Malignant Breast Disease Research Articles

The Effect of the Anomalous Magnetic Fields on Malignant Diseases

Introduction Natural earth’s magnetic field (EMF) is the promoter of mother cell division into two daughter cells. Cancer is the cell which divides unlimitedly and destroys the body. Show that cancer (Ca) occurs in anomalous magnetic field (AMF) located in diseased people’s beds. Move the diseased away from the AMF and follow their health conditions. Explain etiopathologic unclearances from medical literature and improve therapy. Explain that the risk factors, as causes of Ca, are interpreted incorrectly in medical literature, prove that these are effects of the AMF existence in dwelling places. The Materials and Methods Measuring of AMF in patients’ beds was performed by a proton magnetometer, (precision 100 nano Teslas). Measuring points are on square net, 10x10 cm. The results are shown with contour lines on the drawings. The health status of residence in the Earth’s natural magnetic field (EMF) was monitored. The etiological data from the literature are explained. An experiment was performed in a psychiatric hospital with 40 patients. Results and Discussion Research lasted more than 25 years. The AMF were measured in 2000 patients’ beds. There was a correlation between the AMF and the location of the diseased organ. The AMF surfaces were shown in beds where the diseased organ is, on the contrary, there were natural values of the EMF in the rest of the bed surface. Furthermore, the results found that three cases of breast cancer with metastases survived after surgical interventions and subsequent removal into the natural EMF in contrast to 26 cases with the same diagnosis and surgical interventions who died after a short period and staying in the AMF. Another example was brain malignancy (gliobastroma multiform, stage IV), which was decreased by living in the natural EMF for six years. In the same clinic, with the same diagnosis, three patients died because they were not moved away from the AMF. Those presented are the cases of breast malignant disease with metastases. The patients refused chemotherapy, accepted only surgical operation and removal of the AMF. They have all recovered. Three patients with head, prostate tumors and breast Neo are presented, who, after removing of the AMF, recovered with no medical intervention at all. Conclusion There was a visible improvement of health with patients who stayed in the natural EMF. The correlation between Az and the diseased organ was determined by measuring the AMF. Knowing the effects of the AMF and the natural EMF, all the literature ambiguities from etiopathology were explained. It was concluded that the medical risk factors are not causes of cancer. It is necessary to improve the treatment of the patients with Ca with construction of hospitals with no AMF and introduce hyperthermia therapy in the natural EMF. The AMF located in the patients’ beds are the sole cause of Ca. This conclusion is suggested in the experiment done in the psychiatric clinic, too.

Triple Assessment of Breast Lump: Should We Perform Core Biopsy for Every Patient?

IntroductionThe triple assessment for a lump in the breast is standard practice and the robustness of assessment towards the diagnosis of breast cancer is crucial. The combination of the modalities, physical examination, imaging (mammogram and ultrasound), and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is more accurate than any modality alone.AimTo examine the combined and individual predictive values of physical examination (P), mammography (M), ultrasound (U), FNAC (C), with core biopsy (B) - triple assessment in the diagnosis of breast cancer.MethodsTo obtain the results of physical examination (P), mammography (M), ultrasound (U), FNAC (C), and core biopsy (B), we examined the records of 124 breast cancer patients seen between April 1, 2009, and March 30, 2010. To assess the diagnostic potential of the combination of the modalities (P, U, and M), we considered all cases with a score of 4 (probably malignant) and 5 (malignant) as positive for malignancy. All cases with a score of 3 (equivocal), 2 (benign), and 1 (normal) were considered negative for malignancy. For FNAC, a score of 1 (insufficient sample), 2 (benign), and 3 (atypia/probably benign) were considered. All the patients were diagnosed with breast cancer on excision biopsy. Among 124 patients, 12 were excluded, as they were unfit for intervention.ResultsThe accuracy of physical examination (P) as confirmed by core biopsy (B) is dependent on the experience of the surgeon. It has limitations in younger women and smaller lesions. In our study, P has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 58.9% when compared with surgical biopsy, which is comparable with other studies. Our results showed PPV 66.1% and after an ultrasound scan, the overall radiological grading (M & U) gives a PPV of 81.3%, reflecting the important role of ultrasound scans. Our results showed the sensitivity of FNAC to be 73.2%. Core biopsy was diagnostic in 107 (95.5%) patients, making it a reliable tool. Our results confirmed that a combination of the modalities (P, M, U, R, FNAC) is more accurate than any modality alone.ConclusionWhen all the three modalities are positive for a diagnosis of malignant breast disease, surgical biopsy confirms the breast cancer diagnosis with a PPV of 100% and a sensitivity of 95.5%.

Evaluation of Breast Lumps by Ultrasound and Correlation with Histological Findings

Background: A breast lump is the most common symptom associated with both benign and malignant breast diseases. Therefore, a distinction of benign from malignant lump is of importance for proper management. Though a definitive diagnosis is possible with imaging for all the lesions, histopathological study is proven essential for confirming the diagnosis.
 Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of USG and histopathological findings of different breast lump in diagnosis and their comparison.
 Methods: A prospective study was conducted over a period of one year from January 2017 to December 2017. A total of 116 patients were included in this study. All breast lumps underwent surgery and the ultrasound findings of these lumps were compared with the histopathological findings. Data were collected from these patients by a preformed questionnaire and finally the data were analyzed. Results: Out of 116 patients only 21 cases were reported as malignant in ultrasound report but histopathology revealed 31 malignant patients. On histopathological examination 10 benign cases turned out to be malignant.
 Conclusion: The present study was undertaken to evaluate in diagnosing breast mass lesions individually by ultrasound and compared with histopathology for definitive management of a patient.
 Journal of Surgical Sciences (2019) Vol. 23 (1) : 10-12

Study on Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound in detecting benign and malignant breast disease

Study on Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound in detecting benign and malignant breast disease

Density of breast: An independent risk factor for developing breast cancer, a prospective study at two premium breast centers.

BackgroundBreast cancer is the leading cause of death among women worldwide. Studies have identified breast density as a controversial risk factor of breast cancer. Moreover, studies found that breast density reduction through Tamoxifen could reduce risk of breast cancer significantly. To date, no study on the association between breast density and breast cancer has been carried out in Malaysia. If breast density is proven to be a risk factor of breast cancer, intervention could be carried out to reduce breast cancer risk through breast density reduction.PurposeTo determine if density of breast is an independent risk factor which will contribute to development of breast cancer.Materials and MethodsA prospective cohort study is carried out in two hospitals targeting adult female patients who presented to the Breast Clinic with symptoms suspicious of breast cancer. Participants recruited were investigated for breast cancer based on their symptoms. Breast density assessed from mammogram was correlated with tissue biopsy results and final diagnosis of benign or malignant breast disease.ResultsParticipants with dense breasts showed 29% increased risk of breast cancer when compared to those with almost entirely fatty breasts (odds ratio [OR] 1.29, 95% CI 0.38‐4.44, P = .683). Among the postmenopausal women, those with dense breasts were 3.1 times more likely to develop breast cancer compared with those with fatty breasts (OR 3.125, 95% CI 0.72‐13.64, P = .13). Moreover, the chance of developing breast cancer increases with age (OR 1.046, 95% CI 1.003‐1.090, P < .05). In contrast, the density of breast decreases with increasing age (P < .05) and body mass index (P = .051). The proportion of high breast density whether in the whole sample size, premenopausal, or postmenopausal group was consistently high.ConclusionAlthough results were not statistically significant, important association between breast density and risk of breast cancer cannot be ruled out. The study is limited by a small sample size and subjective assessment of breast density. More studies are required to reconcile the differences between studies of contrasting evidence.

Breast and axillary surgery in malignant breast disease: a review focused on literature of 2018 and 2019.

There have been fundamental changes in the surgical approach to breast cancer management over the last decades. The primary objective of achieving locoregional control, however, remains unchanged. In addition to strategies optimizing systemic treatment and radiotherapy, current discussions focus on improving the surgical approach to breast cancer. Especially in view of the increasingly pivotal role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy NAT/NAC (NACT), gauging the extent of tissue removal in the breast and the width of resection margins in breast-conserving surgery is highly important, as is the extent of axillary surgery. Although sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive patients always underwent axillary lymph node dissection in the past, this paradigm has been challenged in recent years. Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) has emerged as a new staging option in biopsy-proven node-positive patients who convert to clinical node negativity (cN0) after NACT. TAD combines the removal of the SLN and of the target lymph node marked prior to NACT. The accuracy of axillary staging both before and after NACT plays an important role for prognostication and multidisciplinary treatment plans, while its extent has significant effects on patients' arm morbidity and quality of life. The current review focuses on recent evidence regarding surgical management of the breast and axilla in patients with primary breast cancer based on a PubMed and EMBASE literature search for publication years 2018 and 2019.

Premenopausal breast cancer is a health challenge: nutritional habits show potential to prevent this disease.

Background:The incidence of breast cancer had increased around the world. More premenopausal women suffer from this condition with great economic and social impact. The objective of this study is to establish possible associations between lifestyle and the presence of breast cancer in premenopausal women.Methods:The study population was composed of 330 premenopausal patients younger than 55 years with breast disease, cared between 2013 and 2017 at the University Hospital Mayor Méderi. Two comparison groups were formed. Patients with a tumor diagnosed as malignant considering cases and control group of patients with a tumor diagnosed as benign. With factors associated significantly in the bivariate analysis (P < .10), the hierarchically organized multiple regression model controlled by the confounding variables was constructed. The logistic regression model was adjusted by the age variable, to avoid residual confounder.Results:The population included 330 premenopausal women with benign and malignant breast disease: 134 cases and 196 controls. From the multivariate analysis, it was identified that the whole-grain consumption was inversely associated with presence of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.579; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.339, 0.991; P = .046). On the other hand, consumption of fish was associated with the presence of breast malignancy (OR = 2.560; 95% CI: 1.200, 5.460; P = .015).Conclusions:Considering the epigenetic and multiomics individual profiles in the development of premenopausal breast cancer and its social and economic impact can be useful in development of modern clinical strategies with crucial interventions at the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels for this disease.

A prospective study of benign breast disorders at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal

Objectives: To know the spectrum of benign breast disorders presenting to Surgery outpatient department or emergency at BPKIHS. Aim: To study the medical or surgical treatment modalities in benign breast disorders,To find out the outcome of treatment of benign breast disorders. Methods: Inclusion Criteria: One hundred and sixty-one patients of either sex were randomly assigned found to have breast related symptoms like pain, lump, nipple discharge or fever, were included in the study. Male patients presenting with gynaecomastia also included. With clinical or histopathological evidence of malignant breast disease excluded. Included following investigations1.Total counts and differential, 2. Chest X-ray, ECG, 3. Breast abscess diagnosed on clinical ground, 4. FNAC, 5. USG of breast, 6. Mammography of the breast, 7. Imprint cytology. Management: either conservatively or surgically. follow up at one week, one month, three month and explained importance of follow up. Result: The mean age were 15-66 years, 70% were 20-40 years, 96.9% were females and 3.1% male, 83.9% married & 16.1% were unmarried. The duration of illness ranged from 2days to 4380 days with mean of 258.99 days. Acute illness (n=70) had mean of 5.11 days and chronic illness (n=91) had a mean of 454.27 days, complained of lump in breast (n=149) followed by pain (n=140). Discharge from nipples in 5 patients, fever in 44 patients. One with retraction of nipple. Both pain and lump in 127 cases whereas 13 had only mastalgia and 22 had only lump in breast. Conclusion: This is understandable and to allay their fear, an understanding of benign breast disorder is essential Hence, in a country like Nepal, education regarding breast self-examination and proper follow up is highly recommended so that early treatment is sought.

The differential diagnosis of benign and malignant in mass type breast diseases based on the real-time monitoring of full-angle ultrasonic shear wave elastography

Objective To explore the value of full-angle ultrasonic shear wave elastography in differentiating benign and malignant breast diseases. Methods After constructing a new ultrasonic shear wave elastography system, the clinical and ultrasonographic data of 74 patients with mass breast diseases were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into benign group and malignant group according to the pathologic results. Meanwhile, the significant indicators of difference were screened out for ROC analysis, and the curve characteristics were compared. Results Eratio-45°, Eratio-225°, Emax-90°, Emax-270°, Emean-0° and Emean-180° were significantly different between the benign and malignant groups. The AUC of ROC were 0.71, 0.81, 0.83, 0.80, 0.86 and 0.83, respectively. The results of model evaluation showed that the specificity of model-Eratio-45° was relatively low (0.42), while the other 5 indicators showed high specificity (0.73-0.78). Conclusions The full-angle ultrasonic shear wave elastography can provide more information for differentiating benign from malignant breast diseases. Key words: Ultrasonography; Breast neoplasms; Shear wave elastography; Differential diagnosis

Mammographic Criteria for Determining the Diagnostic Accuracy of Microcalcifications in the Detection of Malignant Breast Lesions.

BackgroundBreast cancer is a progressive disease, with conditions secondary to primary breast cancer being among the more common causes of malignancy-related deaths in women. Early diagnosis can halt disease progression and significantly improve patient's survival. Microcalcifications detected on mammograms may be an indicator of breast cancer. This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of microcalcifications seen on mammograms for the detection of malignant breast disease when compared with histopathology.Materials and methodsThis study enrolled 144 women referred to the Radiology Department of Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, for mammograms and who were found to have suspicious microcalcifications, for which they underwent subsequent biopsy with histopathology over one year. The accuracy of microcalcifications, along with their sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV), were assessed relative to histopathology results.ResultsCompared with histopathology results, microcalcifications had a sensitivity of 88%, and specificity of 62.8%, a PPV of 55.7%, and an NPV of 90.8%. The overall accuracy of microcalcifications was 71.5%.ConclusionsThe presence of microcalcifications on mammograms may predict breast malignancy. Studies with larger numbers of patients are required to determine whether microcalcifications have higher specificity and PPV relative to breast histopathology.

Comparison of Access to Care for Benign and Malignant Breast Disease Presenting to a Malawian Tertiary Hospital

Comparison of Access to Care for Benign and Malignant Breast Disease Presenting to a Malawian Tertiary Hospital

Trends in immediate breast reconstruction and radiation after mastectomy: A population study.

In the last decade, there has been an increase in women undergoing immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) at the time of mastectomy. Recent literature suggests a shift in practice: Surgeons are becoming more comfortable with IBR in the setting of possible postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy, despite the known complications. This study sought to investigate, at a population level, the patient and surgeon characteristics associated with the use of IBR and which of these factors were predictive of adjuvant radiotherapy. This retrospective population-based cohort study included all adult women who underwent mastectomy in the province of Ontario from 2007 to 2014. The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) administrative data base was used to generate patient demographic and clinical data. The Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) data base was used to elicit surgeon characteristics including clinical experience and volume of practice dedicated to breast surgery. Outcome variables included reconstruction concurrent with mastectomy, alloplastic vs autologous reconstruction, and use of radiation. A total of 25861 patients underwent mastectomy and 2972 had IBR (11.5%). The rate of IBR after mastectomy increased over time from 7.2% in 2007 to 17.2% in 2014 (P<.001). There was also an increase in the proportion of patients with IBR who received radiation over the time period, from 19.4% in 2007 to 28.2% in 2014 (P=.003). In the first regression analysis, IBR was associated with younger patient age, residing in closer proximity to cancer clinics, absence of malignant breast disease (ie, prophylactic mastectomy), having a younger surgeon performing the mastectomy, and receiving care at a teaching hospital. A second analysis showed that patient variables predictive of radiation after IBR were a younger age and a more advanced cancer stage and no variables specific to surgeon or institution were predictive of radiation in patients with IBR. A significant increase in the rate of IBR as well as the use of radiation occurred over the 7-year study period. Multiple patient and surgeon factors were associated with IBR. Variables associated with radiation in IBR were harder to predict. Given the increase in the use of radiation in IBR, further research is needed to look at long-term outcomes in these patients at the population level.

Prescribing Oral Contraceptives in Women With Breast Diseases: A Matter of Concern for the Gynecologist

Background: The association of exogenous steroid hormones with breast malignancy has long been, and still is, a subject of investigation. This manuscript, as part of a series of articles about effects of exogenous sex hormones on breast conditions, reviews the adverse and beneficial effects of oral contraceptives in various entities separately: benign and malignant breast diseases, women with risk factors of breast cancer, and the general population. Methods: We first reviewed international clinical guidelines about the subject. Then, a comprehensive search of the literature was carried out using appropriate keywords. Clinical trials, population-based or cohort studies, nested case-control studies, and narrative/systematic reviews were reviewed and relevant data were extracted. Results: Oral contraceptives are contraindicated in women with current or previous breast cancer. Among women at high risk for breast cancer, those with preceding chest wall irradiation should not use pills, while these are allowed in cases with BRCA mutations or with a positive family history of breast cancer. Oral contraceptives may be beneficial for benign breast diseases. For low-risk woman, pills either pose no risk or may induce a very mild risk for breast cancer.Conclusion: Oral contraceptives are generally safe regarding breast diseases except in breast cancer patients or high-risk women, especially those with a history of chest wall irradiation.

Personalized approach to assessing mRNA expression of histidine-rich glycoprotein and immunohistochemical markers in diseases of the breast

Biopsy material of patients with malignant and benign breast diseases was examined. HRG mRNA expression was detected in 70% of cases in biopsy material obtained from patients with nonspecific invasive carcinoma and in 66.7% of cases in biopsy material of patients with benign breast diseases. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of collagen II, the beta-1 integrin, and E-cadherin – markers of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. The use of RT-qPCR combined with immunohistochemical study made it possible to identify atypical cells, which can be regarded as precancerous changes, in individual patients.

Breast Ultrasound for the Evaluation of Benign Breast Disease

Understandably, a great deal of research is dedicated to the identification of sonographic manifestations of malignant breast disease. However, recognition of clinical and imaging characteristics that support benign diagnoses is equally integral to accurate, cost-effective management of breast disease. Review of these characteristics is provided to enable more confident diagnosis and focused management. Advances in ultrasound utilization have extended its range to include screening and diagnosis. Coupled with updates to BI-RADS, current practices reflect the indispensable nature of ultrasound to breast disease diagnosis and management. Recognition of unique situations further enhances the value of exacting ultrasound performance and evaluation. Best utilization of rapidly evolving ultrasound technology requires comprehensive knowledge of technique, lexicon, current practice patterns, and mastery of clinical and imaging manifestations of benign and malignant disease.

Abstract P5-15-07: Breast surgery – Is routine 'group &amp; save' required? A quality improvement project

Abstract Introduction Breast surgery, especially for malignant disease, is not associated with significant blood loss and therefore rarely requires blood transfusions. Pre-operative protocols in our hospital and in most other centers routinely require a blood group screening process (group and save) for elective breast cancer surgery. The process of group and save (G&amp;S) in our hospital requires two blood samples to be drawn with at least 30 minute interval in-between. It takes at least 40 minutes for the samples to get processed and the cost for each test is £2.12. The test is valid for a period of 5 days after which time it needs to be repeated. This process in busy hospitals is clearly time consuming, results in delays and is inconvenient for patients and medical staff. The aim of this study was to ascertain the number G&amp;S performed and rate of post-operative blood transfusion for patients undergoing surgery for malignant breast disease. This was to establish if mandatory pre-operative G&amp;S is necessary in all cases, and if the number of tests performed can be reduced. The second part of the study was to analyze the outcome after implementation of changes to reduce the number of G&amp;S tests. Method Retrospective review of patient records who had surgeries for malignant breast disease from December 2015 to November 2016. Exclusion criteria included benign disease, flap reconstruction and breast surgery combined with another major procedure. Following the initial analysis, it was proposed that only the operating surgeon will request the test and that it will not be routinely requested by the pre-op assessment team. A re-audit was done prospectively to study the outcome of change in practice and close the audit loop. Results 151 cases were eligible for review. 97.35% (147 patients) had G&amp;S, and the post-operative transfusion rate was 1.32% (2 patients). Following a change in protocol a significant fall in the testing (97.35% to 35.5%) was seen and there were no post-operative blood transfusions in this period. Conclusion This simple yet important audit showed that routine G&amp;S did not contribute to the patient management, increased cost of treatment, caused patient inconvenience and consumed hospital personal time. The changes we implemented significantly reduced the frequency of this test and was cost effective to the trust. This study has now been converted into a Quality Improvement Project and through this we will continue to improve the results further. This project has also stimulated an interest in the General Surgery department, and other units are now considering changing their practice based on our results. Citation Format: Burrah R, Chicken W, Sathananthan S. Breast surgery – Is routine 'group &amp; save' required? A quality improvement project [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-15-07.

Pathology Evaluation of Reduction Mammaplasty Specimens and Subsequent Diagnosis of Malignant Breast Disease: A Claims-Based Analysis.

This study aimed to measure the use of pathology evaluation of breast specimens among patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty and assess rates of new diagnoses of breast disease and associated cost. We analyzed the Truven MarketScan Databases from 2009 to 2015 to identify adult female patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty for macromastia. We recorded patient age, rates of obtaining pathology evaluation, new diagnoses of benign or malignant breast disease after pathology evaluation, and total cost for the surgery encounter. Among 17,738 macromastia patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty, 91.3% (n = 16,193) received pathology evaluation. Pathology evaluation rates were clinically similar across age groups <70years (90.8-92.1%) and slightly lower for patients ≥70 (85.0%). Among 6987 patients less than 40years who received pathology evaluation, 0.06% (n = 4) were subsequently diagnosed with malignant breast disease within 3months, compared to 0.23% in the entire cohort (n = 37/16,193). Pathology claims resulted in an added $307 (SD 251) on average for the breast reduction surgery encounters. Breast tissue after reduction mammaplasty is routinely submitted for pathology evaluation, without consideration of age-based risk for breast cancer. Routine pathology evaluation of breast tissue in patients in lower risk age groups (less than 40years) required an additional $536,000 on average to detect a single occult breast cancer compared to an added $85,600 to detect a new malignancy in patients 40years and older. Clinicians and policy makers should consider whether routine pathology evaluation of breast tissue should be individualized based on risk factors for breast cancer.

Spectrum of Diseases among Patients Attending a Breast Clinic at a Tertiary Level Hospital of Bangladesh

Background: Breast problems are a burning health issue for today’s women. Breast clinics provide a competent and complete diagnosis for women with any breast symptoms or problems and give appropriate management of the problem. The aim of this study is to determine the disease spectrum among the patients visiting a breast clinic for assistance.&#x0D; Methods: This was a cross section study of all female patients visiting a breast clinic with breast problems. The study was conducted at BIRDEM General Hospital-2 over a period of 3 years from March 2015 till March 2018. Patients suffering from superficial skin lesions of the breast were excluded. The findings were tabulated and analyzed for frequency of each problem.&#x0D; Results: A total of 1279 patients visited the breast clinic during the period of March 2015 till March 2018. Among them 1204 patients were selected after considering eligibility criteria. The age of the patients ranged from 15 to 80 years. Ten percent of these patients were asymptomatic and attended the clinic for breast screening. Among the symptomatic patients mastalgia was the most common presentation (36.65%) followed by fibrocystic disease (22.26%). Benign Breast lump was seen in 14.96% patients. Ten percent patients presented with breast abscess. Nipple discharge and ductal ectasia was seen in 2.66% patients. Breast cancer was found in 2.33% patients. Other rare entities like milk fistula, giant fibroadenoma were also noted.&#x0D; Conclusion: Breast clinincs provide comprehensive assistance to both benign and malignant breast diseases. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in females. Breast screening ensures early detection of breast cancer. Besides malignant disease benign breast diseases also cause much morbidity to female health. This study shows the spectrum of patients coming with breast complaints to such a breast clinic.&#x0D; Birdem Med J 2019; 9(1): 11-13

Personalized Approach to Assessing mRNA Expression of Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein and Immunohistochemical Markers in Diseases of the Breast.

Biopsy material of patients with malignant and benign breast diseases was examined. HRG mRNA expression was detected in 70% of cases in biopsy material obtained from patients with nonspecific invasive carcinoma and in 66.7% of cases in biopsy material of patients with benign breast diseases. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of collagen II, the beta-1 integrin, and E-cadherin-markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The use of RT-qPCR combined with immunohistochemical study made it possible to identify atypical cells, which can be regarded as precancerous changes, in individual patients.

Biochemical Investigation of Tissue Oxidative Stress and Angiogenesis with Associated Trace Elements in Breast Disease Patients in Uttarakhand, India.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous cancer with diverse clinical symptoms and an ambiguous molecular spectrum. Oxidative damage, antioxidant activity, and angiogenesis combine to form significant complex factors that stimulate breast cancer development and progression. This study is designed to determine level changes in total antioxidant status and markers of lipid peroxidation melondialdehyde (MDA) and angiogenesis vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) along with related micronutrients of copper, zinc, magnesium, and iron in malignant and benign breast disease tissue extracts. We assess specificity and sensitivity of those markers using the area under the curve of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Association studies are done with correlation analysis. The tissue extract level of MDA markers is found to be significantly higher (14.118 ± 1.47 nmol/g tissue; p < 0.05), with significantly depleted levels of antioxidants (5.983 ± 1.661 nmol/g tissue; p < 0.05). The tissue VEGF level also significantly increases in a diseased condition (512.466 ± 5.661 pg/mg tissue) versus the nondiseased condition (422.433 ± 13.615 pg/mg tissue). Related trace-element levels show a significant mixed pattern among studied groups. VEGF emerges as the best discriminatory biomarker of breast cancer presence, in accordance with ROC analysis. Oxidative stress and angiogenesis are found to be important factors in breast cancer development. This study forms the basis for future studies that focus on the relationship between roles of indices studied and cancer induction.