Male Sexual Partners Of Women Research Articles

Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in Urine Samples of Asymptomatic Male Sexual Partners of Women with Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in males is associated with various cancers, including cervical cancer in women and penile and bladder cancers in men. However, there is limited research on the prevalence and prevention of male HPV infection. Moreover, a rapid test that can prevent the increase in HPV infection is needed. In this study, the prevalence of sexually transmitted pathogen (STP) and HPV infection was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in random urine samples collected from asymptomatic male sexual partners of women with sexually transmitted diseases. Among 130 men, 65 (50.0%) had STP and 12 (9.23%) had HPV infection. There was no association between STP and HPV infection. Among 12 cases of HPV infection, three were HPV-16 single infections, six were multiple infections, including HPV-16, and three of other high-risk HPV infections. Our results suggest the need for STP testing, including HPV testing, in sexual partners of high-risk women with sexually transmitted diseases, even in men without clinical symptoms (asymptomatic). Further research should be conducted by diversifying urine samples. We report the most convenient method for HPV detection, and it is expected to be widely applied to prevent sexually transmitted diseases in men and women.

Treatment of Male Sexual Partners of Women With Bacterial Vaginosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

We aimed to determine if treatment of male sexual partners of women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis (BV) with oral metronidazole 2×/day for 7 days (ie, multidose metronidazole) significantly decreased BV recurrence rates in the female. This was a multicenter, 2-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Women with recurrent BV and current diagnosis of BV by Amsel and Nugent were enrolled. Multidose metronidazole for 7 days was dispensed to women. Male partners were randomized to placebo versus multidose metronidazole for 7 days and asked to refrain from unprotected sex for 14 days. Female follow-up visits were conducted at day 21 and 8 and 16 weeks. Male follow-up visits occurred at days 14-21. BV cure was defined as 0-2 Amsel criteria and Nugent score 0-6 in the female partner with the primary endpoint at 16 weeks. 214 couples were enrolled. In the intent-to-treat population, there was no significant difference between treatment arms for the primary outcome. BV treatment failure occurred in 81% and 80% of women in the metronidazole and placebo arms through the third follow-up visit, respectively (P > .999). However, women whose male partners adhered to study medication were less likely to fail treatment (adjusted relative risk, .85; 95% CI, .73-.99; P = .035). This finding persisted in post hoc comparisons in the metronidazole arm. Overall, this study did not find that male partner treatment with multidose metronidazole significantly reduces BV recurrence in female partners, although women whose partners adhered to multidose metronidazole were less likely to fail treatment. (NCT02209519).

Sexual Satisfaction Changes Reported by Men After Their Partners' Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Sacrocolpopexies.

This study aimed to compare the preoperative and postoperative sexual satisfaction reported by male sexual partners of women undergoing surgical correction of pelvic organ prolapse. This was a single-center prospective cohort study. Heterosexual, sexually active English-speaking couples in which the women were planning to undergo robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for correction of pelvic organ prolapse were eligible for enrollment in the study. Validated sexual function questionnaires-the Sexual Experience Questionnaire (SEX-Q; Mulhall et al. J Sex Med. 2008) and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire-12 (Rogers, et al. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003)-were used to evaluate preoperative and postoperative male and female sexual experience, respectively. These preoperative scores were compared using paired t tests. The Student t and the Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare study-eligible couples with noneligible couples and to compare study participants with nonparticipants. During the study enrollment period, 92 couples met the inclusion criteria and 45 of those were enrolled. Complete data sets of preoperative and postoperative questionnaires were obtained for 36 couples. After their partners' successful reconstructive surgery, male study subjects reported improved total SEX-Q scores (mean ± SD, 71 ± 16.7 vs 76.5 ± 17.8; P = 0.025). Within the subscales of the SEX-Q, there was significant improvement between preoperative and postoperative "individual satisfaction" scores (mean ± SD, 65.7 ± 16.8 vs 78.9 ± 17.5; P < 0.0001), but not within the "erectile dysfunction" or "couple satisfaction" subscales. Female partners reported improved Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire-12 scores after surgery (mean ± SD, 36.6 ± 5.5 vs 40.0 ± 4.6; P = 0.003). Sexually active heterosexual men and women reported improved sexual experience after successful prolapse repair.

Lifestyle factors and oncogenic papillomavirus infection in a high-risk male population.

BackgroundHigh risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in males is a health issue with implications for HPV-related lesions in their partners. The identification of risk factors for male infection may improve our understanding of HR-HPV transmission and prevention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between lifestyle, genital warts and HR-HPV infection. The study was focused on men with an increased risk of HR-HPV infection: male sexual partners of women diagnosed with high-grade squamous intraepithelial cervical lesions.MethodsMen were enrolled and prospectively recruited within the first six months after diagnosis of cervical lesions in their female partners (n = 175, 2013–2016). Epidemiological and sexual behaviour data were obtained. The presence of genital warts was established by visual inspection. Detection and genotyping of HR-HPV infection in genital samples were performed with a Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test. All HR-HPV positive men were offered a follow-up exam at 12 months. SPSS version 19 was used for statistical analysis.Results and discussionThe prevalence of HR-HPV infection in men was 45.1% (79/175). Genital warts were observed in 10.3% (18/175) of the subjects. Detection of genital warts (OR 3.5, p = 0.015), smoking habits (OR 2.3, p = 0.006) and sexual debut before 16 years old (OR 2, p = 0.035) were associated with an increased risk for HR-HPV infection (univariate analysis). This association was also observed for genital warts and smoking status in a multivariate analysis. The same genotype was found after one year in 71.4% (20/28) of subjects.ConclusionsThe presence of genital warts and smoking habits seem to be associated with a higher risk of HR-HPV infection in males. Earlier sexual debut may increase this risk. Extensive knowledge of the natural history of HR-HPV infection in males is an absolute requirement for the design and implementation of prevention strategies for the general population as well as for specific populations such as couples after treatment for high-grade cervical lesions.

The Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry: An Interim Analysis of Potential Teratogenicity at the Mid-Point of Enrollment.

IntroductionSignificant teratogenic effects have been demonstrated in all animal species exposed to ribavirin. Ribavirin is prescribed for chronic hepatitis C and is contraindicated in women who are pregnant and in the male sexual partners of women who are pregnant. Both sexes are advised to avoid pregnancy for 6 months after exposure. The Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry was established in 2003 to monitor pregnancy exposures to ribavirin for signals of possible human teratogenicity.MethodsThis voluntary registry enrolls pregnant women with prenatal exposure to ribavirin. Exposure is classified as direct—women taking ribavirin during pregnancy or the 6 months prior to conception—or indirect—women exposed through sexual contact, 6 months prior to or during pregnancy, with a man who is taking or has taken ribavirin in the past 6 months. Women are followed until delivery and infants for 1 year. When enrollment is complete, birth defect rates will be compared with the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program’s published rate of 2.67. Using data collected since inception in 2003 through February 2016, preliminary rates were calculated.ResultsThe registry has enrolled 272 pregnant women, with 180 live births: there were seven birth defect cases among 85 directly exposed women [7/85 (8.2%) (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.4–16.2)] and four birth defect cases among 95 indirectly exposed women [4/95 (4.2%) (95% CI 1.2–10.4)]. Of the 11 infants, nine had structural defects and two had chromosomal anomalies. Patterns suggesting a common etiology or relationship with ribavirin exposure are not seen.ConclusionBased on the patterns of birth defects reported, preliminary findings do not suggest a clear signal of human teratogenicity for ribavirin. However, the current sample size is insufficient for definitive conclusions, and ribavirin exposure should be avoided during pregnancy and during the 6 months prior to pregnancy, in accordance with prescribing information.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00114712.

Prevalence and concordance of high-risk papillomavirus infection in male sexual partners of women diagnosed with high grade cervical lesions

BackgroundLittle is known about the characteristics of high-risk papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in men. The aims of this cross-sectional study were: (a) to investigate HR-HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in men, sexual partners of women presenting with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-CIN), according to epidemiological characteristics, and (b) to assess type-specific concordance between partners. MethodsA total of 125 men were recruited within the first 6 months after HG-CIN diagnosis of their partner. Samples from the coronal sulcus, glans penis shaft, and scrotum were tested with linear array HPV genotyping assay (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Type-specific concordance within 120 couples was studied. Epidemiological factors were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. SPSS 19 (IBM, Chicago, USA). ResultsThe prevalence of HR-HPV infection in males was 50.4% (63/125). HPV16/53/52/51/66/31 were the most frequent genotypes (24/10.4/9.6/8.8/8/7.2%, respectively). Current smoking was associated with an increased risk for HR-HPV infection in men (38.2% (21/55) vs 60% (42/70), OR 2.4, p=0.025). Among 60 infected couples, 62% shared at least one genotype: 41.7% couples were concordantly HPV16 positive and 18.3% were HPV16 negative (kappa value: 0.21). The proportion of women with the same genotype as their male partner was higher than the proportion of men sharing the same genotype as their female partner: 58.7% (37/63) vs 30.8% (37/120), p<0.0001. ConclusionsSexual partners of women with HG-CIN are a significant reservoir and vector of HPV infection, a fact that could contribute to making viral clearance more difficult to achieve in their partners after treatment of their HG-CIN lesions.

Prevalence and concordance of high-risk papillomavirus infection in male sexual partners of women diagnosed with high grade cervical lesions

BackgroundLittle is known about the characteristics of high-risk papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in men. The aims of this cross-sectional study were: (a) to investigate HR-HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in men, sexual partners of women presenting with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-CIN), according to epidemiological characteristics, and (b) to assess type-specific concordance between partners. MethodsA total of 125 men were recruited within the first 6 months after HG-CIN diagnosis of their partner. Samples from the coronal sulcus, glans penis shaft, and scrotum were tested with linear array HPV genotyping assay (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Type-specific concordance within 120 couples was studied. Epidemiological factors were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. SPSS 19 (IBM, Chicago, USA). ResultsThe prevalence of HR-HPV infection in males was 50.4% (63/125). HPV16/53/52/51/66/31 were the most frequent genotypes (24/10.4/9.6/8.8/8/7.2%, respectively). Current smoking was associated with an increased risk for HR-HPV infection in men (38.2% (21/55) vs 60% (42/70), OR 2.4, p=0.025). Among 60 infected couples, 62% shared at least one genotype: 41.7% couples were concordantly HPV16 positive and 18.3% were HPV16 negative (kappa value: 0.21). The proportion of women with the same genotype as their male partner was higher than the proportion of men sharing the same genotype as their female partner: 58.7% (37/63) vs 30.8% (37/120), p<0.0001. ConclusionsSexual partners of women with HG-CIN are a significant reservoir and vector of HPV infection, a fact that could contribute to making viral clearance more difficult to achieve in their partners after treatment of their HG-CIN lesions.

263 HPV infection in male sexual partners of women diagnosed of high grade cervical lesions and concordance in couples

263 HPV infection in male sexual partners of women diagnosed of high grade cervical lesions and concordance in couples

Infección por el virus de papiloma humano en hombres parejas de mujeres con lesión intraepitelial escamosa del cérvix

IntroductionCervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. In Colombia it is ranked second in cancer mortality in this gender. Its carcinogenesis is associated with infection by human papillomavirus high-risk genotypes, which is recognised as the most common sexually transmitted infection in third world countries. Men are involved in its transmission. However, its detection in males has been a problem due to the absence of lesions, and there are few studies that focus attention on this aspect. ObjectiveTo determine the frequency of infection with human papillomavirus in a group of men, sexual partners of women with pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix. MethodsA peniscopy examination was performed on 18 male sexual partners of women with a squamous intraepithelial lesion. Samples for molecular tests were obtained using broad swabs in the glans, penis body, and balano-preputial groove. The presence of the virus was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragments length polymorphism. ResultsTha human papillomavirus prevalence was 44.4%, and just over half (52%) of that percentage corresponded to high risk virus infections, with the 16 type being the most prevalent. Mixed infections were found with more than one human papillomavirus type, including high and low risk. ConclusionsSwabs of different parts of penis provide satisfactory samples for detection of the deoxyribonucleic acid of human papillomavirus. Human papillomavirus 16 was the most prevalent serotype in the men evaluated, and was associated with high-grade intraepithelial lesions in their sexual partners.

Prevalence of human papillomaviruses in the healthy oral mucosa of women with high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion and of their partners as compared to healthy controls.

Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) carriage rates were investigated in relation to genital HPV carriage in women with HPV-associated cervical lesions and male partner of such women, including several couples, in comparison with healthy individuals. Buccal and lingual mucosa of 60 males and 149 females with healthy oral mucosa and without known genital lesion, genital and oral mucosa of further 40 females with cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and 34 male sexual partners of women with HSIL (including 20 couples) were sampled. HPV DNA was detected using MY/GP PCR. Genotype was determined by sequencing or restriction fragment length polymorphism. Virus copy numbers were determined by real-time PCR. Overall, oral HPV carriage rate was 5.7% (12/209) in healthy individuals; average copy number was 5.8 × 10(2) copies/1 μg DNA; male and female rates were comparable. Oral carriage in women with HSIL was significantly higher, 20.0% (8/40, P = 0.003); males with partners with HSIL showed a carriage rate of 17.6% (6/34), copy numbers were similar to the healthy controls. In contrast, genital carriage rate (52.9%, 18/34 vs. 82.5%, 33/40; P = 0.006) and average copy number were lower in males (5.0 × 10(5) vs. 7.8 × 10(5) copies/1 μg DNA; P = 0.01). Oral copy numbers in these groups and in healthy individuals were comparable. High-risk genotypes were dominant; couples usually had the same genotype in the genital sample. In conclusion, genital HPV carriage is a risk factor of oral carriage for the individual or for the sexual partner, but alone is not sufficient to produce an oral HPV infection in most cases.

P1.036 Lack of Evidence For Sexual Transmission of Genital Candida Albicans Isolates Among Women Who Have Sex with Women in Sexual Partnerships

IntroductionThe contribution of sexual transmission to genital Candida albicans infection remains unclear. Epidemiologic studies have shown that vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is associated with increased frequency of vaginal sex, receptive orogenital...

Incidence of human papillomavirus infection in male sexual partners of women diagnosed with CIN II-III

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a very common sexually transmitted disease which has been strongly related to cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), penile cancer and intraepithelial and infiltrating anal squamous cell carcinoma. To describe the HPV status of male sexual partners of women diagnosed with CIN II/III and to evaluate the practical usefulness of the HPV detection in urine as a reliable marker of genital high-risk HPV infection in men. Ninety-one heterosexual male partners (mean age 32.7) were included in the study. A panel of epidemiological data was recorded. Peniscopy was performed at the first visit and after 6 months. Urine samples and anal and penile scrapings were obtained and Hybrid Capture II test for high-risk HPV was performed. Physical examination disclosed clinically or peniscopic lesions in only 5.4% patients. HPV was isolated in 12.9% and 6.2% of penile and anal scrapings respectively whereas HPV detection was positive in 28% of urine samples. Overall, 41% of the evaluated patients presented at least one finding diagnostic of HPV infection. HPV detection in male partners of women with CIN is a frequent event, and urine HPV detection by Hybrid Capture test is a sensitive method for its detection. The determination of HPV in urine samples seems to be a simple method to investigate the subrogated genital HPV infection in men.

Association between Infection Aspects in Women with Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions and Peniscopic Findings in Their Male Sexual Partners

PURPOSE: To correlate colposcopy of women having squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and peniscopic findings in their male sexual partners, to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in the male partners of women affected by SIL, and to assess the concordance of the viral group in the infected couple. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 27 females with different grade of SIL were examined by cytology, colposcopy and histology and their male sexual partners underwent clinical examination, peniscopy and biopsy. HPV testing was performed for all. RESULTS: 50 % of the sexual partners of women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) were peniscopically negative. 36 % of the male partners of women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) were peniscopically negative. Clinical lesions were observed in 50 and 9 % of the sexual partners of women with LSIL and HSIL, respectively, while subclinical lesions were found only in male partners of women with HSIL (45 %). Sexual partners of women with LSIL enrolled in our study were not HPV-positive. Male partners of patients with HSIL were HPV-positive in 63 % cases with 59 % being infected with high-risk viruses and 4 % with low-risk HPV viruses. The same genotypes were found in 19 % of couples, similarity in one genotype and difference in the other was found in 29.6 % of couples, while complete discordance was found in 48 % of couples. Highest concordance was achieved by high-risk types, especially type 16. CONCLUSION: Male sexual partners of women with SIL lesions have penile lesions determined by peniscopical examination that are mostly associated with the presence of high-risk HPV in women with HSIL. High-risk HPV prevalence is found among male partners with clinical and especially subclinical penile manifestations. Concordance of the viral group in infected pair needs to be more elucidated.

Prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis in Male Sexual Partners of Women With and Without Bacterial Vaginosis

Prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis in Male Sexual Partners of Women With and Without Bacterial Vaginosis

HPV prevalence among healthy Italian male sexual partners of women with cervical HPV infection

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical cancer and is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Only limited and controversial data are available regarding HPV transmission in male sexual partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and the genotype distribution of HPV in penile scrapings of a series of Italian men, who had no visible penile lesions and were partners of women who were affected, or had been affected previously by cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or who were infected with HPV. The concordance of the viral group in the infected partners was determined. A total of 77 penile scrapings were screened for HPV infection by the polymerase chain reaction, while 59 cervicovaginal brushings of their female partners were tested. 35% of evaluable male samples and 64% of female sexual partners were found to be HPV positive. In the 55 simultaneously evaluable couples, a concordance of 45% was found, 11 couples (20%) with both partners being HPV negative and 14 couples (25%) with both partners HPV positive (P=0.001). Six out of the 14 couples (43%), where both partners were HPV positive, harbored the same HPV genotype group. These data, although preliminary, could support further the hypothesis that male HPV infection is more frequent in sexual partners of HPV positive or women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia indicating that men could represent an important source of HPV transmission between sex partners.

The role of high-risk HPV-DNA testing in the male sexual partners of women with HPV-induced lesions

Objectives The objectives were to assess the prevalence of high-risk HPV in the male sexual partners of women with HPV-induced lesions, and correlate it with biopsies guided by peniscopy. Study design Fifty-four asymptomatic male sexual partners of women with low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (LSIL) associated with high-risk HPV were examined between April 2003 and June 2005. The DNA-HPV was tested using a second-generation hybrid capture technique in scraped penile samples. Peniscopy identified acetowhite lesions leading to biopsy. Results High-risk HPV was present in 25.9% (14 out of 54) of the cases. Peniscopy led to 13 biopsies (24.07%), which resulted in two cases of condyloma, two cases of intra-epithelial neoplasia (PIN) I, one case of PIN II, and eight cases of normal tissue. The high-risk HPV test demonstrated 80% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 88.9% negative predictive value for the identification of penile lesions. There was a greater chance of finding HPV lesions in the biopsy in the positive cases of high-risk HPV with abnormal peniscopy ( p = 0.007); OR = 51 (CI 1.7–1527.1). Conclusion Among asymptomatic male sexual partners of women with low-grade intra-epithelial squamous lesions, those infected by high-risk HPV have a higher chance of having abnormal penile tissue compared with male partners without that infection.

Methods for Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in the Male Partners of Infected Women: Implications for Control of Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis infection in men is an important cause of nongonococcal urethritis. Effective detection of the parasite in men using culture requires examination of multiple specimens. We compared culture and PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in urethral swabs, urine, and semen for T. vaginalis detection in male sexual partners of women with trichomoniasis identified by wet mount and culture. Trichomonads were detected by at least one positive test in 205/280 men (73.2%) who submitted at least one specimen for culture and PCR. Whereas InPouch TV culture detected only 46/205 cases (22.5%), PCR detected 201/205 (98.0%). Urethral swab cultures from men with urethritis were more likely to be positive with shorter incubation than specimens from men without urethritis. T. vaginalis was detected more often in men with wet-mount-positive partners. Even with a sensitive PCR assay, reliable detection of T. vaginalis in male partners required multiple specimens. The majority of male sexual partners in this study were infected, emphasizing the importance of partner evaluation and treatment.

Genital human papillomavirus infection in the male sexual partners of women with isolated vulvar lesions

The purpose of this study was to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity in the male sexual partners of women with isolated vulvar lesions. The male counterparts of the females were subjected to detailed physical and peniscopic evaluations. After the gross inspection, 5% acetic acid was applied and the whole genital organs were evaluated using a colposcope. Overall, 47 male sexual partners with isolated vulvar HPV lesions were included. None of the patients had condylomata acuminata. Twenty-six patients (55%) had papular or papillary lesions, and 21 (45%) had flat acetowhite lesions. Biopsies were taken from all these suspicious areas for histopathologic examination. Overall, 41 patients (87%) had the exact characteristics of HPV on biopsy specimens. Ninety-two percent of patients (24/26) having papular and/or papillary lesions on peniscopy had HPV on biopsy, while 81% of patients (17/21) who had acetowhite flat lesions had biopsy-confirmed HPV lesions. In conclusion, it is important to assess the male sexual partners of women with HPV-related lower genital tract disease. Peniscopy is valuable for detecting lesions, and histopathologic confirmation is mandatory.

Genital human papillomavirus infection in the male sexual partners of women with isolated vulvar lesions

Genital human papillomavirus infection in the male sexual partners of women with isolated vulvar lesions

&lt;a name="home"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Infection with human papillomaviruses of sexual partners of women having cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Epidemiological studies show that human papillomaviruses (HPV) are strongly related to cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN). Unlike the case for women, there are no consistent data on the natural history of HPV in the male population even though these viruses are prevalent in males. We carried out a prospective study to assess the prevalence of HPV in males as well as the factors that determine such infections in 99 male sexual partners of women with CIN. The genitalia of the males were physically examined and subjected to peniscopy for the collection of scrapings which were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism to detect HPV. Of the 99 males sampled, 54 (54.5%) were positive for HPV DNA, 24% of whom presented normal peniscopy, 28% presented evident clinical lesions and 48% isolated lesions consistent with subclinical infection. In the HPV-negative group, 53% showed normal peniscopy, 4% presented evident clinical lesions and 42% isolated lesions consistent with subclinical infection. The study detected a statistically significant association (P < 0.02, Pearson chi-square test) between HPV infection and both the mean number of sexual partners which a male had during his life and the mean number of sexual partners in the year prior to testing. Viral types 6 and 11 were most frequently encountered. The study shows that infection with HPV was frequent in male sexual partners of women with CIN.