Kidney Of Male Rats Research Articles

Histopathological changes in kidney and pancreas induced by energy drinks in adult male rats

The study aims to assess the impact of various doses of red bull on kidney and pancreas of male albino rats. Thirty male albino rats were assigned to three groups (10 animals/ group). Control group (1) received standard diet and water, group 2 and group 3 received daily oral doses of 10 ml/kg/rat and 20 ml/kg/rat of the energy drink (red bull) respectively for 30 days. Under light microscope no tissue changes were seen in kidney and pancreas of control group. In group 2 red bull causes vacuolar degeneration as well as coagulative necrosis of renal tubular epithelium, vascular congestion in the glomeruli and in the interstitial space of the kidney, in addition to atrophy of the glomeruli, as regard to pancreas it causes vascular congestion of the islets of Langerhans, increase in the size of the islets, besides, necrosis of Langerhans cells. In group 3 red bull leads to more atrophic glomeruli, massive coagulative necrosis of renal tubular epithelium, marked vascular dilatation and congestion in the interstitial space and degenerative changes of the renal tubular epithelium, whereas the pancreatic tissue revealed reduction in the size of the islets of Langerhans, vacuolation and degeneration of their cells, necrosis of other islets with mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration and degenerative changes of pancreatic acini. It is concluded that administration of red bull to rats for 30 days will affect the histological structure of kidney as well as pancreas and this effect is a dose dependent.

Arsenic trioxide induced toxicity and assimilation assessment in vital organs of Rattus norvegicus

Arsenic is available in environment due to anthropogenic and natural activities. Arsenic trioxide is considered as neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, hemtoxic and carcinogenic. In present study Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been used as test chemical to evaluate its toxic potential in vital organs like brain, liver and kidney of male albino rat. 61 mature male Albino rats were used in present study. 36 were used for control, acute and sub-acute groups excluding 25 rats for the calculation of median lethal dose. Control group was unexposed to Arsenic trioxide whereas acute group includes 3 hrs, 6 hrs, 12 hrs and 1 day duration of exposure to As2O3. Likewise sub-acute group includes 7, 14, & 21 days treatment to Arsenic trioxide. Rats of acute and sub-acute groups were supplemented with As2O3 orally in mg/Kg body weight accordingly. Accumulation of Arsenic trioxide was higher in liver followed by kidney and brain. The aim of study is to extrapolate existing findings of retention potential of arsenic in vital organs and peripheral blood and consequently helpful in assessing the toxicity and hazardous effects of test chemical.

Consumption of Cattle Hide Singed with Scrap Tyre is Detrimental to the Liver, Heart and Kidney of Rats

The presence of essential amino acids in meat makes it a complete protein, this makes meat a highly sort after source of protein in the human diet. The World’s demand for animal-derived protein has been projected to double by 2050. As a result there is a resultant increase in livestock industries to meet this demand. While meat is generally consumed as a source of protein, processed cattle hide popularly known as “Kanda” in southeastern Nigeria is consumed as a substitute for meat though it may not necessarily provide the same level of nutritional value with meat. The method of processing this food delicacy (Kanda) by singeing with scrap tyre or firewood has opened the door for heavy metal and or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) contamination, thereby putting unsuspecting consumers at health risk. This study therefore investigated the effects of consuming scrap tyre and firewood singed cattle hide on the kidney, liver and heart of male Wistar rats. The study took place for 21 days at the department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Owerri. 35 rats were divided into 7 groups of 5 each, allowed to acclimatize for 7 days and fed with the cattle hide processed with scrap tyre (group 1-3) and cattle hide processed with firewood (group 4-6) while group 7 which served as control was fed with normal standard rat pellet feed. It was observed that consuming these processed hides increased the marker enzymes for heart, kidney and liver damage like lactate dehydrogenase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase with groups that were fed with the hide singed with scrap tyre showing severe elevations. Consuming the singed Kanda also significantly decreased the serum concentrations of K+, Na+, Cl- , and significantly increased HCO3- and urea concentration. An examination of the organ tissues also revealed serious morphological changes. In conclusion, consuming singed Kanda had detrimental effects on the vital organs studied.

Effect of Usage of the Proton Pump Inhibitor Omeprazole on the Structure of the Kidney of Male Albino Rats

Abstract Introduction Recent clinical observational studies claimed that long term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) might lead to kidney injury that might progress to end-stage renal disease. Aim of the work Was to verify these claims by an in vivo experimental study in the rat. Materials &methods Fourty two adult male albino rats were assigned in four groups Control group (I) in which rats were not administrated any treatment . In groups IIa, IIb, IIc rats received daily oral omeprazole in dose of 0.75mg per kg. for 2,4,or 6 weeks successively. At the end of experiment, blood samples were collected for serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measurement. Then animals were sacrificed and kidney specimens were processed into paraffin blocks, sectioned and stained with H&E, Mallory trichrome &PAS. Stained sections and image analysis were used to count vacuolated cells, pyknotic nuclei, tubular casts and area precent of collagen fiber deposition then data was subjected to statistical analysis. Results Histological examination of renal sections from omeprazole treated group showed sectional kidney injury in renal corpuscle, renal tubules and sever vascular congestion with inflammatory cell infiltrate in renal interstitium . Thickening of basement membrane was seen by PAS, while progressive increase in collagen fiber deposition was detected by Mallory trichrome stain . Morphometry, image analysis statistical analysis confirmed histological findings. Statistical significant increase in number of vacuolated cells, pyknotic nuclei, hyaline casts and area percent of collagen fiber deposition compared with control group. Clear deterioration of renal function tests was observed across the 3 time points of the study compared with the control with highly significant rise of serum creatinine in 4 & 6 weeks group compared with the control. Results of the study were time -dependent with the worst damage in the 6 week group (IV). Conclusion The present study declared that long term use of omeprazole resulted in structural damage of rat renal tissue with associated deterioration of renal function in a time dependent manner. Extreme caution should be taken with clinical prescription of omeprazole and close monitoring of renal function is highly recommended.

AMELIORATIVE ROLE OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) ON CHROMIUM (VI) - INDUCED MEMBRANE DAMAGE IN MALE ALBINO RATS

Objective: Membrane damage is one of the important consequences of chromium (Cr) induced cytotoxicity. Garlic possesses antioxidant property to scavenge the toxic radicals and cytoprotective activity. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the ameliorative role of aqueous extract of garlic (AEG) on Cr-induced membrane damage of both liver and kidneys in male albino rats.
 Methods: Male albino rats of Wistar strain (80-100 g) were used for the present study. Rats were divided into three groups of almost equal average body weight. The animals of two groups were injected K2Cr2O7 at a dose of 0.8 mg per 100 g body weight per day for 28 days. The animals of one of the Cr-treated groups served as the supplemented group supplied aqueous extract of garlic (AEG) (250 mg per kg body weight daily at an interval of 6 h after injection of Cr for a period of 28 days). The animals of the remaining group received only the vehicle (0.9% NaCl), served as control. The body weights of the animals were taken in each day of treatment schedule.
 Results: The results indicated that significant increases in membrane cholesterol level as well as significant decreases in membrane phospholipid level in Cr exposed animals suggest structural alterations in both liver and kidneys plasma membrane. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total ATPase, and Na+-K+- ATPase activities of plasma membrane were significantly decreased in both liver and kidneys after Cr treatment. On the other hand, AEG supplementation plays a vital role to restore such alterations induced by Cr in plasma membrane of both liver and kidney.
 Conclusion: These findings indicate that Cr treatment at the present dose and duration induces structural and functional alterations in the plasma membrane in both liver and kidney. However, AEG supplementation restored those alterations induced by Cr in plasma membrane of both liver and kidneys but was not able to eliminate the deposited Cr from the liver and kidney tissues.

The Effect of Crude Extract and Fractions of Teucrium polium L. on the Brain, Liver, and Kidney of Male Rats

Background: Teucrium polium (TP) is a medicinal plant with a long history of consumption as a folk remedy for curing many diseases, including diabetes, common cold, obesity, anxiety, etc. Objectives: The present study aimed at investigating the effects of TP crude extracts (TPCE), as well as its diethyl ether (DE) and petroleum ether (PE) fractions, on the brain, kidney, and liver tissue of male rats in the subchronic phase. Methods: In the study, 45 adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups as the PBS (receiving phosphate buffer saline), vehicle (receiving dimethyl sulfoxide), as well as CE, PE, and DE receiving 3 mg/kg (100 µL) TPCE, PE, and DE, respectively, for six weeks. Histopathological examinations by hematoxylin and eosin staining investigated morphological changes in all specimens. Also, the brain samples were stained by the immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique with Ki-67, CD31, p53, Nestin, and GFAP markers. Results: The findings showed that the prolonged consumption of TP caused the formation of histological lesions as apoptosis, degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization of neurons, and foamy cells in the brain. The liver, displayed cytoplasmic vacuolization, apoptosis, degeneration, and dilated sinusoids. Moreover, TP led to atrophy, vacuolization, and necrosis in renal cells. IHC studies evidenced an increase in the expression of P53, whereas the expression of Ki67 and CD31 decreased. It should be noted that TP crude extract and fractions were toxic; however, the PE fraction was more cytotoxic than others. Conclusions: The study findings indicated that long-term administration of a sublethal dose of TP impairs cellular integrity in vital orangs, including the liver, brain, and kidney, through triggering the cell death mechanisms.

Histological and biochemical studies on effect of Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) on adult male albino rat kidney

ABSTRACT Sofosbuvir (sovaldi) is the backbone of many anti‐HCV drugs. We aimed to demonstrate the effect of sofosbuvir on the adult male albino rat kidney. Sixty adult male albino rats were used. The animals were divided equally into 2 main groups (I and II), and each group was divided equally into 3 subgroups (A, B, and C). In group I (control group), each rat was gavaged 0.5 ml distilled water daily for 4 weeks. In group II (sofosbuvir treated group), each albino rat was gavaged 0.5 ml distilled water containing 7.2 mg sofosbuvir daily for 4 weeks. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the 4th week (subgroups IA and IIA), 6th week (subgroups IB and IIB), and 8th week (subgroups IC and IIC) from the start of the treatment. The kidneys were used for histological study while blood samples were used for biochemical study. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. Sofosbuvir (sovaldi) induced pathological changes that gave the criteria of acute Kidney injury in the adult male albino rats. The pathological changes were confirmed by elevation of serum level of urea and creatinine. After 2 and 4 weeks of drug withdrawal, the kidney incompletely recovered. We concluded that sofosbuvir induced criteria of acute tubular injury in the kidney of the adult male albino rats. This renal injury was proved by histological and biochemical studies. These insults were incompletely reversible after the end the treatment.

Toxicological evaluation of hydroethanol leaf extract of Pupalia lappacea (Linn.) Juss. (Amaranthaceae) in rodents.

Several studies have established the ethnobotanical benefits of Pupalia lappacea (PL) in laboratory animals without extensive toxicological evaluation of its safety profiles. Thus, an extensive toxicological investigation of sub-chronic oral administration of the hydroethanol leaf extract of P.lappacea in rodents was carried out in this study. Different groups of rats were treated orally with the extract (10, 50 and 250mg/kg) daily for 90 consecutive days. The control group received distilled water (10mL/kg). After 90days, some rats were left for additional 30days without treatment for reversibility study. Blood and organs samples were collected for different evaluations at the end of study periods. The extract decreased the bodyweights, feeding and water intakes in female rats. PL increased the weights of the liver and kidney in male rats. PL increased the red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), triglycerides (TRIG), cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) contents in rats. PL (250mg/kg) significantly reduced the sperm motility and serum testosterone level. Cyto-architectural distortions of the testes, liver and spleen were visible. The findings showed that P.lappacea is relatively safe at lower doses but cautions should be taken at higher dose.

MiADMSA abrogates sodium tungstate-induced oxidative stress in rats

Tungsten (W) and its compounds have emerged as a relatively new area of environmental health concern in the last decade. Tungsten is environmentally benign due to its increasing use in armour-piercing munitions and as a replacement for lead in other ammunition. It has also been identified in various hazardous waste sites and therefore been proposed for inclusion in the Environmental Protection Agency National Priorities List. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of orally administered monoisoamyl 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA) against tungstate induced oxidative injury in blood, liver and kidneys of male Wistar rats. MiADMSA, a thiol chelator has gained wide recognition recently as a future chelating drug of choice specifically for arsenic and was chosen for this study as tungstate ions too have an affinity toward the –SH group thus, being less bioavailable in the body. We determined the effects of MiADMSA (50 mg/kg, p.o.) against sodium tungstate (500 ppm in drinking water, daily for 28 days) induced biochemical changes indicative of oxidative stress in blood, and other soft tissues of of male Wistar rats. Tungsten exposure led to an increased levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in liver, kidney, spleen and blood accompanied also by an increase in TBARS levels. The GSH: GSSG ratio also showed a decrease on sodium tungstate intoxication. Treatment with MiADMSA restored most of the sodium tungstate-induced alterations in the biomarkers suggestive of oxidative stress. These preliminary results led us to conclude that sub-acute exposure to tungstate-induced oxidative stress could be effectively reduced by the administration of MiADMSA and thus might be a promising antidote for studying in detail its efficacy in reducing body tungstate burden and its excretion post tungstate exposure.

Ameliorative mechanisms of turmeric-extracted curcumin on arsenic (As)-induced biochemical alterations, oxidative damage, and impaired organ functions in rats.

Arsenic (As) is known for its carcinogenic and hepatorenal toxic effects causing serious health problems in human beings. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extracted curcumin (Cur) is a polyphenolic antioxidant which has ability to combat hazardous environmental toxicants. This study (28 days) was carried out to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of different doses of Cur (Cur: 80, 160, 240 mg kg-1) against the oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of male rats caused by sodium arsenate (Na3AsO4) (10 mg L-1). As exposure significantly elevated the values of organ index, markers of hepatic injury (i.e., alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and renal functions (i.e., total bilirubin, urea and creatinine, total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA)). Moreover, different antioxidant markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in the liver and kidney tissues were reduced after As-induced toxicity. However, Na3AsO4 induced histopathological changes in various organs were minimized after the treatment with Cur. The alleviation effect of Cur was dosage dependent with an order of 240>160>80 mg kg-1. The oral administration of Cur prominently alleviated the As-induced toxicity in liver and kidney tissues by reducing lipid peroxidation, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). In addition, Cur being an antioxidant improved defense system by enhancing activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR. Overall, the findings explain the capability of Cur to counteract the oxidative alterations as well as hepatorenal injuries due to As intoxication.

Characterization of a functional V1B vasopressin receptor in the male rat kidney: evidence for cross talk between V1B and V2 receptor signaling pathways.

Although vasopressin V1B receptor (V1BR) mRNA has been detected in the kidney, the precise renal localization as well as pharmacological and physiological properties of this receptor remain unknown. Using the selective V1B agonist d[Leu4, Lys8]VP, either fluorescent or radioactive, we showed that V1BR is mainly present in principal cells of the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) in the male rat kidney. Protein and mRNA expression of V1BR were very low compared with the V2 receptor (V2R). On the microdissected IMCD, d[Leu4, Lys8]VP had no effect on cAMP production but induced a dose-dependent and saturable intracellular Ca2+ concentration increase mobilization with an EC50 value in the nanomolar range. This effect involved both intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and extracellular Ca2+ influx. The selective V1B antagonist SSR149415 strongly reduced the ability of vasopressin to increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration but also cAMP, suggesting a cooperation between V1BR and V2R in IMCD cells expressing both receptors. This cooperation arises from a cross talk between second messenger cascade involving PKC rather than receptor heterodimerization, as supported by potentiation of arginine vasopressin-stimulated cAMP production in human embryonic kidney-293 cells coexpressing the two receptor isoforms and negative results obtained by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer experiments. In vivo, only acute administration of high doses of V1B agonist triggered significant diuretic effects, in contrast with injection of selective V2 agonist. This study brings new data on the localization and signaling pathways of V1BR in the kidney, highlights a cross talk between V1BR and V2R in the IMCD, and suggests that V1BR may counterbalance in some pathophysiological conditions the antidiuretic effect triggered by V2R activation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although V1BR mRNA has been detected in the kidney, the precise renal localization as well as pharmacological and physiological properties of this receptor remain unknown. Using original pharmaceutical tools, this study brings new data on the localization and signaling pathways of V1BR, highlights a cross talk between V1BR and V2 receptor (V2R) in the inner medullary collecting duct, and suggests that V1BR may counterbalance in some pathophysiological conditions the antidiuretic effect triggered by V2R activation.

Protective Role of Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm Pollen against Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity in the Liver, Kidney, Testis and Biochemical Parameters in Male Rats

Date palm pollen (DPP) has a prophylactic role, known for its antioxidant effects. For this, the present study was designed to study the protective role of DPP against histological toxicity in hepatic, renal, and testicular tissues, as well as the level of (Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, Total proteins, Albumin, and testosterone hormone) in male white rats. The Iraqi date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were selected from Salah Aldeen farms located at Salah Aldeen governorate. Pollen was collected from 20th March to 25th April 2019. This study used 20 male white rats that were distributed to four groups and weights close. All groups were given food and water continuously throughout the experiment, the second group (DPP) was given an orally administered suspension of date palm pollen (60 mg/kg) every day for four weeks, the third group intraperitoneal injections were given (10 mg/kg), and the fourth group (10 mg/kg) were given intraperitoneal injections one time per week and four weeks, in addition to that, orally-administered suspension of DPP (60 mg/kg) was given as well every day for four weeks. The results of the study showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of Total Protein, Albumin, and testosterone hormones, Current results suggest that the protective effect of (DPP) may by its antioxidant properties, and thus reduce the positive effects.

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Combined Triptolide and Paeoniflorin Regimen for Percutaneous Administration in Rats Assessed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Triptolide (TP) has shown potential in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment, but the narrow therapeutic window limits its clinical application. In clinical practice, the compatibility of Tripterygium wilfordii and Paeonia lactiflora is often used to attenuate the toxicity of TP, but its compatibility mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of a combined regimen of TP and paeoniflorin (PF) after transdermal administration in male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats via a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The results showed that after percutaneous administration of TP and PF, there was no significant difference in AUC (0-t) (area under the curve) of TP, the peak concentration decreased by 58.17%, and the peak time was delayed. The AUC (0-t) of PF increased significantly (P < 0.01), the peak-reaching concentration and AUC (0-∞) increased, and the half-life and average retention time were shortened, indicating that TP absorption in rats may be delayed. After percutaneous administration of TP and PF, the content of TP in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys of male rats significantly decreased at 2 h (P < 0.05) and the drug concentration in the liver tissues significantly decreased at 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h (P < 0.05). The TP content in the spleen of female rats significantly decreased at 2 h and 4 h (P < 0.05) and also decreased in other tissues, but not significantly. After percutaneous administration of TP and PF, the PF content in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys of male and female rats had no significant difference. However, after percutaneous administration of TP and PF, the TP concentration in the skin increased, suggesting that the amount of TP retained in the skin increased, thereby reducing its content in blood and tissues, producing a reduction in toxicity effect.

Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil modulates renal toxicity and oxidative stress induced by potassium dichromate in rats

BACKGROUNDChromium hexavalent (CrVI) is known as a toxic contaminant that induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in humans and animals. Rosmarinus officinalis is a perennial herb rich in biologically active constituents that have powerful antioxidant properties. So, the current work evaluated the effectiveness of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (REO) against alterations induced by potassium dichromate in the kidney of male rats. METHODSGC-MS analysis, in vitro total phenol contents, and DPPH scavenging activity of REO were estimated. Thirty-five Wistar male rats were categorized into 5 groups. The first group was the control, the second one was orally administered rosemary essential oil (REO; 0.5 mL/kg BW), the third group was injected intraperitoneally with hexavalent chromium (CrVI; 2 mg/kg BW) for 14 days, the fourth group used as the protective group (REO was administrated 30 min before i.p. injection of CrVI) and the fifth group applied as the therapeutic group (rats injected with CrVI 30 min followed by oral administration of REO), respectively. RESULTSTwenty-nine components were detected with high total phenolic contents and high DPPH scavenging activity. Results revealed that CrVI- intoxicated rats showed a valuable increase in oxidative stress profile (TBARS and H2O2) and a notable decline in glutathione (GSH), total protein content, and enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST). Furthermore, serum kidney functions biomarkers (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) were increased significantly. Also, the administration of CrVI showed histological and immunohistochemical (PCNA-ir) changes in rat kidney tissue. Otherwise, administration of REO pre or post-treatment with CrVI significantly restored most of the biochemical parameters in addition to improvement in kidney tissue architecture. Moreover, individual intake with REO exhibited an amendment in oxidative stress markers. CONCLUSIONConclusively, REO had a potential antioxidant capacity in ameliorating K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity, especially in the protection group.

VDR, CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Male`s and Females Tissues of Wistar Rats

Effect of vitamin D on gene expression has been widely investigated in vitro; however, in vivo action of vitamin D supplementation has been much less analysed in this context. Moreover, recent findings suggest that the effect of vitamin D supplementation may be sex-specific. The aim of our study was to investigate how vitamin D supplementation affects the expression of vdr, cyp2r1 and cyp27b1 genes in the liver, fat, brain and kidney of male and female rats. 36 adult Wistars rats (18 male and 18 females) were divided into 3 groups obtaining the same standard diet, differing only in the dose of vitamin D (group I - no supplementation, group II 1000 IU/kg of vitamin D, group III 5000 IU/kg of vitamin D). After 3 months of the experiment, animals were euthanised, and samples of tissues were collected from all animals. RNA was isolated using the Purelink RNA isolation kit (Thermofisher). RNA was reverse transcribed using High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermofisher). qPCR was performed using TaqMan™ assays and TaqMan™ Fast Advanced Master Mix on Quant Studio 7 instrument (Thermofisher). Data were analysed using SAS software. In the liver, we observed that the expression of the vdr gene was ~5 fold higher and cyp2r1 was ~2 fold higher in females compared to males (p<0.0003) (p<0.0002) respectively. In adipose tissue expression of cyp27b1 was ~1.8 fold higher (p<0.014) in females compared to males. In the kidney expression of vdr and cyp2r1 was slightly higher in females (fold change- (fc) 1.18 p<0.03) (fc=1.37, p<0.0001), while expression of cyp27b1 was 1.7 fold higher in males (p<0.013). In the brain, we observed slightly increased expression of cyp2r1 and cyp27b1 genes in females when compared to males (fc=1.14 p<0.0001), fc=1.23 p<0.01). Supplementation with 5000 IU/kg of vitamin D resulted in the decrease in the expression of vdr, cyp2r1 and cyp27b1 in the kidney when both sexes were analysed together(p<0.0127, p<0.0326, p<0.0326) but this decline was only statistically significant for vdr in males when sexes were analysed separately (p<0,0403). In the liver of males expression of vdr gene tended to increase and expression of cyp27b1 tended to decrease after vitamin D supplementation (p<0.06) (p<0.0501). In the adipose of males expression of cyp27b1 was downregulated by the high dose of vitamin D (p<0.04) but not in females. In the brain of males, we observed a slight decrease in the expression of cyp2r1 in a group obtaining 5000 IU/kg of vitamin D when compared to animals obtaining 1000 IU/kg (p<0.025). Concluding, our study shows that in a number of tissues of Wistar rats, expression of vdr, cyp27b1, and cyp2r1 is higher in females when compared to males. The only exception is the expression of cyp27b1 in the kidney, where it is higher in males. Moreover, the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the expression of these genes is weak and more evident in males and when high doses (5000 IU/kg) of vitamin D was used.

Antioxidant Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Potentilla indica on Kidneys of Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic-degenerative disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. This condition may lead to an increase of the oxidative stress, which contributes to the development of diabetes complications including diabetic kidney disease. Several studies have addressed the antioxidant effects of a wide range of plant extracts in the treatment of diabetes. Potentilla indica is a traditional herbal medicine in Asia, employed in the treatment of several diseases including diabetes, due to its secondary metabolites with bioactive functions such as antioxidant activity. Therefore, we hypothesize that the ethyl acetate extract of Potentilla indica decreases the oxidative stress on kidneys of streptozotocin-Induced diabetic rats improving the diabetic condition. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Potentilla indica on kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Methods In this research we assessment the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Potentilla indica by employing in vitro assays to measure its protective effect on lipid peroxidation and ferric reducing antioxidant power. We also tasted the extract in male Wistar rats (300-350 g), which were randomly divided into 4 groups: normoglycemic control, diabetic control, normoglycemic treated with the extract and diabetic treated with the extract. All groups were administered orally once daily for 60 days with the vehicle for the control groups and with the ethyl acetate extract of P. indica (25 mg/Kg) for the treated groups, respectively. After 60 days of treatment, rats were euthanized to obtain homogenate and mitochondria of kidney, which were used for the determination of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activities, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity. Results The ethyl acetate extract of Potentilla indica possessed in vitro antioxidant activity at different concentrations in contrast with Trolox as positive control. Furthermore, in the treated diabetic group, the extract reduced lipid peroxidation, ROS production, and restored mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and catalase activities when compared with diabetic control group. Conclusion Our data suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of Potentilla indica possessed both in vitro as in vivo antioxidant activity on kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

HEPATO-RENAL EFFECT OF Solanum anomalum Thonn. Ex. Schumach FRUIT EXTRACTS ON LEAD-EXPOSED ALBINO RATS

Lead is a non-biodegradable multi-organ toxicant implicated in various disorders including renal and hepatic diseases. In the quest for a cheaper and readily available antidote, this study has investigated the role of Solanum anomalum fruit extract in lead-induced kidney and liver toxicities in male albino rats. Twenty-four mature male albino rats were used, divided into four groups of six rats per group. Group 1 (control rats) received distilled water (10 ml/kg), group 2 was given lead acetate solution 60 mg/kg, group 3 rats were given lead acetate (60 mg/kg) followed by Solanum anomalum, SA (452 mg/kg) and group 4 rats were given lead acetate (60 mg/kg) followed by Solanum anomalum, SA (678 mg/kg)  by oral gavage daily for 28 days. Animals in the lead acetate-treated group showed significant increases in ALT, AST, ALP, urea, bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein, Very Low Density Lipoproteins, total white blood cell counts, Interleukin-6, and decreases in body weight, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, total proteins and albumins. Co-administration of Solanum anomalum fruit extract significantly reversed most of these biomarkers. Histopathology of kidney and liver also points to the protective effect of Solanum anomalum fruit against lead induced hepato-renal damage.Keywords: lead, liver, kidney, Solanum anomalum, biomarkers, toxicant.

Could Grapefruit Ameliorate the Oxidative Stress, Biochemical and Histopathological Alterations Induced by Prolonged Metronidazole Therapy in the Liver and Kidney of Male Rats?

Could Grapefruit Ameliorate the Oxidative Stress, Biochemical and Histopathological Alterations Induced by Prolonged Metronidazole Therapy in the Liver and Kidney of Male Rats?

Evaluation Of Histological Changes In Kidney Of Male Albino Rats Treated With Silver Nanoparticles

The wide uses of silver nanoparticles in the industrial, medical and cosmetic fields with it ease of entry into human body and absorption by gastrointestinal tract there for designed this study to find out the effect of silver nanoparticles on the tissue structure and functional performance of the kidney, because the process of filtering blood takes place widely in the kidney. 24 male albino rats were used for the experimental study, the rats were divided into three groups, first groups(control) dosage with normal saline solution (Injected intraperitoneal), second group (treatment) dosage with AgNPs0.75mg/kg of body weight and third group (treatment) dosage with AgNPs 1.5mg/kg of body weight. Each concentration of AgNP was dissolved in1ml of normal saline and all experimental male rats were injected via intraperitoneal with single dose /day for30 days. The resultsin this study showed tissue damage in the kidney such as vacuolar and fatty degeneration in renal tubules with pyknic nucleus in glomerulus also appear massive aggregation of mononuclear cells around blood vessels with hemorrhage and hemosiderin in renal tubules with occurrence the amyloid inside the blood vessels with necrosis in different cells associated with malfunction of kidney Shown in significant difference in urea, uric acid and creatinine when compare with control group. Histopathological changes associated with the dysfunction of the kidneys due to the effect of nanoparticles directly on the cells such as the occurrence of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation has key role in the events of structural and functional disorders in the kidney of male albino rats.

Effect of Metformin Hydrochloride Administration and itsWithdrawal on the Kidneys of Adult Male Albino Rats:Histological and Biochemical Studies

AbstractBackground: Metformin hydrochloride is a very potentanti-diabetic drug that has become the drug of choice for thetreatment of type 2 diabetes.Aim of Study: This work aims todemonstrate the effect of metformin hydrochloride administration and its withdrawal on the histological structure and function of the kidney of adult male albino rats.Material and Methods: Sixty adult male albino rats wereused in this work. They were divided equally into six groups; I- First control group (Group C1), II- Second control group (Group C2), III- Third control group (Group C3), IV- Treated group (Group T), V- First recovery group (Group R1) and VI-Second recovery group (Group R2). Each adult male albino rat of groups C1 and T was given 0.55ml of distilled water and 0.55ml of distilled water (contained 27.45mg metformin hydrochloride) respectively for four weeks. Each adult male albino rat of groups C2 and R1 was given 0.55ml of distilled water and 0.55ml of distilled water (contained 27.45mg metformin hydrochloride) respectively for four weeks, then, left for two weeks without treatment. Each adult male albino rat of groups C3 and R2 was given 0.55ml of distilled water and 0.55ml of distilled water (contained 27.45mg metformin hydrochloride) respectively for four weeks, then, left for four weeks without treatment. The treatments were given once/day orally. The specimens were collected at three time intervals; at the end of the 4th week for groups C1 & T, at the end of the 6th week for groups C2 & R1 and at the end of the 8th week for groups C3 & R2. The blood samples were collected for measuring urea and creatinine. The kidneys were used for light & electron microscopic examinations, and morphometric study.Results: Light and electron microscopic examination andmorphometric studies revealed that metformin hydrochlorideinduced various signs of degeneration, necrosis, inflammationand fibrosis. Biochemical study revealed that metforminhydrochloride induced deterioration in the kidney functionswhich were reflected by significant increase in the serumlevels of urea and creatinine. On metformin hydrochloride withdrawal, most of the histological and all the biochemicaleffects were recovered specially in the second recovery groupwhere the recovery was directly proportionate with the duration of its withdrawal.Conclusion: Metformin hydrochloride induced variousdeleterious changes in the histological structure and functionof the kidney. These changes were improved on its withdrawal.