Malignancy Of Oral Cavity Research Articles

Overexpression of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in HSC-2 OSCC cell line: effect on apoptosis and cell proliferation.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of oral cavity. Despite advances in therapeutic approaches, the 5-year survival rate for oral cancer has not improved in the last three decades. Therefore, new molecular targets for early diagnosis and treatment of OSCC are needed. In the present study, we focused on the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). We have previously shown that enzyme expression is upregulated in OSCC and NNMT knockdown in PE/CA PJ-15 cells significantly decreased cell growth in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. To further explore the role of the enzyme in oral cancer cell metabolism, HSC-2 cells were transfected with the NNMT expression vector (pcDNA3-NNMT) and the effect of enzyme upregulation on cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. Subsequently, we investigated at molecular level the role of NNMT on apoptosis and cell proliferation, by exploring the expression of β-catenin, survivin, and Ki-67 by real-time PCR. Moreover, we performed immunohistochemistry on 20 OSCC tissue samples to explore the expression level of NNMT and survivin ΔEx3 isoform. Enzyme upregulation significantly increased cell growth in vitro. Moreover, a positive correlation between NNMT and survivin ΔEx3 isoform expression levels was found both in HSC-2 cells and in OSCC tissue samples. Taken together, our results indicate a possible involvement of NNMT in the proliferation and tumorigenic capacity of OSCC cells and seem to suggest that the enzyme could represent a potential target for the treatment of oral cancer. The involvement of NNMT in cell growth and anti-apoptotic mechanisms seems to suggest that this enzyme could be a new therapeutic target to improve the survival of OSCC patients.

Treatment outcomes of patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone (RMT SCC) is a relatively uncommon primary site for oral cavity malignancy. However, given its proximity to the mandible and buccal mucosa, RMT SCC typically exhibits early invasion and generally presents at an advanced stage. Large-sample studies are needed to assess the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of this tumor. Our aim was to describe the determinants of survival in patients with RMT SCC. Retrospective cohort study. Retrospective, population-based cohort study of patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor registry who were diagnosed with RMT SCC from 1973 to 2012. Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). A total of 4,022 cases of RMT SCC were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 65 years. Thirty-nine percent of cases presented with stage IV disease. The median OS by stages I to IV were 73.7, 52.4, 27.5, and 23.4 months, respectively (P < .05). Overall, 34.3% of patients underwent surgery, 23.5% received radiation therapy, and 34.1% had both surgical and radiation therapy. On multivariate analysis, advanced age, greater tumor size, and advanced stage were associated with worse OS and DSS (P < .05), surgery predicted improved OS and DSS (P < .05), and radiation therapy predicted improved OS only (P < .05). RMT SCC is an aggressive malignancy that portends a poor prognosis, though early-stage tumors (stages I and II) have significantly improved survival. Any surgical intervention independently predicted higher survival outcomes. There may be a role of dual modality approaches, particularly for larger tumors. 4 Laryngoscope, 128:2740-2744, 2018.

EXPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN-10 AND ITS VALUE AS A POTENTIAL MARKER IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the commonest malignancy in oral cavity. Dysregulated inflammatory processes could impose a cancer risk. Cytokines are inflammatory mediators that can induce cell proliferation. Interleukin-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine which has a dual role in cancer pathogenesis. It contributes to tumor growth and in other cases to tumor rejection. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and correlate the expression of IL-10 in different histopathological grades of OSCC, as well as to assess its serum and salivary levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical (IHC) study using the IL-10 antibody was done on 20 surgical specimens and 5 normal mucosal tissues taken from OSCC patients and healthy individuals, respectively. Serum and salivary levels of IL-10 were also measured with a human IL-10 ELISA Kit in both patients and controls. RESULTS: OSCC biopsies showed immunoreactivity to IL-10, while normal tissues were immunonegative. The IHC staining intensity was directly proportional to the grading of OSCC. Conversely, it showed no significant correlation to the disease stage. The difference in the serum and salivary IL-10 levels in patients and controls was not statistically significant. However, there was a significant correlation between IL-10 tissue expression and its serum and salivary levels in OSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: IL-10 is expressed in OSCC biopsies. Additionally, the levels of IL-10 in tissue, serum and saliva were correlated to each other. This could reflect the same way of regulation of IL-10 in different parts of the body.

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and Waldeyer ring squamous cell carcinoma PDL-1 expression: A large, retrospective, single institution site series on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, looking at the relationship with morphology, human papilloma virus and p16.

TPS119 Background: The most frequent type of epithelial malignancy in oral cavity and Waldeyer's ring (WR) is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients with Head and Neck SCC (HNSCC) show reduced levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells compare to healthy controls. SCCs with a higher number of intra-tumoural CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes are associated with better prognosis. Programmed death receptor ligand (PD-L1 ) is present on the surface of neoplastic cells in SCC. T cells harbour inhibitory receptors (the so-called immune checkpoints) such as PD-1. Activation of this immune checkpoints results in T cell deactivation. The PD-1/PDL-1 interaction provokes an immunosuppressive effect which allows the tumour to evade immune destruction. However, WR SCCs present some diversities comparing to oral cavity SCC: younger age, frequent neck LN metastasis, often cystic, distinct morphology: often undifferentiated and solid (nonkeratinizing basal cell morphology), better prognosis, often HPV+, often p16+, an increased number of CD56+ cytotoxic NK. Methods: We have a series of 90 cases of epithelial malignancy in oral cavity and Waldeyer's ring (WR)Squamous cell Carcinoma, registered for Ethics IRAS number for Translational study with Immunohistochemistry; Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); Fluorescence in Situ Hybridisation (FISH); Next Generation Sequencing; Digital Imaging scanning and visualising microscopy. The Study will show the relationship of PDL-1 expression with morphology, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and p16 expression, answering if the oral cavity SCC and Waldeyer's Ring SCC express PD-L1 in the same way.

Role of MRI in Evaluation of Malignant Lesions of Tongue and Oral Cavity.

SummaryBackgroundAim of the present study was to evaluate the role of MRI in staging of malignant lesions of the oral cavity and to correlate MRI findings with clinical/surgical and anatomical-pathological findings, wherever possible.Material/MethodsThe study included 50 patients who presented with malignant lesions of the oral cavity and were referred to radiology departments for MRI. All patients included were subjected to a detailed physical examination following which MRI was carried out on Philips Gyroscan Achieva 1.5 Tesla unit.ResultsIn the study, the highest number of patients were found to have tongue malignancy (82%) followed by buccal mucosa and gingivobuccal sulcus malignancy (18%). The highest number of patients was in the age group of 51–60 years (32%). The incidence was higher in males (96%). There was moderate agreement (k=0.537) for T stage between the clinical and MRI staging assessments. The agreement for N stage between clinical and MRI staging assessments was fair (k=0.328). The final diagnosis was made by histopathology in 22 patients. The agreement for T stage was good/substantial (k=0.790) and for N stage was moderate (k=0.458) between MRI and histopathology staging assessments.ConclusionsMRI provides satisfactory accuracy for preoperative estimation of tumor thickness and predicting occult cervical nodal metastasis. MRI is the preferred modality in evaluation and staging of oral cavity malignancy which helps a clinician for planning of treatment.

Clinico-Pathological Features and Outcome of Treatment of Saudi Patients with Oral Cavity Cancer

Background: This study presents the epidemiological data and clinico-pathological features of oral cancer in patients treated in Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Oncology Department over the last 7 years. Methods: We reviewed all available data in our electronic and paper files for patients who had a confirmed pathology diagnosis of oral cavity malignancies between the years 2009-2015. Results: We had a total of 87 patients with pathological confirmed oral cancer. The majority of patients were males (Male:Female=1.63:1). Median age at diagnosis was 62 years (24-95). History related to risk factors was completed in only 59 patients (68%). Forty-five patients (76%) have a positive history for tobacco usage either smoking and/or chewing (shamma). The use of shamma, (a mixture of powdered tobacco, lime, ash, black pepper, oils and flavorings), was confirmed in 31/59 patients (either alone or associated with smoking). Oral Tongue as a primary site represents about half of the patients 44(50.6%), followed by alveolar ridge (16.1%) and floor of mouth (11.5%), buccal mucosa (10.3%) and other sites (11.5%). Two thirds of patients (66.6%) presented with advanced stages (III and IV). The estimated 5-year overall survival rates were 77.1% for the early stage disease group and 45.9% for the advanced stage disease group (P=0.028). The 5-year progression-free survival rates were 65.6% for the early stage disease group compared with 28.1% for the advanced stage disease group (P=0.02). Conclusions: Most of our cases have a positive history of tobacco usage. This together with the high percentage of advanced diseases that carried a significantly poor outcome warrant the need for effective anti-tobacco campaigns, public awareness and primary care physicians education for early detection of disease.

Lip Metastasis: An Overview of the Last 30 Years

Metastasis to the oral cavity is a rare event and constitutes 1% of all oral cavity malignancies. 412 oral soft tissue metastasis were documented in scientific literature, in a period between 1937 and 2015; gum was the site most involved. We had found only 8 cases of oral metastasis on the lips searching on PubMed with the keywords “oral mestastasis in lips”, “lip metastasis”. The primary malignant tumor that most frequently metastases at the labial level is certainly the renal tumor with 5 cases out of 8. In 5 cases the upper lip was affected, there was 1 case in which metastasis was present in both lips, and this is a very interesting data because the other malignant disease are more frequent in the lower lip.

Treatment guidelines and patterns of care in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: Primary surgical resection vs. nonsurgical treatment

BackgroundThe 2017 National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines recommend surgical resection or definitive radiation therapy for early-stage oral cavity malignancies, and surgical resection or multimodality clinical trials for late-stage disease. Few studies have been conducted to identify predictors of choice of treatment modality for oral cavity malignancies. MethodsAll patients in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) diagnosed with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) between 1998 and 2011 were identified. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to identify factors predictive of surgical or nonsurgical treatment; multiple imputation was used for missing data. Cox proportional hazards models were generated to identify associations between treatment modality and overall survival (OS). ResultsOf 23,459 patients, 4139 (17.6%) underwent primary nonsurgical treatment. Among NCDB-registered facilities, there has been a decrease in use of nonsurgical treatment for OCSCC (OR 0.97, p<0.001). Older age, non-white race, Medicaid insurance, low income, low education, and later-stage disease were associated with nonsurgical therapy, while patients at academic/research programs were more likely to undergo surgery (OR 0.38, p<0.001). Nonsurgical treatment was associated with decreased OS (HR=2.02, p<0.001); this was upheld on subgroup analysis of early- and late-stage disease. ConclusionsUse of primary nonsurgical treatment for OCSCC has decreased over time among NCDB-registered facilities and is associated with factors related to access to care. Surgical resection for the primary treatment of oral cavity cancer may be associated with improved OS, though conclusions regarding survival are limited by the non-randomized nature of the data.

A Clinical Study of Oral Malignancies in Rural Set Up

Aim and Objectives: Aim of the present research was to study the epidemiologic profile, risk factors, different surgical approaches, post operative complications and surgical outcome of oral cancer in rural set up. Methods: We conducted a clinical study of 30 histopathologically confirmed cases of oral cancer in tertiary care hospital, over a period of 23 months from December 2012 to October 2014. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS computer software version 17.0 and Graph Pad Prism 5.0. Results: Mean age of the patients was 55.46 years, ranging from 32-80 years; malignancy of oral cavity was common in males (60%) with a male: female ratio of 3:2. 20 (66.66%) oral cancer patients had risk habits, 33.33% were habituated for tobacco chewing and 20% for smoking and alcohol, moreover 6.67% were having addiction of smoking, alcohol and tobacco chewing and 6.67% were having addiction of smoking. Buccal mucosa was the commonest site of lesions (50%) followed by tongue (30%) and then lips (13.33). Wide local excision with modified radical neck dissection (50%) was most common surgical procedure done, followed by Hemiglossectomy with modified radical neck dissection (26.67%). Stitch infection was common early post operative complication while marginal flap necrosis was most common complication after reconstruction with PMMC flap. During follow up, 2 patient died mortality of patient was due to poor general condition and old age. Conclusion: The malignancy of oral cavity was higher among elderly males predominantly with risk habits of tobacco consumption, also with increasing incidence in females. A surgical excision with wide margins and appropriate reconstruction is necessary to optimize the disease and functional outcome.

Reconstructive techniques in head and neck malignancies

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Head and neck malignancies are of common occurrence in India requiring early diagnosis for effective reconstruction by various surgical techniques. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of involvement of head and neck malignancies and to evaluate various surgical resection and reconstruction techniques used in the management of head and neck malignancies&lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; This is a retrospective study carried out in the Department of ENT and Head &amp;amp; Neck Surgery And Surgical Oncology, Karnataka Institute Of Medical Sciences, Hubballi, from July 2015 to December 2016. All patients who underwent surgery for head and neck malignancy were included in our study&lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Retrospective analysis of our study yielded 36 cases of which 29 patients were male and 7 were female. In our study commonest age group was 6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and 7&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; decade constituting 55.55%. The most common site involved was oral cavity constituting about 63.88%. The most common sub-site in oral cavity malignancy was found to be anterior 2/3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;of tongue (25%), followed by lip and buccal mucosa each of which constituted 13.88%&lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; In our study oral cavity was the most common site to be involved in head and neck malignancies, of which anterior 2/3rd of tongue is the most common sub-site. Majority of the patients underwent tumour resection with flap reconstruction. Locoregional flaps form an efficient alternative in cases where primary closure is not possible without compromising the aesthetic outcomes&lt;span lang="EN-IN"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Comparative clinical outcomes of Taiwanese patients with resected buccal and tongue squamous cell carcinomas

ObjectivesAlthough patients with buccal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) usually show acceptable outcomes, local control and survival rates are generally lower than those observed for tongue SCC. This study was designed to compare the clinical outcomes of Taiwanese patients with these two common oral cavity malignancies. MethodsPatients with first primary buccal or tongue SCC who were included in the Taiwanese Cancer Registry Database between 2004 and 2012 were eligible. The study sample consisted of 16,379 patients (7870 buccal SCC and 8509 tongue SCC) who received surgery with or without adjuvant therapy. The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) rates served as the outcome measures. ResultsCompared with tongue SCC, patients with buccal SCC had a higher prevalence of males (95.7% vs. 86.4%, p<0.0001), pT4 disease (21.4% vs. 12.7%, p<0.0001), and p-Stage IV (30.4% vs. 24.8%, p<0.0001) but a lower frequency of pN2 disease (15.2% vs. 18.5%, p<0.0001). The 5-year DSS and OS rates of buccal SCC patients were slightly higher than those of tongue SCC (78% vs. 77%, p=0.0297; and 71% vs. 69%, p=0.0231, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified tumor site (tongue vs. buccal SCC), sex (male vs. female), age (≥65 vs. <65years), pT classification (T4/T3/T2 vs. T1), and pN classification (N3/N2/N1vs. N0) as independent prognostic factors in the entire study cohort. ConclusionsThe survival advantage of buccal SCC over tongue SCC appears significant in large clinical samples, despite a higher prevalence of p-Stage IV disease in the former.

Recent Trends in Oral Cavity Cancer Research Support in the United States

The objectives were to characterize oral cavity cancer (OCC) funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) with a secondary aim of comparing NIH support provided to OCC and other malignancies. NIH awards supporting OCC inquiry from 2000 to 2014 were accessed from the NIH RePORTER database. These data were used to evaluate temporal trends and the role of human papilloma virus and to determine the academic training and professional profiles of the principal investigators. Comparison of 2014 funding levels with other malignancies was also performed, controlling for incidence. Overall funding totals decreased considerably after 2009. Funding administered through the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) was 6.5 times greater than dollars awarded by the National Cancer Institute in 2000. During the period evaluated, NIDCR support decreased in most years, while National Cancer Institute support increased and approached NIDCR funding levels. Funding for human papilloma virus–related projects gradually rose, from 3.4% of dollars in 2000 to 2004 to 6.2% from 2010 to 2014 (P < 0.05). A majority of principal investigators had a PhD omnia solus (57%), and 13% possessed dual PhD/clinical degrees. Among clinicians with specialty training, otolaryngologists and oral/maxillofacial pathologists garnered the most funding. OCC had a 2014 funding:incidence ratio of $785, much lower than for other malignancies. There has been increased volatility in funding support in recent years possibly due to budget cuts and sequestration. The National Cancer Institute has played an increasingly important role in supporting OCC research, concomitant with decreasing NIDCR support. Our findings suggest that OCC is underfunded relative to other non–oral cavity malignancies, indicating a need to increase the focus on rectifying the disparity.

A comparative evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiation versus accelerated radiation therapy versus conventional radiation therapy in a locally advanced head and neck carcinoma

Abstract Context: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) include malignancies of oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, paranasal sinuses, and major and minor salivary glands. Worldwide incidence of HNC cases is 4.8%, whereas in India, it is 14.3%. Aims: Evaluation and comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and toxicity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) with docetaxel, carboplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) followed by concomitant chemoradiation in one group, accelerated radiation therapy (RT) in second group, and conventional RT in third group. Subjects and Methods: The present randomized prospective study was conducted on locally advanced head and neck carcinoma patients who were randomly divided into three groups. All patients received NACT with 3-weekly TPF, for 3-courses. Group I-patients received concomitant conventional RT, 64 Gy/32 fractions/6.2-week along with three weekly carboplatin 300 mg/m2 × 3-cycles. Group II-patients received accelerated RT given six fractions per week, total dose 64 Gy/32 fractions/5.2-week. Group III-patients received conventional RT, 64 Gy/32 fractions/6.2-week. Results: The overall response rate to NACT was 100% in all groups. At last follow-up, in Group I – 52% remained alive with no evidence of disease (NED), 39% remained alive with residual disease, and 9% had locoregional recurrence. In Group II – 46% remained alive with NED, 46% remained alive with disease, 8% had locoregional recurrence, whereas in Group III – 40% remained alive with NED, 44% remained alive with disease, and 16% had locoregional recurrence. Conclusions: NACT followed by concomitant chemoradiation is a better treatment protocol as compared to accelerated RT or conventional radiotherapy, in terms of better complete response rates with acceptable toxicity profile.

Effect of HIV infection in the micronuclei frequency on the oral mucosa.

The genotoxic impact of HIV infection on the oral cavity malignancies is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HIV infection in micronucleus (MN) frequency on the oral mucosa of HIV+ patients and establish a relationship with early cytogenetic changes in oral carcinogenesis. Thirty HIV+ individuals who are under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 30 non-HIV patients were evaluated. Two smears were taken from the lateral border of the tongue and mouth floor and stained by Feulgen. The frequency of MN was examined in 3000 cells per subject under common microscopy. MN analysis showed no significant difference between groups by Mann-Whitney U-test for total MNs (P = 0.178). The presence of single MN was greater in control group with statistical significance (P = 0.009), while in HIV group, multiple MNs were exhibited in higher mean. HIV patients under HAART therapy and low viral load values showed higher frequency of multiple MNs, which, although not statistically significant, may be caused by the action of the Vpr gene, an accessory gene of HIV. These results corroborate the theory of HIV infection cytogenetic damage.

Neck dissection with harmonic scalpel and electrocautery? A randomised study

ObjectiveIs the use of harmonic scalpel for neck dissection useful? Literature search did not show a single, prospective, randomised control trial. We intended to study the role of harmonic scalpel in neck dissection and compare it with conventional electrocautery technique for oral cavity carcinoma. Methods40 patients undergoing selective neck dissection for primary oral cavity malignancy were enrolled in this study. The harmonic scalpel (HS) group consisted of 20 patients, and the electrocautery technique (ET) group comprised of 20 patients. The following variables were examined: intraoperative blood loss, operative time, number of ligatures used, postoperative drain, and postoperative hospital stay. ResultsIntraoperative blood loss was found to be significantly reduced in harmonic scalpel group as compared to electrocautery group. However, we found no difference in other parameters like operative time, postop drain, postoperative hospital stay and number of ligatures used between both groups. ConclusionHarmonic scalpel for neck dissection is associated with significantly lesser intraoperative blood loss as compared to electrocautery. There is no effect on operative time and postoperative hospital stay in both groups.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy in the oral cavity. Its etiology is multifactorial, being the most important risk factors tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Predominantly affects older people, mostly male, from 40 years with a peak at the age of 60 years. The most common locations are the tongue and floor of the mouth. The clinical presentation is variable, highlights ulcerating type, such as leukoplakia, erythroplasia or a combination of both. Often their behavior is aggressive and the diagnosis is often made at a late stage, with lesions of considerable size and invasive in depth. The aim of this paper is to present a case of OSCC in advanced stage, located in the left buccal mucosa and demonstrate the importance of early diagnosis.

Free Flap versus Pedicled Flap Reconstruction for Oral Cavity Malignancies: Treatment algorithm based on our experience with 37 cases in our institute

Free Flap versus Pedicled Flap Reconstruction for Oral Cavity Malignancies: Treatment algorithm based on our experience with 37 cases in our institute

Corellation of p53 expressions and histopathological grading in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignancy of oral cavity mostly occurred and can also metastasize. p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene that plays an important role in carcinogenesis. The role of wild-type p53 is very important in suppressing the formation of a malignancy. p53 also has many other important functions. p53 is a suppressor of tumor/ cancer progression through the response of cell cycle to DNA damage and by giving time to repair DNA prior to replication of genes. p53 mutation, mostly occurs in a malignancy, so earlier histopathological transformation can be detected by observing p53 mutation. The prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma in oral cavity, therefore, depends on histopathological grading and clinical staging of the tumor. To enforce the histopathological grading, in addition based on histopathology differentiation, the earlier histopathological transformation can also be assessed. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the correlation of p53 expressions and histopathological grading in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Method: This study was a retrospective study on 20 cases of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma examined at Department of Pathology Anatomy in Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung. Immunohistochemical examination was then performed using p53 antibodies to determine the correlation of p53 expression and histopathological grading in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma to predict prognosis. Result: The overall results showed that there was no correlation between p53 expression and histopathological grading in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity although there was a very strong correlation between p53 expression and histopathological grading I (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there was no correlation between p53 expression and histopathological grading in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, p53 expression cannot be used to predict a prognosis.

Neck node metastasis: the strong prognostic indicator in oral cavity malignancy

Background: Oral cavity malignancy is common in INDIA. Many patients come with neck node metastasis, result in poor prognosis, patients treated in early stage, results in good prognosis. As Lymph node metastasis is strong prognostic indicator in oral cavity malignancy. The objective of the study was to assess prognosis of oral cavity malignancy (Squamous Cell carcinoma) with respect to number of neck node metastasis. Methods: Total 106 patients of Oral cavity malignancy, were treated in surgical oncology, unit in Krishna Hospital Karad between Oct 1997 to Dec 2004. Operative procedures were WE (Wide excision) and RND (Radical neck dissection) and SOHND (Supraomohoid neck dissection) with post-operative Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy. Histopathological assessment was done for primary lesions and neck node metastasis in operative specimen. Analysis and summation of data was done by using statistical software SPSS. Results: There were 81 patients with no neck node metastasis (NO). 14 with 1 to 3 neck node metastasis, their mortality was 35.7% (at 1 year follow up ) 6 with 4 to 7 neck node metastasis, their mortality was 66.7%, 4 with 7 to 9 neck node metastasis, their mortality was 75%. 1 patient was having above 9 neck node metastasis, died with other disease. Conclusions: Lymph node metastasis is a strong prognostic indicator in oral cavity malignancy. If patients are treated in early stage (stage 1 and 2) survival is significantly better.

Emerging Trends in the Epidemiological Pattern of Head and Neck Cancers in Lagos, Nigeria.

Background:Unfortunately, despite an increase in medical knowledge, survival rates of head and neck cancers (HNCs) have not been observed to improve greatly. This is true, especially in tumors located in obscure primary sites or late presentation.Aim:The purpose of this study is to assess the epidemiologic pattern of HNCs and to evaluate its emerging trends and patterns in Lagos state.Subjects and Methods:A retrospective study was conducted from 2003 to 2013 that analyzed histologically diagnosed cases of HNC at the Pathology Departments of the two tertiary teaching hospitals in Lagos. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 20) statistical software.Results:One thousand and eighty-three cases of head and neck malignancies were recorded. A female: male ratio of 1.01:1 was reported with mean age of 39.6 (standard deviation 21.1) years. The oral cavity was the most affected anatomic site (21.2%, 230/1083) in the period under review. Malignant epithelial tumors accounted for 72% (779/1083) of cases seen. Carcinomas were the most common histological variant seen (67%, 726/1083) and squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 58% (421/726) of carcinomas recorded. Oral cavity malignancies (21.8%, 118/540) were the most common in males while thyroid malignancies (28.5%, 155/543) were the most seen in females. In children (≤15 years), the most common histologic findings were carcinomas (42.3%; 77/182) and retinoblastomas (23.6%; 43/182).Conclusion:Epithelial malignancies were the most common malignancy in the study, and the oral cavity appears to be the increasingly predominant site for HNCs. A changing pattern in gender predominance, age distribution, and frequency with histological variants and anatomical sites was also observed in this study.