White Male Wistar Rats Research Articles

Effect of moringa flower extract on liver function and histopathology appearance of obesity model rat's liver

This study aims to test and analyze the effectiveness of moringa flower extract on the liver function of male wistar strain white rats obesity model and how the histopathological picture. This research is a type of experimental quantitative research using post-test only group design. This study used test animals in the form of male white wistar rats with a body weight of 200-300 gr aged 2-3 months. The test animals were divided into 4 groups, the control group was only given regular food and distilled water, the treatment group was given high-fat food and Moringa flower extract at different doses, namely 200 mg / kgBB, 400 mg / kgBB, and 600 mg / kgBB. The results of the phytochemical test showed that moringa flower extract contains secondary metabolites in the form of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. The administration of moringa flower extract at a dose of 600 mg/KgBB is effective in improving liver function in obese Wistar white rats. This improvement can be seen through the levels of ALT, AST, and histological structure of the liver that has improved. The results of histopathological observations of liver tissue in treatment group 3, namely moringa flower extract at a dose of 600 mg/KgBB, experienced the most significant improvement and approached the control group compared to other groups.

The role of adipose tissue cell elements in the regulation of the nitroxidergic system and possible ways of pharmacological modulation

Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by a decrease in the bioavailability of the vasodilator – nitric oxide (NO), and an increase in the level of vasoconstrictor substances. This imbalance leads to vasoconstriction, leukocyte attachment and inflammatory reactions in the vascular wall, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The aim: to evaluate the role of adipose tissue elements in the regulation of parameters of the nitroxidergic system under hypoxia conditions. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 30 adult white male Wistar rats. All animals were randomly assigned and divided into groups: a control group (15 rats), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in the animals of the second group (15 rats). Isolated fragments of the popliteal arteries (PA) and intrapulmonary artery (IPA) were cleared of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT-) or left uncleaned (PVAT+) and cut into rings. The simulation of acute hypoxia with further study of medical agents were performed. Results. The PA and IPA with PVAT responded to acute hypoxia with vasoconstriction – an increase in the amplitude of contraction in the first and second phases, and after removing PVAT, they responded with a decrease in the maximum amplitude of contraction by 3.4 times in the 1st phase and an increase in amplitude by 1.8 times in the 2nd phase. Perfusion with Angiolin reduced 2nd phase of HV of the PA and IPA. Adding a combination of Thiotriazoline and L-arginine (1:4) to a solution for perfusion of fragments of arteries of animals with T2DM, causes a significant increase in constrictor reactions in both the 1st and 2nd phases of HV, regardless of presence of perivascular adipose tissue. Conclusions. The presence of PVAT affects the HV of arteries, both in normal and in T2DM. The possibilities of ways of pharmacological modulation of the nitroxidergic system depending on the state of PVAT were determined.

Protective effect of arginine glutamate (glutargin) in chronic pancreatitis induced by nitric oxide synthase blocker

Introduction. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule that is a biological mediator that carries out important regulation of physiological processes necessary for the functioning of tissues. We hypothesized that nonspecific inhibition of all isoforms of NOs would cause pancreatic damage and created a model of experimental pancreatitis based on NOs inhibition. Along with the study of the mechanisms of development of chronic pancreatitis, the search for medicines to treat and inhibit the progression of this disease continues. Purpose of the research. To study the protective effect of glutargin on the pancreas of rats with chronic pancreatitis induced by a blocker of NOs. Material and methods. The work was carried out on 21 laboratory white male Wistar rats weighing 180-230 g. Chronic pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal administration of the NOs blocker - N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. Rats in group I (n = 7) were injected with L-NNA for 12 days, rats in group II (n = 7) were injected intraperitoneally with glutargin 20 mg/kg, after 20 minutes they were injected with L-NNA - within 12 days. Rats of the control group (n = 7) were injected intraperitoneally with 0.9% NaCl solution. The rats were euthanized on the 45th day and biochemical and morphological studies were carried out. Results. After the introduction of the NOs blocker, deterioration of the general condition of the animals was determined, a sharp increase in the level of nitrites/nitrates to 80.22±19.91 μmol/l, control 32.61±4.55 μmol/l (р < 0.05); protein-bound hydroxyproline (PBH) to 215.21±22.01μmol/l, control 178.67±26.39 μmol/l, (p < 0.05); free hydroxyproline (FH) to 14.74±1.84 μmol/l, control 9.96±0.71 μmol/l, (p < 0.05); malondialdehyde (MDA) to 5.67±0.88 nmol/ml, control 3.62±0.13, (р < 0.05). Pronounced structural changes with stasis of formed blood elements in the vessels, focal accumulation of leukocytes in the parenchyma, dystrophy of acinar cells and fibrosis in the atrophy zone were determined in the pancreas of rats. Administration of glutargin contributed to the restoration of general behavioral reactions of rats, normalization of MDA – 4.81±0.15 nmol/ml, control 4.50±0.23, (p > 0.05); ceruloplasmin (CP) – 591.71±68.07 mg/ml, control – 663.25±34.05 mg/ml, (p > 0.05); PBH 183.62±5.98 μmol/l, control – 179.28±9.19 μmol/l, (p > 0.05); FH – 9.44±1.13 μmol/l, control – 9.96±0.71 μmol/l, (p > 0.05) and prevented the development of pronounced structural changes in the pancreas. Conclusions. In chronic pancreatitis induced by a NOs blocker, glutargin can prevent chronic pancreatitis by normalizing collagen metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress, and severity of pancreatic parenchymal damage.

IMPACT OF QUERCETIN ON PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MANDIBULAR BONE IN RATS FOLLOWING ITS FRACTURE UNDER CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTOXICATION

This study aims at investigating the impact of water-soluble form of quercetin on the pathomorphological characteristics of the mandibular bone in rats following its incomplete fracture under chronic alcohol intoxication was investigated. Fourteen white male Wistar rats weighing 190-240 g were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised rats with incomplete mandibular fractures under chronic alcohol intoxication; animals in Group 2 received daily intraperitoneal injections of water-soluble quercetin (corvitin) in a dose of 10 mg/kg of quercetin for 14 days following the injury induction. It has been shown that chronic alcohol intoxication hinders reparative regeneration of bone tissue after an incomplete mandibular fracture, and is accompanied by a decrease in the relative amount of reticulofibrous bone tissue and fibroblastic cellular elements at the injury site, especially mature fibroblasts, as well as by delayed maturation of granulation tissue. Under experimental conditions, quercetin administration significantly contributed to normalizing the regenerative process by the 14th day of the posttraumatic period. This normalization was evidenced by increased relative amounts of reticulofibrous bone tissue, prevalence of fibroblastic cells in granulation tissue, and accelerated formation of the regenerate blood microcirculatory channel.

The effect of aerobic exercise and food restriction on the expression of alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 proteins in the brain tissue of parkinson rats model

Introduction: Alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 proteins are genetically and neuropathologically related to the Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise and food restriction on the expression of alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 proteins in the brain tissue of Parkinsonian rats. Method: In the current experimental study, 40 white male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of 8 series, including healthy control, Parkinson's control, exercise parkinsonism, food restriction parkinsonism, and exercise+food restriction parkinsonism. The exercise program consisted of 3 months and five weekly sessions with an intensity of 75-80% oxygen consumption. According to the food restriction, the daily intake of each rat was determined to be 11 grams. The western blot method used to determine the expression levels of alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 proteins. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test with SPSS25 software. Results: There was a significant difference in alpha-synuclein and sirtuin-1 in healthy and Parkinson's rats. The expression of alpha-synuclein in the food restriction+aerobic exercise group significantly decreased compared to the Parkinson's control group (P=0.001). Also, a significant increase in sirtuin-1 was observed in the aerobic training+food restriction group compared to the Parkinson's control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: Three months of aerobic activity have a positive effect on increasing sirtuin-1 and decreasing alpha-synuclein in the hippocampus of rat model of Parkinson, while the effect of exercise with food restriction is greater. Therefore, aerobic exercise and moderate food restriction are recommended as a method of treatment for patients with Parkinson's, with drug interventions.

Submicroscopic changes of type II alveolocytes in the late development of experimental acute pancreatitis

Background. Today, acute pancreatitis is one of the most common and severe visceral disorders in patients worldwide. The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of ultrastructural changes of type II alveolocytes in the long-term periods of development of experimental acute pancreatitis. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on 54 white Wistar male rats weighing 180–220 g. The animals were divided into three groups: first — intact, second — control, third — experimental with a model of acute pancreatitis, which was reproduced by intraperitoneal administration of a 20% solution of L-arginine at a total dose of 5 g/kg at one-hour interval. The control group of animals was intraperitoneally injected with an equivalent dose of isotonic sodium chloride solution. All research were performed under sodium thiopental anesthesia at the rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. Lung tissue for electron microscopic examination was collected from the lower lobe of the left lung at 3–5 and 7 days. Pieces of lung tissue measuring 1×1×1 mm were fixed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, followed by additional fixation in a 1% osmium tetroxide solution. After dehydration, the material was poured into Epon-Araldite. Sections with a thickness of 20–50 nm obtained on “Tesla BS-490” ultramicrotome were studied in a PEM-125K electron microscope. Results. It was found that three days after the start of the study, along with dystrophic-destructive changes, type II alveolocytes in a state of increased functional activity were observed. Continuation of the experiment (5 days) leads to the progression of ultrastructural changes in type II alveolocytes are determined, which are most pronounced on the 7 day of the study. Conclusion. Acute experimental pancreatitis is accompanied by marked changes in the ultrastructural structure of type II alveolocytes. The nature and severity of structural changes of type II alveolocytes depends on the duration of the course of arginine-induced acute pancreatitis.

IMPACT OF NF-κB AND NRF2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MODULATORS ON METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS IN MANDIBLE BONES OF RATS DURING RECOVERY FROM INCOMPLETE FRACTURE UNDER CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTOXICATION

This study aims at investigating the influence of specific modulators of NF-κB and Nrf2 transcription factors on oxidative-nitrosative stress indicators and bone biopolymer depolymerization in mandibular bone following incomplete fracture under chronic alcohol intoxication (CAI). Twenty-eight white male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Group 1 comprised "falsely injured" rats, while Group 2 underwent incomplete mandibular fracture (IMF) under CAI exposure. Rats in groups 3 and 4 received intraperitoneal injections of ammonium pyrrolidinium dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, in a dose of 76 mg/kg, and dimethyl fumarate, an Nrf2 inducer, in a dose of 15 mg/kg three times a week for 14 days following the modeling of IMF under CAI exposure. The activity of total NO synthase, including its constitutive and inducible isoforms, along with ornithine decarboxylase, and concentrations of peroxynitrites of alkaline and alkaline-earth metals, free hydroxyproline, N-acetylneuraminic, and hexuronic acids were assessed in the homogenate of the standard mandible area using a spectrophotometric method. The findings have demonstrated that the administration of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and dimethyl fumarate notably decreased the activity of NO synthase (primarily its inducible isoform) and the concentration of peroxynitrite in the mandibular bone homogenate, while increasing the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. Furthermore, under experimental conditions, the use of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and dimethyl fumarate limited the depolymerization of bone biopolymers (collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans), thereby facilitating effective reparative osteogenesis.

The effect of EKORMIN on rats with diabetes mellitus model: effectiveness on fasting blood glucose, MDA, and insulin levels

Antioxidant use for additional diabetes mellitus therapy is growing, such as okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and turmeric (Curcuma longa), which are rich in flavonoids and have beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to determine the effects of okra turmeric extract (EKORMIN) on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and insulin levels in diabetic rats. The research was conducted from December to January 2022 at PSPG UGM using experimental research with a pre-posttest-controlled group design. White male Wistar rats (n = 35) randomly grouped into five: negative control (STZ-NA), positive control (STZ-NA+metformin 1,8 mg/200 gBW), P1 (STZ-NA+EKORMIN low dose 130,5;110,5 mg/kgBW), P2 (STZ-NA+EKORMIN moderate dose 261;221 mg/kgBW), P3 (STZ-NA+EKORMIN high dose 522;442 mg/kgBW). The intervention lasted 14 days. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance statistical tests and post hoc follow-up tests. EKORMIN in all doses, EKORMIN reduced FBG and MDA levels and increased insulin levels (p<0,05). P2 and P3 were not significantly different from the metformin (PG) group (p>0,05). The decrease in FBG (-167,05±-2,8 vs -175,86±-1,4 mg/dL) and MDA levels (-6,32±0,33 vs -7,98±0,07 nmol/ml) P3 was higher than P2. Similarly for increased insulin levels (121,47±3,03 and 164,09±4,48 pg/ml). EKORMIN was effective in reducing FBG and MDA levels and increased insulin levels in diabetic rats. EKORMIN has antidiabetic effects and has potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment.

Anxiolytic-like Activity, Antioxidant Properties, and Facilitatory Effects on the Short-Term Memory Retention of Molsidomine in Rats.

Compelling evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) exerts a significant influence on the central nervous system, participates in the modulation of neurotransmitter release, contributes to the regulation of cognitive functions, and plays a crucial role in modulating various aspects of neural activity. We aimed to explore the influence of two NO donors, molsidomine (MSD) and V-pyrro/NO, on the innate spontaneous psychomotor abilities and short-term memory in rats. Using an actimeter test, the locomotor activity, stress-sensitive behavior, and anxiety level were investigated. The influence on the animal`s cognitive functions was evaluated usingthe Y-maze test to assess the spontaneous alternation percentage, number of arms visited, number of alternations, and the preference index. Four distinct groups of five white male Wistar rats were exposed to the intraperitoneal treatments as follows: Control batch-0.3 mL/100 g of body weight saline solution, Mg batch-200 mg/kbwof magnesium chloride, MSD batch-1 mg/kbw of molsidomine, and V-pyrro/NO batch-5 mg/kbwof V-pyrro/NO. The intraperitoneal administration of MSD resulted in a significant reduction in spontaneous behavior and exploratory skills but was less pronounced than the positive control drug, magnesium chloride. Conversely, treatment with V-pyrro/NO led to only a slight decrease in horizontal movements during the actimeter test. MSD administration, but not V-pyrro/NO, notably increased the rate of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test. Additionally, the use of MSD resulted in an increase in the blood level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the intensification of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. In our experimental setup, we demonstrated that MSD exposure led to a decrease in spontaneous behavior, showed anxiolytic effects and antioxidant activity, and improved spatial memory acquisition in rats.

Results from an Obesity Model in White Male Wistar Rats After Administration of Telang Flower (Clitoria Ternatea) Extract on Pancreatic Function and Histopathological Characteristics

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease affecting 95% of diabetics, characterized by high blood glucose levels due to decreased insulin production. Bioactive chemicals from plants like butterfly pea flower and Clitoria Ternatea can potentially treat DM, inhibit carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, and potentially regenerate pancreatic beta cells. This study tests butterfly pea flower extract on obesity-related pancreatic function in white rats. In obese rats given varied dosages of butterfly pea flower extract, the study evaluates pancreatic tissue histopathology and ethanol extract properties. The study examines male Wistar rats' acclimatization before treatment with butterfly pea flower extract, a high-fat diet, and butterfly pea flower extract, comparing the effects of the extract on rats. Pancreatic function is examined using enzymes amylase and lipase. Histopathological observation of pancreatic organs involves several steps, including fixation, washing, infiltration, embedding, cutting, attaching, deparaffinization, dealcoholization, staining, mounting, and scoring. A post-test-only control group design compared butterfly pea flower extract and pancreatic function in male white rats. Butterfly pea flower extract improved pancreatic histology in obese white rats at 600mg/KgWB, closer to the normal group. The extract contains secondary metabolites that repair cell tissue damaged by the rats' high-fat diet and obesity.

The Effect of Giving Salak (Salacca Zalacca) Bark Extract on Liver Function and Histopathological Features of the Liver of Male Wistar White Rats Obesity Model

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Lifestyle factors contribute to fatty liver disease. Physical activity, weight loss, and antioxidant-rich components like Salak herb are used to minimize liver disease. The study examined how Salak bark extract affected liver function in white male Wistar rats, an obesity model, and histopathology. An actual experiment or laboratory experimental design is used in this quantitative research. Four experimental groups of 24 mice were employed. Research data was analyzed with SPSS 25.0. Normality test findings reveal 2-tailed significance of 0.991 > 0.05. The One-Way ANOVA test at a 95% confidence level for the SGOT liver function analysis data showed the same variance, 0.233 (p>0.05) and 0.718 (p>0.05) for the SGPT liver function analysis. Histopathological studies showed snake fruit extract at 300mg/BW scored 3 (Hydropic degeneration), 500mg/BW scored 2 (Parenchymatous degeneration), and 700mg/BW scored 1 (Normal). The phytochemical screening of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides demonstrated that Salak bark extract's secondary metabolite concentration contains antioxidant-effective active components. The study demonstrated no inflammation, cell improvement, necrosis, or fat at 700 mg/BW.

Ultrastructural organization of alveolar macrophages during late development of experimental acute pancreatitis

Background. Nowadays, acute pancreatitis continues to remain an actual problem both in surgery and in intensive care medicine. The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of ultrastructural changes of alveolar macrophages in the long-term development of experimental acute pancreatitis. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on 62 white Wistar male rats weighing 180–220 g. The animals were divided into three groups: first — intact, second — control, third — experimental with a model of acute pancreatitis, which was reproduced by intraperitoneal administration of a 20% solution of L-arginine in a total dose of 5 g/kg at one-hour interval. The control group of animals was intraperitoneally injected with an equivalent dose of isotonic sodium chloride solution. All research were performed under sodium thiopental anesthesia at the rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. Lung tissue for electron microscopic examination was collected from the lower lobe of the left lung at 3–5 and 7 days. Pieces of lung tissue measuring 1×1×1 mm were fixed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, followed by additional fixation in a 1% osmium tetroxide solution. After dehydration, the material was poured into Epon-Araldite. Sections with a thickness of 20–50 nm obtained on “Tesla BS-490” ultramicrotome were studied in a PEM-125K electron microscope. Results. It was found that three days after the start of the study, significant heterogeneity of alveolar macrophages was observed in the alveolar lumen. Next to active phagocytic macrophage elements with dystrophic-destructive changes are determined. Continuation of the experiment (5 days) leads to the progression of submicroscopic changes in alveolar macrophages, which are most pronounced on the7 day of the study. Conclusion. Acute experimental pancreatitis is accompanied by pronounced changes in the ultrastructural structure of alveolar macrophages. The features and severity of structural changes in alveolar macrophages depends on the duration of arginine-induced acute pancreatitis.

Obesity Model in White Male Wistar Rats: The Impact of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) Flower Extract on Pancreatic Function as Deduced from Serum Amylase and Lipase Levels and the Histopathological Image of the Pancreas

Diabetes and obesity go hand in hand. Antidiabetic drugs are effective in treating diabetes. However, currently available antidiabetic drugs are too expensive, do not work, and cause major side effects. A significant therapeutic option for Diabetes Mellitus and obesity is using bioactive chemicals produced by plants. This compound is efficacious, easily accessible, safe, and affordable. The main aim of this study was to determine whether pancreatic extract from Moringa oleifera flowers affected blood amylase and lipase levels, as well as the histological appearance, of obese male Wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus). This is a True experimental study, with the research design used as a test control Group Design. The research data was then analyzed with the help of SPSS using ANOVA and Post Hoc Test with LSD technique. This researcher used 24 male rats. Treatment with Moringa oleifera flower extract improves pancreatic function in obese Wistar white rats by reducing serum lipase and amylase levels. The results of research on serum lipase and amylase levels showed that a dose of 600mg/Kg BW improved pancreatic function in white rats of the Wistar strain that were obese.

Effect of Giving Black Seed (Nigella Sativa L) On Il-10 Levels, And CRP Levels (Experimental Study on Wistar Strain Male White Rats Induced By A High Fat Diet)

Dyslipidemia is a disease that often occurs in Indonesia. The impacts of this disease include inflammation and various types of cytokines. This study aimed to determine the effect of Black Seed on Interleukin 10 levels and CRP levels in rats induced by a high-fat diet. This research is a posttest-only control group type of research. Twenty-five male white Wistar rats were taken as samples and divided into 5 groups: K0 (pellets and water), K – (high-fat diet), K + (high-fat diet + simvastatin 1.8 mg/day), P1 (high-fat diet + Black Seed 3 ml/KgBB), P2 (high-fat diet + black seed 4 ml/KgBB). The data required in this study was obtained through the ELISA test. The collected data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD test. From the results of the analysis carried out, it was found that (1) the difference in mean IL-10 levels between groups was significant with a p-value <0.05; (2) The difference in average CRP levels between groups where K0, K-, and P1 is significant, while between K (+) and P2 is not significant with a p>0.05. Administration of Black Seed affected IL-10 levels and CRP levels in white mice induced by a high-fat diet.

The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) on the Histopathological Lung Cells of Male White Wistar Rats Which are Intoxicated with Methanol

The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) on the Histopathological Lung Cells of Male White Wistar Rats Which are Intoxicated with Methanol

Effect of Gel Secretome Hypoxia Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Expression of TGF- β and IL-6 (In Vivo Experimental Study in Male Rats of Wistar Strains Model Hyperglycemic Wounds)

Wounds disrupt normal skin structure, function, and shape. The healing process is hampered by hyperglycemia or high blood glucose levels resulting in wounds healing longer, resulting in an extension of the healing phase. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of administering hypoxic MSC secretome gel on the expression of the TGF-β and IL-6 genes in male white Wistar rats with a hyperglycemic injury model. True experimental in vivo research with a Post Test Only Control Group design. Consisting of 5 groups, namely the healthy mice group (K1), the base gel treated mice group (K2), the standard intervention treatment group (positive control) with gentamicin (K3), the secretome treatment and intervention group with a dose of 100 μL (K4) and a dose of 200 μL (K5). The research sample consisted of 30 male Wistar rats. Mouse skin tissue was analyzed on day 46 after termination to see the expression of the TGF-β and IL-6 genes using the quantitative RTq-PCR method. There was a significant difference in TGF-β gene expression between treatment groups using the One-way Anova test 0.024 (p < 0.05), various doses of MSC hypoxic secretome gel had an effect on increasing TGF-β gene expression using Tamhane's Post Hoc test (p < 0.05 ) showed the highest increase at a dose of 200 μL compared to the others, while IL-6 gene expression had a significant difference with the Kruskal-Wallis test 0.001 (p < 0.05), using MSC hypoxia secretome gel had an effect on decreasing IL-6 gene expression with results lowest at a dose of 200 μL. MSC hypoxic secretome gel at a dose of 200 μL/BW effectively increased TGF-β gene expression and decreased IL-6 gene expression in male white Wistar rats with a hyperglycemic injury model.

Effectiveness of bay leaf extract in reducing malondialdehyde levels

Excessive physical activity can lead to oxidative stress, resulting in elevated levels of free radicals in the human body. Oxidative stress is believed to be a precursor of various degenerative and chronic disorders, including arthritis, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Malondialdehyde serves as a biomarker for oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Hence, the use of antioxidants is imperative to restore the balance in the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bay leaf administration on malondialdehyde levels in male Wistar rats. A pre-test–post-test design with a control group was employed in this study. Bay leaf extract was prepared using a maceration method with 70% ethanol. The rats were divided into four groups, including one control group and three treatment groups based on the dosage. Technical terms were explained when first used, and concise objective language was employed throughout the report. The study adhered to the conventional structure with standard citations and was free from grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Blood samples were collected from the retro orbital plexus on days 1 (pretest) and 15 (posttest). Blood MDA levels were measured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) method, which involves reacting blood plasma with 20% TCA, 1% TBA, and 50% glacial acetic acid. To determine the significance of differences between the test groups, one-way ANOVA was used at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Post Hoc Test with LSD technique was conducted for additional analysis or testing. Phytochemical test results indicated the presence of flavonoids, steroids, and tannins as secondary metabolites in the bay leaf extract. Administering bay leaf extract significantly lowered the MDA levels. The group receiving a 5 ml dose demonstrated greater effectiveness in reducing MDA levels in male white Wistar rats induced with excessive physical activity, based on average MDA levels.

Clinical and morphological forms of chronic pancreatitis: features of development, diagnosis and treatment

Introduction. Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a common disease with a complex pathogenesis, characterized by difficulties in its diagnosis and treatment. Purpose of the study. To determine the main pathogenetic links of clinical and morphological forms of CP, markers of disease progression, to develop a diagnostic algorithm and principles of treatment of patients. Material and methods. 210 patients with CP were examined, who were divided into 4 groups: I - obstructive, II - calcifying, III - fibrous-parenchymal, IV – CP, complicated by pseudocyst. Instrumental, functional, morphological, biochemical, immunological, microbiological methods were used. To study the main morphological and biological changes in the pancreas during the development of CP and to study the effectiveness of the proposed treatment, we conducted experimental studies on 45 laboratory white Wistar male rats weighing 180-230 g. Results. Imbalance of the immune system, oxidative stress, toxic-metabolic disorders, and diseases of the biliary system are important in the development of various forms of CP. However, there are differences in the severity of these changes. The most pronounced activity of fibrotic processes in the pancreas is typical for patients with a long course of the disease and in the presence of complications (pseudocyst). The most unfavorable course and prognosis are seen in the calcifying form of CP. The markers of CP progression are the value of the calcification coefficient of 0.5-1.0, the translocation of DNase I from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of the acinar cell, the activation of collagen formation, the increase in the level of fibrosis activators (TGF-β1, TNF-a), and the intensification of lipid peroxidation processes. An early marker of apoptosis is the translocation of DNase I from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of an acinar cell. Conclusions. The developed diagnostic algorithm allows assessing the pathophysiological features of functional and organic disorders of the pancreas, predicting the course of the disease and choosing the optimal treatment. The proposed treatment of patients with CP effectively reduces the severity of pain and oxidative stress, normalizes the cytokine profile, improves the general condition and quality of life of patients.

Effectiveness of avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.) as antihypertensive

Background Avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) have been traditionally used as antihypertensive. Various studies have tested the benefits of the Persea americana Mill. in treating hypertension but still using extracts not yet using nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to study the effectiveness of avocado leaf extract, including the nanoparticles, on salt-induced hypertensive Wistar rats in inhibiting the ACE enzyme, which causes decreasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) as well as increasing urine volume. Methods This study used an experimental in vivo study design involving 24 white male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2–3 months, weighing 130–250 g, and of a healthy condition with active movement. The samples were randomly divided into six treatment groups and post-test only research design with control group design. Results The result of the study showed that the extract contained a quercetin of 1129.597 ppm and 10 mineral compounds, including potassium, with the highest content. The analysis of antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method showed that the antioxidant activity at IC50 was 44.734 ppm. The P. americana leaf extract nanoparticles had the most significant result in reducing blood pressure in Wistar rats induced by 16% NaCl for 14 days SBP to normal was by 68.75 mmHg (175.00±21.57 mmHg to 106.25±9.21 mmHg) and 55.25 mmHg (128.42±25.75 mmHg to 73.17±15.75 mmHg), respectively. Also, avocado leaf extract caused the decrease of SBP from 164.92±7.16 mmHg to 116.83±6.36 mmHg and DBP from 118.42±16.24 mmHg to 82.83±6.47 mmHg. The P. americana leaf extract nanoparticles resulted in the most urine volume at 13.5 ml, with the highest DAI value of 2.25. The ACE inhibitor test using the ELISA method showed that the P. americana leaf extract and the nanoparticle extract inhibition against the ACE enzyme were 60.0±12.1 % and 59.5±3%, respectively. The mean serum nitrate as a result of P. americana leaf extract (K4) and nanoparticles of P. americana leaf extract (K5) were 44.0±9.0 μmol/L and 41.1±11.5 μmol/L, respectively. The mean of serum nitrite was led by P. americana leaf extract (K4), and nanoparticles of P. americana leaf extract (K5) were 83.7±24.0 μmol/L and 81.0±23.2 μmol/L, sequentially. Conclusions The study showed that the leaf extract and nanoparticle extract of Persea americana Mill. was effective as an antihypertensive.

Age-dependent patterns of somatostatinergic neurons in sympathetic paravertebral ganglia

Aim. We aimed to determine the content of neurons expressing somatostatin (SST) and their colocalization with cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the cranial cervical ganglion (CCG) and celiac plexus in rats. Material and methods. We used 30 white male Wistar rats of six age groups (5 rats per group): newborn pups, 10-, 20-, 30-, and 60-day-old pups, and 24-month-old pups. We incubated their ganglia sections with primary antibodies against SST, NPY, and TH, as well as with secondary antibodies conjugated with fluorochromes. We evaluated the ratio between immunoreactive (IR) neurons with a visible nucleolus and excessive fluorescence and the total number of neurons, as well as the average cross-sectional area, by ImageJ software (NIH, USA).Results. SST-IR neurons were not found in the CCG. However, the immunoreaction (as granules) was revealed in most perikaryons at the celiac plexus for SST and NPY with a rather homogeneous distribution for TH. The ratio of ST-IR neurons reached 33% in pups, doubled during the first month of life, and then remained constant (70–73%). No statistically significant differences were found between the ratios of SST-IR neurons of the cranial mesenteric ganglion (CMG) and celiac ganglion (CG) for all age groups. From the moment of birth to 60 days of life, the average cross-sectional area of SST-IR neurons in the CG and CMG increased by 3.4–3.9 times and then did not change until 24 months. From the 20th day of life, the average cross-sectional area of SST-IR neurons in the CG was significantly higher than that in the CMG. All SST-IR neurons in all age groups expressed TH, while 90–94% of neurons expressed NPY. Conclusions. The content of ST-IR neurons in different sympathetic nodes is not the same: they are absent in the CCG, and their ratio and area in the celiac plexus increase during early postnatal development. This may be due to the peculiarities of innervated target organs.