for training and granting of clinical privileges for ERCP, which detail the many skills that must be developed to perform this procedure in clinical practice with high quality (5, 6, 7).