Males In Urban Areas Research Articles

The Prevalence of Overweight Status among Early Adolescents from Private Schools in Indonesia: Sex-Specific Patterns Determined by School Urbanization Level.

(1) Background: Few studies have investigated (demographic) correlates of (prevalent) overweight rates among early adolescents, especially from higher socioeconomic positions (SEP) in developing countries, such as Indonesia. The current study aims to fill this gap. (2) Methods: Participants included 411 adolescents from five private schools in Indonesia. Adolescents’ weight and height were measured, and adolescents completed questionnaires on demographic factors (i.e., sex, school area, ethnicity, pocket money) and previous year dieting. (3) Results: Results showed that more than one-third of the sample was overweight, with higher rates among adolescent males (47%) than females (24%). Moreover, adolescents attending schools in urban areas (compared with suburban areas), and those reporting past dieting (compared with those reporting no dieting) had higher overweight rates. Ethnicity and the amount of pocket money were not related to overweight status. Finally, a clear sex-specific interaction was found involving school area, showing that males in urban areas had a significantly higher risk to be overweight, whereas this did not apply to females. (4) Conclusions: males from urban area private schools in Indonesia may be an important target group for future preventive overweight interventions.

Likelihood of meeting physical activity guidelines in rural and urban adults: cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey.

The goal of this study was to compare the odds of meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines among adults living in rural and urban areas of Canada. Data from the 2017 cycle of the Canadian Community Health Survey were analyzed using binomial logistic regression with a sample of 47,266 adults representing a survey-weighted total of 25,669,018. The odds of meeting PA guidelines were determined based on self-reported moderate-to-vigorous PA (<150 min per week or ≥150 min per week). Communities were categorized as urban or rural based on population size and density. Individual-level correlates included in the model were self-identified sex, age, body mass index, highest level of education, household income, perceived health, and sense of belonging to community. Approximately 56.6% of rural and 59.3% of urban adults reported meeting recommended PA levels when location was examined as a sole predictor. The best-fit model adjusted for all individual-level factors showed a significant sex × location interaction. Males in rural communities were more likely to report meeting PA guidelines (odds = 0.90 or 47.4%) than males in urban areas (odds = 0.78 or 43.8%), whereas females living in rural communities (odds = 0.58 or 36.7%) were less likely to report meeting PA guidelines than females in urban areas (odds = 0.65 or 39.4%). The association between rural-urban residence and meeting PA guidelines appears to be contingent on self-identified sex differences. Future work should explore how gender- and location-related variables interact to influence self-reported PA engagement.

The Use of Multiple Correspondence Analysis to Explore Associations Between Categories of Qualitative Variables and Cancer Incidence.

Previous works have shown that risk factors for some kinds of cancer depend on people's lifestyle (e.g. rural or urban residence). This article looks into this, seeking relationships between cancer, age group, gender and population in the region of Lleida (Catalonia, Spain) using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). The dataset analysed was made up of 3408 cancer episodes between 2012 and 2014, extracted from the Population-based Cancer Registry (PCR) for Lleida province. The cancers studied were colon and rectal (1059 cases), lung (551 cases), urinary bladder (446 cases), prostate (609 cases) and breast (743 cases). The MCA technique was applied and used to search relationships among the main qualitative features. The basic statistics were the percentage explaining (variance), the inertia and the contribution of each qualitative variable. General outcomes showed a low and moderate contribution of living in rural areas to colorectal and male prostate cancer. Males in urban areas were slightly and heavily affected by lung and urinary bladder cancer respectively. The analysis of each cancer provided additional information. Colorectal cancer greatly affected males aged <60, urban residents aged 70-79, and rural females aged ≥ 80. The impact of lung cancer was high among urban females <60, moderate among males aged 70-79 and high among rural females aged ≥ 80. The results for urinary bladder cancer results were similar to those for lung cancer. Prostate cancer affected both the <60 and ≥ 80 age groups significantly in rural areas. Breast cancer hit the 70-79 group significantly and, somewhat less so, rural females aged ≥ 80. MCA was a significant help for detecting the contributions of qualitative variables and the associations between them. MCA has proven to be an effective technique for analyzing the incidence of cancer. The outcomes obtained help to corroborate suspected trends, as well as detecting and stimulating new hypotheses about the risk factors associated with a specific area and cancer. These findings will be helpful for encouraging new studies and prevention campaigns to highlight observed singularities.

The Scope of the Problem: Gun Violence in the USA

To update current understanding of the extent and impact of firearm violence in the USA. In the past decade, rates of firearm injury have increased in the USA, both absolutely and in comparison to other high-income countries. Firearm homicides, firearm suicides, and public mass shootings have all been increasing. Firearm homicide rates remain highest for young non-White males in urban areas, and firearm suicide rates remain highest for older White males in rural areas. The burden of all these shootings falls not only directly on the victims themselves but also can impact their families, friends, and communities. These more indirect costs include medical care, grief, fear, hopelessness, and PTSD. The negative effects of exposure to firearm violence have been highlighted in the literature. Individual and community efforts to prepare for and prevent the shootings entail additional costs and burdens. The scope of the US gun problem in 2019 is far greater than is indicated merely by medical costs and body counts.

Incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in China, 2011.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. This article provides the most up-to-date overview of colorectal cancer burden in China. Totally 234 cancer registries submitted data of 2011 to the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR). Qualified data from 177 registries was pooled and analyzed. The crude incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer were calculated by age, gender and geographic area. The numbers of new cases and deaths were estimated using the 5-year age-specific cancer incidence/mortality rates and the corresponding populations. China census in 2000 and Segi's world population were applied for age standardized rates. The estimate of new cases diagnosed with colorectal cancer of China in 2011 was 310,244 (178,404 for males and 131,840 for females, 195,117 in urban areas and 115,128 in rural areas), accounting for 9.20% of overall new cancer cases. The crude incidence of colorectal cancer ranked fourth in all cancer sites with rate of 23.03/100,000 (25.83/100,000 for males and 20.08/100,000 for female, 28.25/100,000 in urban areas and 17.54/100,000 in rural areas). The age-standardized rates by China population and by World population were 16.79/100,000 and 16.52/100,000, respectively. The estimated number of colorectal cancer deaths of China in 2011 was 149,722 (86,427 for males and 63,295 for females, 91,682 in urban areas and 58,040 in rural areas), accounting for 7.09% of overall cancer deaths. The crude mortality rate for colorectal cancer ranked fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in all cancer sites with rate of 11.11/100,000 (12.51/100,000 for males and 9.64/100,000 for female, 13.27/100,000 in urban areas and 8.84/100,000 in rural areas). The age-standardized rates by China population and by World population for mortality were 7.77/100,000 and 7.66/100,000, respectively. For both of incidence and mortality, the rates of colorectal cancer were much higher in males than in females, and in rural areas than in urban areas. The rate of colorectal cancer increased greatly with age, especially after 40 or 45 years old. Colorectal cancer is a relative common cancer in China, especially for males in urban areas. Targeted prevention and early detection programs should be carried out.

Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2010.

The National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCR) affiliated to the Bureau of Disease Control, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China is responsible for cancer surveillance in the entire country. Cancer registration data from each local registry located in each province are collected by NCCR annually to be analyzed and published to provide useful information for policy makers and cancer researchers. Until 1st June, 2013, 219 population-based cancer registries submitted data of 2010 to the National Central Cancer Registry of China covering about 207,229,403 population, and 145 cancer registries were selected after quality evaluation for this study. Colorectal cancer cases were selected from the database according to ICD-10 coded as "C18-C20". We calculated the crude incidence and mortality rates by sex, age groups and location (urban/rural). The China population in 2000 and Segi's population were used as standardized populations for the calculation of age-standardized rates. The 6th National Population Census data of China was used to combined with the cancer registries' data to estimate the colorectal cancer burden in China in 2010. Colorectal cancer was the sixth most common cancer in China. It was estimated that there were 274,841 new cases diagnosed in 2010 (157,355 in males and 117,486 in females), with the crude incidence rate of 20.1/100,000, highest in males in urban areas. Age-standardized rates by China standard population of 2000 (ASRcn) and World standard population (Segi's population, ASRwld) for incidence were 16.1/100,000 and 15.9/100,000 respectively. There were 132,110 cases estimated to have died from colorectal cancer in China in 2010 (76,646 men and 55,464 women) with the crude mortality rate of 10.1/100,000. The ASRcn and ASRwld for mortality were 7.55/100,000 and 7.44/100,000 respectively, higher in males and urban areas than in females and rural areas. The incidence and mortality rates increased with age, reaching peaksin the 80-84 year old, and oldest age groups, respectively. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common incident cancers and cause of cancer death in China. Primary and secondary prevention, with attention to a health lifestyle, physical activity and screening should be enhanced in the general population.

Lung cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2010.

The National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCR) is responsible for cancer surveillance. Local cancer registries in each province submit data for annual publication. The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China in 2010 by age, gender, and area is reported in this article. In 2013, 145 of 219 population-based cancer registries' 2010 data were selected after quality evaluation. Classification included Western, Middle, and Eastern areas, and the crude incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer were calculated by age, gender, and urban and rural. Age-standardized rates were determined by China and World standard population data. The 6th National Population Census data of China was used, combined with the registries' data to estimate the lung cancer burden in China in 2010. Lung cancer had the highest incidence and mortality in China for men and women. It was estimated that 605 946 lung cancer cases were diagnosed in China in 2010, with a crude incidence rate of 46.08/100 000, and 486 555 patients died from lung cancer, with a crude mortality rate of 37.00/100 000. Age-standardized rates for incidence were 35.23/100 000 and 35.04/100 000, respectively. Incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer were higher in men and urban areas than those in women and rural areas, reaching a peak for subjects of 80-84 years old. Lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality of all cancers in China, especially for males in urban areas. Our findings justify the need to plan and develop effective interventions, such as air pollution control and smoking deterrents, to control and prevent the spread of lung cancer in China.

The Mathematical Experiences of Black Males in a Predominantly Black Urban Middle School and Community

There is a growing body of research focused on the mathematical experiences of Black males in the United States of America. This research has emerged to challenge the dominant narrative in mathematics education focused on Black males’ low performance on international, national, and state standardized tests. There is very little research that has explored the impact of high-stakes testing in mathematics on Black males in urban areas. Using qualitative research methods, this study examines the middle school mathematics experiences of four Black males and provides insight into their responses to challenges they face in urban communities, schools, and math classrooms. Critical race theory was used to illuminate Black males’ desire to be challenged in the classroom and describe the community, school, and classroom conditions that impact their lived realities and mathematics experiences.

Medico-legal Aspects of Burned Cases Admitted to Burn Unit in Tanta University Hospital

Background: Burns continue to be a medical, psychological and economic problem in developed and developing countries. Burns in Egypt represent a major problem as compared with heart diseases, malignancy and road accidents. Objectives: Accordingly, this work was conducted to study the medico legal aspects of burned cases and the magnitude of burn problem in Burn Unit in Tanta University Hospital. Study design: This study was cross sectional, conducted over six months where (160 ) burned cases admitted to Burn Unit in Tanta University hospital from the start of March 2013 to the end of August 2013. All the patients were included except old burn injuries. Patients were interviewed, clinically examined and investigated, and then data were collected in a specially designed sheet for every patient. Results: One hundred and sixty cases admitted to Burn Unit in Tanta University Hospital during a period of six months from the start of March 2013 to the end of August 2013. The highest percentage of patients was among the age group less than 10 years (38.125%). The majority of the studied cases were distributed among males (58.1%) in rural areas (61.9%). Burns at home constituted (84.4%) of burns. Concerning the agent causing burn, flame constituted (51.9%) followed by scald (37.5%), chemical (6.3%) and electrical burns (4.4%). Most flame burns were due to explosion of gas cylinder. Most burns were of second degree (49.37%), distributed all over the body (43.8%) and involved 15-30% total body surface area (TBSA) (40%). Accidental burns accounted for 95% of all cases followed by suicidal and homicidal cases (3.1 and 1.9% respectively). All suicidal cases were females, caused by flame and distributed all over the body with involvement of more than 60% TBSA. While homicidal cases were males in urban areas. Respiratory complications were the commonest cause of death (38.9%). It could be concluded that intensive educational programs concerning burn dangers, proper prevention, safety measures and regular servicing of gas appliances must be followed. Psychological autopsy is needed in suicidal cases.

Lung cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2008.

To provide cancer statistics to health planners, researchers, and the public, we reported the incidence and mortality data of lung cancer in 2008 in Chinese registration areas by age, sex, and geographic area. In 2011, 56 population-based cancer registries reported the lung cancer incidence and mortality data of 2008 to the Chinese National Central Cancer Registry. Forty-one registries' data met the national criteria. The crude incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer were calculated by age, gender, and area. Age-standardized rates were calculated using the Chinese and World populations. The crude incidence rate for lung cancer was 54.75/100 000 (73.12/100 000 for male and 36.08/100 000 for female; 57.96/100 000 in urban and 42.80/100 000 in rural). Age-standardized rates by China population (CASR) and World population (WASR) for incidence were 24.98/100 000 and 34.07/100 000, respectively. The crude mortality rate for lung cancer was 46.07/100 000 (62.47/100 000 for male and 29.39/100 000 for female; 48.76/100 000 in urban and 36.03/100 000 in rural). The CASR and WASR for mortality were 20.09/100 000 and 27.68/100 000, respectively. Both for incidence and mortality, the rates for lung cancer were higher in males than in females, and in urban areas than in rural areas. The overall age-specific incidence and mortality rates showed that both rates were relatively low up to 35 years of age, but dramatically increased from such age, reaching a peak with subjects of 80-84 years old. The burden of lung cancer remains high in China, especially for males in urban areas. Effective intervention, such as smoking control, should be enhanced in the future.

Life-style practices related to health promotion among adult males in urban areas of Jamnagar city, Gujarat

Background: Many countries have adopted health policies that are targeted at reducing the risk factors for chronic non-communicable disease. These policies promote a healthy population by encouraging people to adopt healthy life style behaviour. This paper examines the life style practices related to health promotion among adult males in Jamnagar city. Material & Methods: It was a community based cross-sectional study, carried out between June to December 2012. Total 400 subjects were interviewed from all the 17 urban wards of Jamnagar city by using pre tested, semi structured questionnaires. Results: Highest numbers (39%) were in the age group of 20-30 years, 66% were graduates and 50.5% were doing service. Majority of the subjects were consuming green leafy vegetables more than 3 times in a week. High intake of oil and salt was observed in majority of the subjects. 63% of the subjects were physically inactive, 15.3% were taking smokeless tobacco products while 3.8% were smokers. Conclusion: Majority of the subjects were physically inactive, having unhealthy dietary pattern. Key words: Cross sectional study, health promotion, life style

The Voices of Young Black Males

Prince, 13, (left) is an 8th grader in Washington, D.C. He lives with his mother, stepdad, and younger sister. rap culture teaches young black males to live a life on street and not worry about education. Without an education, will be in street asking for Black males aren't successful of and stuff. Their parents aren't doing right. They see their parents and friends smoking and cursing. They do same thing. They want to be just like their friends. Prince also said a good family life and home environment are important for success in school, but a lot of young boys don't have that because their parents weren't there for them. you don't learn something when you're young, when you grow up, it might be hard to change. DAMON, 13, (left) is an 8th grader in Washington, D.C. He lives with his mother, grandfather, two sisters, and a brother. Boys drop out of school they're following what they and they do not see black males are traditionally successful. Black males also drop out of school because they want to be like what they see, what their surroundings are. All they think about is money--like selling drugs and getting money. They try and make money wrong way. The biggest factor in determining what will make black males successful academically is who they hang out with. people they hang out with are bad and do wrong things, I think they'll try to be like their friends, and they'll start being off task in They can still be good in school, but do bad stuff outside of school, and that makes them stop doing good in school. do young black males say about what stands in way of their academic success? Rather than rely on scholarly researchers to answer this question, we talked with a number of black males between ages 13 and 22 in Washington D.C., and Milwaukee, Wis., to learn what they had to say. We did not approach this as a rigorous academic study but as a series of conversations to learn more about perspective of this important group of learners. As you'll hear, these young men rarely talked about schools or teachers as cause of gap. Rather, they attributed it to cultural, family, and community factors. All of these young men want and understand importance of a good education. They also talk about importance of cohesive families, attentive parents, and positive male role models, as well as dangers of rap culture, poverty, and low expectations. These interviews didn't reveal anything that most people work with black males in urban areas don't already know. But they do reveal that young men interviewed are clear that challenge of educating black males is much bigger than schoolhouse. -- Tracey Sparrow and Abby Sparrow KHALIL, 13, (above) is an 8th grader in Washington, D.C. He lives with both parents and three brothers. your parents are not doing good at home, sometimes that person will drop out of school to help their parents and go to streets to make more money to have a roof on top of your head. If I don't get a good education, my future would be like working at McDonald's or working on streets. JOVANTE, 21, (not pictured) dropped out of high school at age 16 and is currently and chronically unemployed. He lives with his mother and one sister in Milwaukee. When he entered high school, he lost his focus. Jovante knew that in long run, his future would be better if he stayed in school, but the wait is hard. What you see is what you want, and shoes and clothes became more important to him than high He did not want to depend on his mom to get what he wanted he had watched her struggle and did not want to be cause of her struggle. If I could have been graded on my conversations and understanding, I would have been an excellent student. …

Alcohol use and violent injury in Uganda

BackgroundAlcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of injury. Uganda has the highest alcohol consumption per capita. There is paucity of information about alcohol consumption and injury in Uganda. Moreover...

Emerging patterns of reported morbidity and hospitalisation in West Bengal, India

This paper presents evidence on the levels, patterns and determinants of morbidity prevalence and hospitalisation in the state of West Bengal in India using data from the 60th round (2004) of the National Sample Survey Organisation on ‘morbidity and health care’. The reported morbidity and hospitalisation rates were considerably higher in urban than in rural populations. Age indicated substantial effects on morbidity and hospitalisation in both rural and urban areas, with females reporting higher morbidity than males in urban areas. Caste, region and seasonal differences in morbidity prevalence were found significant only in rural areas, but socio-economic inequalities in the prevalence of morbidity and hospitalisation were lower in urban areas. Morbidity and hospitalisation rates were more strongly related with household monthly per capita expenditure than to educational attainment. The distribution of ailments suggest that West Bengal is passing through the advanced phase of epidemiologic transition in which communicable diseases are being swiftly replaced with rising levels of non-communicable diseases.

Skillnader i reviretablering under hösten mellan adulta och årsunga hannar av svart rödstjärt Phoenicurus ochruros på Cypern och Kreta

Competition for food and protection from predators are two important reasons for the development of winter territories. In their breeding areas, older males of several species signal their quality and possession of resources with attributes and behaviours. This can also be valid in winter quarters. This study of Black Redstart shows significant differences between adult and yearling males and also between habitats. Adult males were found solitary more frequently, they were fighting less and they were also singing more often in urban areas than in shrubland compared to yearlings. Urban areas, in comparison to shrubland, were characterised by lower individual density, higher proportion of males, more “intensive fights” and also higher singing activity from tall song perches. This indicates that territories are mainly established by adult males in urban areas. In shrubland males often appeared in groups and interacted in social behaviours with a high proportion of female-like birds. They also interacted with other species. I conclude that only the most dominant males are capable of maintaining stable territories when suitable habitats are scarce.

Public awareness, information sources and evaluation of oral implant treatment in Norway.

A nation-wide survey from a representative sample of the general Norwegian population was made in co-operation with Statistics of Norway, to assess public awareness, sources of information and evaluation of oral implants. A response rate of 70.8% was obtained. Of the general population 70.1% (95% confidence interval: 68.6-71.6%) had heard of oral implants. No specific demographic variables were associated with unawareness of oral implants. Of the general population 60.4% (95% confidence interval: 57.9-62.8%) evaluated oral implants positively and 56.7% (95% confidence interval: 54.7%-58.7%) would consider oral implants as treatment for themselves if needed, while 18.0% gave negative evaluation and 23.0% would not consider implant treatment. Logistic regression analyses indicated that young males in urban areas with high income and high educational level were most positive to oral implants. News media like newspapers and TV/radio were together with personal communications the most frequently indicated sources of information. News media were associated with negative evaluation of implants. The overall positive evaluation of oral implants suggests however that the Norwegian general public utilises several sources of information, and are able to evaluate them critically.

Rates of Return to Schooling in China

This study uses data from a 1988 survey of Chinese individuals to estimate rates of return to schooling in China. The Mincer‐type rate of return to schooling was estimated at 4.02 percent in the rural areas and 3.29 percent in the urban areas; these are fairly low estimates compared with similar estimates in other countries. The rate of return to schooling for females was significantly higher than that for males in urban areas. In addition, members of the Communist Party in urban areas had significantly lower returns to schooling compared with non‐members.

Geographic patterns of oral cancer in the United States: Etiologic implications

A survey of buccal cavity and pharynx cancer mortality in United States counties. 1950–1969, revealed elevated rates among males in urban areas throughout the country and among females in the rural South. Indirect evidence suggests that the urban gradient in males results largely from alcoholic beverage consumption and tobacco smoking, while the Southern excess in females is related primarily to oral snuff use. Mortality was elevated also in counties with leather, paper, and chemical manufacturing industries (in males), and apparel and textile industries (in females). The industrial correlations in both sexes remained after control for urbanization and other demographic factors, but snuff use by Southern women in the textile and apparel industries may have influenced this association for females.

A heroin "epidemic" in Asia.

Heroin "epidemics" have been reported in North America but not in Asia. Following passage of an anti-opium law in Laos, heroin use suddenly began in one area during 1972. Initially heroin use prevailed among indigenous Asian addicts, mostly older addicts who gradually switched from opium to heroin. In addition, there evolved a new group of indigenous addicts: young, single, unemployed males in urban areas whose first narcotic drug was heroin. After the appearance of heroin in Laos, increasing numbers of younger Americans and Europeans were soon attracted to heroin use in Laos.