Male Pupa Research Articles

Mortalidade dos parasitóides Spilochalcis morleyi (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) e Xanthozona melanopyga (Diptera, Tachinidae) em pupas femininas e masculinas de Brassolis sophorae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

Comparou-se o número médio de adultos emergidos, número de imaturos mortos e a freqüência com que ocorre a morte de toda a prole nos parasitóides Spilochalcis morleyi (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) e Xanthozona melanopyga no hospedeiro, Brassolis sophorae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). O número de parasitóides (Spilochalcis) que completaram seu desenvolvimento e emergiram foi significativamente maior em pupas femininas do hospedeiro. O número médio de imaturos de Spilochalcis mortos por pupa não diferiu entre os sexos do hospedeiro. Entretanto, nas pupas femininas de B. sophorae ocorreu uma freqüência significativamente maior de morte de toda a prole em ambas as espécies de parasitóides.

Revision of AfrotropicalPolypedilumKieffer subgen.UresipedilumSasa et Kikuchi, 1995 (Diptera: Chironomidae), with a review of the subgenus

Subgeneric diagnoses are given for all stages of the subgenus Uresipedilum. Sasa et Kikuchi, 1995 of Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912. A key to the male imagines of the Afrotropical members of the subgenus is given. A phylogenetic analysis based on all available material of Uresipedilum from all zoogeographical regions is presented. The subgenus can be divided into three distinct groups, with additional species of uncertain placement. The annulatum group consists of five Afrotropical species with two Nearctic species as their sister group. The convictum group shows East Asian - Nearctic vicariance with four Japanese, one Nearctic and Japanese, one Nearctic and one Palaearctic and Oriental species. The oresitrophum group shows a multiple sister group relationship within a Gondwanian lineage with three Afrotropical species, three species from New Zealand, and one species from Australia. Ten new Afrotropical species are described: P. (U.) dossenudum sp. n. as male imago, pupa and larva; P. (U.) plautum sp. n. and P. (U.) lehmanni sp. n. as male imagines and pupae ; and P. (U.) spinibojum sp. n., P. (U.) praegnans sp. n., P. (U.) harrisoni sp. n., P. (U.) freemani sp. n., P. (U.) acutulum sp. n., P. (U.) kakumense sp. n., and P. (U.) gladysae sp. n. as male imagines only. P. (U.) annulatum Freeman, P. (U.) kibatiense Goetghebuer and the European P. (U.) convictum Walker are redescribed as male imagines. Two species, P. (P.) ephippium Freeman and P. (P.) anderseni sp. n. belonging to the nominal subgenus Polypedilum are described or redescribed.

Influence of Larval Age and Dosage of Virus on the Recovery of Occlusion Bodies of the Granulosis Virus of Sugarcane Shoot Borer Chilo infuscatellus Snellen

A significant loss in the weight of larvae was observed due to virus infection, which was, more pronounced in III, IV and V instars. Yield of occlusion bodieS (OB) was low in II instar (59.6×10 7 /larva) and high in IV (187.1×10 7 ) and V (182.7×10 7 /larva) instars. Positive correlation existed between larval weight and virus recovery and 10 5 OB was the optimum dose for virus production. Different instars of field collected larvae with virus symptoms yielded 71.6 to 202.1×10 7 OB/larva. The yield of OB from male pupa was significantly low (74.7×10 7 pupa) compared to female pupa (192.0×10 7 /pupa).

Stempellinella reissisp. n. (diptera: Chironomidae) from Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain)

Stempellinella reissi sp. n. is described from the male imago and pupa. The imago has bare eyes, lacks pulvilli and scutal tubercle; anal point with longitudinal crest and spinules, and short gonostylus; all characteristic of the genus Stempellinella. The species shows important similarities to the African species Stempellina truncata Freeman 1957 in the hypopygium, and is notably different from the other European species of the genus. The ornamentation of the pupal exuviae, especially the extensive shagreen of the same extension on the tergites II and III, raises doubt over maintaining the separation between the two genera Stempellinella Brundin and Zavrelia Kieffer.

Chironomids from running waters of Thailand: description of Rheotanytarsus thailandensis sp.n. and Tanytarsus thaicus sp.n. (Dipt., Chironomidae)

Description of the male imago and pupa of Rheotanytarsus thailandensis sp.n. and Tanytarsus thaicus sp.n. with comments on their taxonomic position.

Description of Chaetocladius algericus sp.n. and Smittia durandae sp.n. (Dipt., Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae)

The author describes the male imago and pupa of Chaetocladius algericus sp.n. from Algeria and the male imago of Smittia durandae sp.n. from Lebanon.

20-Hydroxyecdysone acts in the male pupa to commit accessory glands toward trehalase production in the adult mealworm beetle ( Tenebrio molitor)

During postecdysial adult maturation, the bean-shaped accessory reproductive glands (BAGs) of adult male mealworm beetles produce increasing amounts of trehalase. In order to determine when the BAGs become competent to produce trehalase, we transplanted pupal BAGs into 0-day female adults. After 8 days, trehalase activity had increased in BAGs from 4- and 5-day pupae (at the time of the pupal ecdysteroid peak) but not in those from 1-and 2-day pupae (before the ecdysteroid peak). BAGs from 0- and 2-day pupae were exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone in vitro before implantation into 0-day female adults. Increase in trehalase activity was dose dependent. Both dose (ED 50, 5 × 10 −6 M) and exposure time (>6 hr) of hormone required are greater for commitment than for acceleration of pupal cell cycling ( T. Yaginuma, H. Kai, and G. M. Happ, 1988, Dev. Biol. 126, 173–181). Since trehalase activity increased markedly in isolated adult male abdomens, factors from the cephalic and thoracic centers are not required to sustain trehalase production in the adult BAGs.

Metriocnemus van der Wulp: a new species and a revision of species described by Meigen, Zetterstedt, Stæger, Holmgren, Lundström and Strenzke (Diptera: Chironomidae)

AbstractThe congenerity of Dolichopelma Lundström, 1915 and Chasmatocladius Kieffer, 1911 with Metriocnemus v.d. Wulp, 1874 is confirmed. Types from the Meigen Collection in Paris, the Holmgren Collection in Stockholm, the Zetterstedt Collection in Lund, the Stæger Collection in Copenhagen, and the Thienemann Collection in Munich have been examined. M. albolineatus (Meigen, 1818) is a senior synonym of M. atratulus (Zetterstedt, 1850) and probably of M. hirticollis (Stæger, 1839); M. obscuripes (Holmgren, 1869) a senior synonym of M. eurynotus (Holmgren, 1883), M. transgressus (Holmgren, 1883), M. ripicola (Holmgren, 1883), and M. hygropetricus Kieffer, 1912. M. brevinervis (Holmgren, 1869) is a senior synonym of Paraphaenocladius despectus (Kieffer, 1926). M. atratulus subsp. corticalis Strenzke, 1950a is raised to the species level. M. atriclava sensu Edwards 1929 is probably not identical to M. atriclava Kieffer, 1921. A diagnosis for the genus is given. M. brusti sp.n. is described as male imago, female and pupa, and a possible variety of M. obscuripes as female imago, pupa and larva. M. obscuripes and M. ursinus (Holmgren, 1869) are redescribed in all stages and both sexes; M. albolineatus and M. fuscipes (Meigen, 1818) as male imago, pupa and larva; M. hirticollis as female imago; M. corticalis as male imago and pupa; and M. longipennis (Holmgren, 1883) and M. atriclava sensu Edwards as male imago. The importance of including extensive morphometric descriptions when doing revisionary studies is shown.

Four new species of the Cryptochironomus fulvus (Johannsen) species complex (Diptera: Chironomidae)

AbstractFour new nearctic species belonging to the Cryptochironomus fulvus species complex are discussed. The male imago, pupa and larva of C. curryi; the male and female imagines, pupae and larvae of C. conus, C. eminentia, and C. ramus are described and important taxonomic features figured. Preliminary keys to male imagines and pupae of the known nearctic species in the complex are given.

Redefinition and review ofThienemanniaKieffer, 1909 (Diptera: Chironomidae), with the description ofT. pilinuchasp. n.

The genus Thienemannia Kieffer, 1909, is emended to include species with pubescent but not hairy eyes previously included in Metriocnemus, i.e. Thienemannia gracei (Edwards) comb. n. and Thienemannia fulvofasciata (Kieffer) comb. n. Generic diagnosis of the redefined genus is given for male imago, pupa and larva. The genus probably forms the sistergroup of Metriocnemus v. d. Wulp. Keys to known males, pupae and larvae are given. Thienemannia gracilis Kieffer is redescribed as male, pupa and larva. The males of T. fulvofasciata and T. gracei are redescribed. The pupa of T. fulvofasciata, the male of Thienemannia pilinucha sp. n. and an unassociated larva, Thienemannia sp. A, are described

Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor. X. Ultrastructure of the tubular gland in the male pupa.

The tubular accessory gland consists of a simple secretory epithelium surrounded by a muscular coat. Over the pupal instar, the gland increases ten-fold in volume and 15-fold in length. Pupal development is divisible into a phase of mitosis and one of cell growth. During the mitotic phase, cytoplasmic membranes are sparse and nuclei move toward the luminal face of the epithelium to undergo division. In the cell growth phase, the cells become more columnar, a few stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum are formed, and small dense secretory vesicles appear near the apical surface. The hormonal control of the developmental sequence is discussed.

Topomyia (Suaymyia) Rausai, a New Species of Mosquito from the Philippines (Diptera: Culicidae)

A new species, Topomyia (Suaymyia) rausai , is described from Palawan 1, Philippine Is. The adult male, adult female, and pupa are described in detail and illustrations and/or photographs of the male genitalia, wing, leg and pupa are provided. The pupae were collected in bamboo internodes bored by insects and were reared in the laboratory.

Fine structure of the bean-shaped accessory gland in the male pupa of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)

The bean-shaped accessory glands of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor L., produce secretions that form the outer layers of the spermatophore. We aim to understand the hormonal control of growth and differentiation of these glands. In the present paper, we describe the morphology of the glands during pupal maturation in situ. The primary ultrastructural changes during development are those related to the maturation of the secretory machinery, including an increase in prominence of the nucleoli, the expansion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, and tracheolar invaginations into the glandular epithelium. These glands increase in size due to cell division, and undergo a change in shape from oval to reniform due to differential mitotic rates in different regions. Of particular interest are cytoplasmic bridges between apposed cells. Although most common during the peak period of cell division, these bridges are not merely relics of incomplete cytokinesis but are potential sites for inter-cellular communication. The study has provided useful indices for scoring the progressive differentiation of the bean-shaped glands.

Structure and function of the seminal vesicles and the spermatheca in Bracon hebetor say (hymenoptera: braconidae)

DURING a study of some ecological and biological characteristics of the braconid wasp, Bracoll hebelOr Say, we found the information about the seminal vesicle and spermatheca of this insect to be incomplete. Therefore we made observations on the structure and function of these organs. B. hebetor females were reared as parasites of Allagasta kuehlliella (Zeller) at 25 ± IDC and 50-60 % RH. They were dissected in a drop of the following saline: 7·5 gm NaCl, 0·35 gm KCI, and 0·21 gm CaCl 1000 ml H20, and brought to a pH of 7·2 with the aid of a few drops of phosphate buffer (0'01 M). Observations were made through a dissecting microscope (Olympus X or Wild M5), and a compound microscope with phase contrast (Wild M20). Sperm movement and the influence of CO2 and O2 upon it were examined in small perfusion cells made by placing 2 semicircular pieces of Parafilm M* on a glass slide; and covering them with a round cover slip. The parts and the so-formed cell were then warmed up and pressed firmly together. Spermatogenesis occurs in the pupa, and the sperm start to leave the round and swollen testes during the last pre-emergence day. However, in contrast to the situation in Spalallgia call1erolli Perkins (Gerling and Lenger, 1968), the testes of the adult male are not deplete, and the sperm continue to move from them into the seminal vesicles for as long as the male lives. In the young male pupa the vesicles are oblong. They become round at the time of sperm entrance, 1-2 days before emergence. No sperm motion was observed in genital systems that were dissected from male pupae, but in emerged males, the sperm within the vesicles are in motion, and the walls of the vesicles undulate rhythmically in an anteroposterior direction. This motion can be artificially induced by applying cover-slip pressure on a dissected genital system of a male pupa, shortly before emergence.

Studies in Ovipositional Behaviour and Control of Sex in Aphytis Melinus Debach, a Parasite of California Red Scale, Aonidiella Aurantii (Mask.).

The growing adult female red scale was the most preferred stage for A. melinus, followed by the second growing instar and lastly the male prepupa. The numbers of scale parasitized, the total of eggs laid, the number of eggs per scale, sex ratio and size of the parasites produced were all ranked in the same order. The mean size of parasites produced within the third instar decreased as the number of parasites per host increased. In the absence of the preferred host stages, female A. melinus laid readily in the unpreferred stages. In both A. melinus and A, chrysomphali it was noted that in multi- parasitism pupation, pupal development and adult emergence of all parasites in one host were synchronized. In A. melinus the sex and number of eggs laid per host are influenced by the host's size and quality. When A. melinus laid more than one egg in one host, it laid female eggs first and male eggs later; apparently the spermatheca goes through a period of fatigue, and is incapable of delivering sperm to the eggs descending the oviduct. Sex ratio decreases with increase in number of parasites per host and density of parasite population relative to hosts. The deposition of parasite eggs in a host by one female was observed during a short cycle of oviposition. A. melinus laid its eggs both 'above' and 'below' the body of the scale, whereas A. chrysomphali did so exclusively 'below'. In young mated A. melinus, eggs laid above the body of the scale were females and those below were males, but in old mated females all eggs, wherever laid, were male. Host development stops as soon as a parasite egg is laid. A. melinus avoids laying eggs in already parasitized hosts. The stages of red scale were ranked according to the percentage of mutilated individuals as: first moult (most mutilated), second instar, first instar, third instar, male prepupa and male pupa; second-moult females, egg-maturation stage and crawler-producing stage were unmutilated. A. melinus sometimes partitions her clutch of eggs into two hosts, particularly when host density is high. Partitioning in A. melinus may substitute for the generally accepted practice of super- parasitism, which would not be appropriate because the parasite is able to distinguish between parasitized and unparasitized hosts, is able to sense host density and to distribute her progeny on available hosts. Partitioning is advantageous for biological control. Behaviour of oviposition, mutilation and mutilation feeding in A. melinus are described in detail.

Taxonomy and Ecology of Three New Species of Monodiamesa Kieffer, with Keys to Nearctic and Palaearctic Species of the Genus (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Three Nearctic species of Monodiamesa are described: Monodiamesa depectinata sp.n. from male imagines, pupa, and fourth- and third-instar larvae; Monodiamesa tuberculata sp.n. from imagines, pupae, and fourth- and third-instar larvae; and Monodiamesa prolilobata sp.n. from male imagines. A larva possibly belonging to M. prolilobata is described. These are the first records and descriptions of imagines of Nearctic species of this genus.Keys are given for male imagines, pupae, and larvae of the Nearctic and Palaearctic species of the genus.Monodiamesa depectinata occurs in the Laurentian Great Lakes area and in Lake Winnipeg, Man. It was taken from sandy substrates in the lower littoral and the sublittoral zones of oligotrophic to mesotrophic lakes. Monodiamesa tuberculata occurs from the mainland of British Columbia through the prairie provinces and the Northwest Territories to the Laurentian Great Lakes. It was taken from the sublittoral and profundal zones of oligotrophic lakes and in some lakes is probably a glacial relict. Monodiamesa prolilobata, from west of the Rocky Mountains, probably covers the combined ecological niches of the two more easterly species.

Description des Stades Inconnus de Culex (Mochlostyrax) Lacertosus Komp & Rozeboom, 1951 [Dipt. Culicidae

SummaryJ. Clastrier: Descriptions of unknown stages of Culex (Mochlostyrax) lacertosus Komp and Rozeboom, 1951 Dipt. Culicidae.This species was bred from larvae collected in two small ground pools, in a forest, near Cayenne (French Guiana). The larval head hair 4 is dendritic and the male pupa possesses a ninth tergite with two short lateral arms.

The Adults and Pupa of Culex (C.) kesseli from Tahiti and Remarks on the atriceps Group (Diptera: Culicidae)

The female, male, male genitalia, and pupa of this species are described and the male genitalia and pupa are fully illustrated. The atriceps group is redefined and necessary additions and corrections to existing keys are provided together with remarks on systematics, bionomics, and distribution.

Gametogenesis in the Sugarcane Borer Moth, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Crambidae)

Diatraea saccharalis (F.), the only cytologically checked crambid moth up to the present, has an unusually low chromosome number for a lepidopteran, n = 17. The chromosomes apparently have a diffuse centromere. The premeiotic development of the gonads becomes more distinct after the fifth larval day, when the secondary gonia appear. The oogenesis proceeds very slowly after the formation of oocytes. A rapid deposition of yolk starts at the end of the pupal stage, and continues in the adult. The eggs flatten before they leave the body of the female. Meiotic metaphases can be encountered in the flat ovarial eggs. Six successive generations of spermatogonia are formed. Meiosis starts in the basal end of the testis follicles, opposite Verson's cell. From the fifth day on the larvae contain all stages of spermatogenesis, from the gonia to the spermiohistogenesis. A normal meiosis occurs during this period. The meiosis is abortive in the male pupa, because of asynapsis and anaphase irregularities. Bundles of spermatozoa appear as result of the spermiohistogenesis. The divisions are completed in the adult male. The testes are partly drained, but contain spermatids in spermiohistogenesis, and spermatozoon bundles.

SPHAERONELLA SEROLIS MONOD, AND A NEW SPECIES OF RHIZORHINA, COPEPODS PARASITIC ON THE ISOPOD SEROLIS BROMLEYANA SUHM (CRUSTACEA)

SUMMARYThe male and female of Rhizorhina serolis sp. n. are described and figured. This copepod is parasitic on the isopod Serolis bromleyana, from Chatham Rise, between Chatham Island and New Zealand. Sphaeronella serolis Monod is recorded from the same host and locality. The hitherto unknown larva and male pupa of S. serolis are figured.The male of Rhizorhina shows a great similarity to the larva of Sphaeronella, and is considered to be neotenic.