Male Migrants Research Articles

Beyond here and there? A description and typology of multi-transnational extended family configurations of refugees

The number of persons forcibly displaced across international borders increased significantly over the last decade and forced migrants’ spatial family configurations have diversified and are likely to show different patterns compared to what research has found for, e.g. labour migrants. This paper examines and disentangles the diversity of spatial family arrangements across countries of nuclear and extended family members of female and male forced migrants surveyed in Germany. Moreover, I propose a typology of refugees’ family configurations based on the whereabouts of the partner, children, parents, and siblings. The empirical analyses employ representative survey data of recent refugees from Eritrea and Syria collected in Germany in 2020. This dataset allows to account for the whereabouts of members of the nuclear as well as extended family. Descriptive statistics show the prevalence and distributions of locations of specific family members and cluster analysis is conducted to identify and propose a typology of spatial configurations of refugee families. Finally, multinomial logistic regressions are used to test associations between the obtained clusters and gender, country of origin and the financial situation, controlling for other characteristics. The findings indicate that multi-transnational family constellations beyond origin and destination countries are a common pattern among refugees, especially when considering nuclear as well as extended family members. Furthermore, different types of spatial family arrangements are related to gender and country of origin as well as family financial resources.

Changes in epidemiological and treatment-related characteristics among newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in an urban area in Shanghai, China from 2001 to 2019: A population-based retrospective study.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has changed significantly over the past 40 years. Changes in AIDS intervention strategies over time and across regions may have influenced epidemiological characteristics and intervention strategies. The aim of the current study was to analyze the changes in multi-year epidemiological characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in an urban area (the Fengxian District of Shanghai) from 2001 to 2019 based on the national AIDS comprehensive data information system and Shanghai Statistical Yearbook. In total, the average annual incidence of HIV/AIDS was 1.92 per 100,000 persons. The annual incidence fluctuated and tended to increase from 2001 to 2019 (χ2 = 128.38, p < 0.001). More male patients were reported compared to female patients, accounting for 82.9%. The proportion of patients over 65 years of age increased from 5% in 2009 to 12% in 2019. The majority of cases involved sexual contact (97.7%), early diagnosis (58.8%), full virologic suppression (72.9%), and early antiretroviral therapy (ART) (44.3%). Migrant patients have significantly increased over the years. There were significant differences between local and migrant patients in terms of the age at diagnosis, transmission route, and baseline CD4 count. The disparity in high-risk temporal clusters was also explored to indicate the delay of an epidemic between local patients and migrant patients. HIV remains at a low endemic level. AIDS prevention and control measures have been highly effective, and especially in virologic suppression of ART and early diagnosis. More efforts should be made to enhance early diagnosis and treatment among key vulnerable groups, including the elderly in the local population and young male migrants, and the scale of HIV/AIDS testing should be expanded to the general population to control HIV transmission.

Dietary patterns related to attention and physiological function in high-altitude migrants.

High altitude exposure negatively affects human attentional function. However, no studies have explored the regulation of attentional and physiological functions from a dietary perspective. A total of 116 Han Chinese students from Tibet University who were born and raised in a plain area and had been living in Tibet for > 2 years were recruited. All participants were male migrants. A food frequency questionnaire, complete blood count, and attention network test were performed on the participants. Pearson's correlation was applied to assess the reliability and validity of the food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis was utilized to extract dietary patterns. A linear mixed model was employed to account for individual differences. The results showed that the five main dietary patterns were coarse grain, alcohol, meat, protein, and snacking dietary patterns. Furthermore, individuals who adhered to the coarse grain dietary pattern and had high mean corpuscular hemoglobin showed better attentional performance. Individuals with high alcohol consumption and systemic immune-inflammation index levels exhibited worse attentional performance. These findings imply that high-altitude migrants should include more coarse grains in their daily diet and avoid excessive alcohol consumption to improve attention.

Femonationalism in the civic-integration work conducted by a Swedish NGO with men’s groups

ABSTRACT Drawing upon the work of Sara R Farris on femonationalism, this article presents an empirical study of the men’s group activities of ‘Vi är Sverige’ (‘We are Sweden’), an NGO that educates male migrants in gender equality. How are problems of gender inequality presented in this context? What versions of gender equality are being taught, and what are the pros and cons thereof from a feminist perspective? Methodologically, this paper draws upon a thematic analysis of public documents and media postings from Vi är Sverige, as well as on observations and individual interviews with members of one of its men’s groups. Our findings indicate that, in these activities, problems of gender inequality were attributed to non-Western men and their perceived lack of Swedish attitudes and values; while injustices done by native Swedish men were passed over in silence. Hence, we have found femonationalist tendencies in civic-integration programmes implemented by an organisation in Sweden that work with men’s groups. However, these programmes did promote a dynamic view of masculinity, thereby providing opportunities for change also to male migrants from societies with a predominantly Muslim population. The participants themselves expressed a favourable attitude towards gender equality, thereby constructing a non-white Swedish masculinity.

Inequalities in health literacy between European population and newly arrived male sub-Saharan migrants in Europe.

Increases in migration pressure from sub-Saharan Africa to Europe have increased in recent years. Despite this trend, the health literacy needs of migrants in host communities have not been sufficiently studied. This research aims to explore the health literacy of migrants newly arriving in Europe and compare it with the health literacy levels of the European population, utilizing data obtained from the European health literacy survey. A convenience sampling cross-sectional study was conducted at the Temporary Immigrant Stay Center in Melilla (Spain) in June 2022 using a validated French and Arabic version of the 16-item European health literacy survey questionnaire. A total of 106 sub-Saharan migrants ≥ 18 years of age were surveyed. The general health literacy index of the migrants was 30.02 points (on a scale of 50), placing it in the 'problematic' level. Of the participants, 57.54% had a limited ability to obtain, understand and apply health information and make appropriate health-related decisions. The largest gap compared to European citizens was observed in skills to understand information related to disease prevention. These results reinforce that migrant status is a social determinant of low health literacy and suggest that health professionals should extend their educational role to this vulnerable group.

Navigating employment and overeducation: comparative study of immigrant experiences in 17 Western European nations

ABSTRACT The labor market integration of migrants, focusing on employment and job quality, differs notably across Southern and Continental-Northern European nations, often involving trade-offs. Nonetheless, little is known about whether these diverse migrant inclusion models in European labor markets extend to the combination of employment and overeducation. Additionally, the role of gender in this context remains unclear. While overeducation is more prevalent among immigrants compared to native, its prevalence varies across countries. To fill this gap, we analyzed data from the 2015–2019 European Labor Force Survey in 17 European countries, considering gender and migrant origin – Western vs. non-Western. Results show that non-Western migrants and migrant women face more challenges than Western migrants and male counterparts, respectively. Among males, a trade-off model predominates, with low employment penalties but high overeducation penalties in Mediterranean countries, and vice versa in Continental and some Nordic nations. For females, those in Southern Europe align with the Mediterranean trade-off model, while those in most Continental and Nordic countries experience a double penalty. In Liberal countries, male migrants tend toward the Mediterranean trade-off model, while female migrants align with the integration model.

Experiences of Male Indonesian Migrant Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic to Post-Pandemic Period in Taiwan: A Phenomenological Study.

The challenges faced by male migrant workers during the pandemic have not been fully understood. This study aimed to explore the experiences of male Indonesian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. This study used an interpretive phenomenological design. Twenty male Indonesian migrant workers in southern Taiwan were individually interviewed. Data were analyzed using reflective thematic analysis. The migrant workers had conflicting emotions during the pandemic, faced challenges during self-quarantine, lived on board ships, and experienced restrictions on social and religious activities. The workers prioritized maintaining their health to ensure that they would not be easily infected while working. COVID-19 vaccines were made available to migrant workers in Taiwan. The workers had many hopes that they would achieve a better and more prosperous life by working in Taiwan than in their home country. Although the 3-year COVID-19 period was difficult for Indonesian migrant workers in Taiwan, Taiwan's policies provided hope for them to endure the pandemic. The results have implications for Taiwan's health care system, labor development, and transcultural health care.

European Union border technology in Africa: Experiences en route

AbstractThe EU externalisation policy on border management and migration control in Africa has increasingly relied on the use of technology in recent times. This paper examines how these technological interventions for border governance in Africa infringe on migrants' rights and mobility patterns. Exploring the effect of deployment of Migration Information Data Analysis System in Nigeria, risk analysis cells in Niger and biometric registration of migrants in Mauritania, the study finds infringements on the migration pattern of the people. The biometric exercise in Mauritania hampers the northward movement of mainly male migrants, aged between 18 and 46, who are mostly from Senegal, Gambia, Nigeria, Guinea Conakry and Mali. Data collected from these migrants, are shared on EU digital platforms, between IOM, Europol and FRONTEX, and can be used to facilitate their deportation as they approach Europe's border space. While emphasising the significance of this work on the geography of population movement, this paper argues that the use of EU‐funded technological projects for border management infringes on the historical cross‐border mobility in North and West Africa which is essential for socioeconomic exchanges and escaping conflicts. It highlights these restrictive practices as mirroring the hegemonic relationship between Europe and Africa that reinforces colonial‐era violence at Africa's border space. The paper draws from non‐participatory observation, instant interactions and 78 semi‐structured interviews conducted with migrants, cross‐border traders, government officials, civil society organisations, motorists, residents and the media along two major migration routes: between Nigeria and Niger and between Mauritania and Western Sahara (Morocco).

MASLIHAT HIV Prevention Intervention Reduced Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Male Tajik Migrants Who Inject Drugs in Moscow.

Tajik male labour migrants who inject drugs while working in Moscow are at high risk of acquiring HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that compromise their health and potentially that of their sexual partners. In a cluster-randomized controlled trial, the "Migrants' Approached Self-Learning Intervention in HIV/AIDS for Tajiks" (MASLIHAT) reduced intervention participants' sexual risk behaviour including condomless sex, condomless sex with female sex workers (CS/FSW), and multiple sexual partners. This analysis investigates if the observed change in sexual risk behaviors due to the intervention translated into lower incidence of STIs among participants over 12-month follow-up. The MASLIHAT intervention was tested in a cluster-randomized controlled trial with sites assigned to either the MASLIHAT intervention or comparison health education training (TANSIHAT). Participants and network members (n=420) were interviewed at baseline and 3-month intervals for one year to assess HIV/STI sex and drug risk behaviour. Focusing solely on STIs in our current analysis, we conducted mixed effects robust Poisson regression analyses to test for differences between conditions in self-reported STIs during 12 months of follow-up, and to test the contribution of sexual risk behaviours to STI acquisition. Structural equation modelling investigated sexual behaviours as possibly mediating the observed differences in STI acquisition between the two conditions. Participants in the MASLIHAT condition were significantly less likely to report an STI during follow-up (IRR=0.27, 95% CI 0.13-0.58). Of the 3 sexual risk behaviours of interest, only CS/FSW was significantly associated with STI acquisition (IRR=3.30, 95% CI 1.57-3.93). Adjusting for CS/FSW, the effect of MASLIHAT intervention participation was reduced (IRR=0.37, 95% CI 0.17-0.84), signalling possible mediation. Structural equation modelling indicated that the intervention's effect on STI incidence was mediated by reductions among MASLIHAT participants in CS/FSW. The MASLIHAT peer-education intervention reduced the incidence of STIs among Tajik labour migrants through reduced CS/FSW.

Sexual Health Implications of Return Migration for Women and Their Partners in Rural Mexico: A Critical Ethnography.

The return of a migrant partner can negatively impact the sexual health of women who stayed in their communities. Understanding their sexual health needs is crucial for developing targeted interventions and support systems. Our study used a critical ethnographic approach in Agua Dulce, a rural community in Mexico, involving 50 key informants: women who stayed behind (n = 20), returnees (n = 12), community leaders (n = 12), and health care professionals (n = 6). We used participant observation, policy analysis, and interviews, using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. A gender-based thematic analysis revealed economic hardships and early separations affect the sexual well-being of women who stay behind. Infidelity, discovered through social media or calls, causes emotional distress and family disruptions. Male migrants spend an average of 8.85 years abroad, leading to fears of risky sexual behaviors. Our study highlights the urgent need for specialized support centers and comprehensive health interventions.

Sexually transmitted infections and migration in Uganda: a population-based study

ObjectivesMigration is associated with increased risk of HIV infection in Africa, but evidence about non-HIV sexually transmitted infection (STI) burden among African migrants is limited.MethodsWe used data from the Sexually...

Impact of Male Migration on the Empowerment of Left-behind Muslim Women in Malappuram, Kerala

Migration has been projected as a force capable of developing economies of the labour exporting nations. In the past, religious orthodoxy among the Muslims in Malabar especially in the Malappuram district prevented women from obtaining higher education and finding employment which restricted their freedom and well-being. However, there have been changes in women's perspectives in reaction to changing needs and situations, for which migration and remittances made by migrants abroad have been the important contributing factors. When the male migrates, the left-behind women have to assume increased responsibilities which increases their control over household resources, mobility and decision-making power and the foreign remittances are utilised by the left-behind women to improve their quality of living, education and information. This article explores the effects of male migration and foreign remittances on the left-behind Muslim women in the Malappuram district through the lens of the Capability approach by constructing the Women’s Capability Index based on a sample survey in the Malappuram district using a Stratified Multi-stage random Sampling method. The study identifies a set of capabilities that are appropriate to the context of male migration and the consequent effect on the left behind women’s living arrangement, provides a framework for efficiently evaluating these capabilities, aggregates the capabilities into a single index, and then validates and tests the index. The Ordinal Logistic Regression, used to analyse the role of migration in the capability expansion of left-behind Muslim women shows that the foreign remittances sent by the husbands from abroad have a positive statistically significant effect on the left-behind Muslim women in the study area, implying that with the increase in the foreign remittances received by the left behind women, their capability also increases, whereas the husband's migrant duration does not have a statistically significant effect on the left-behind Muslim women’s capability

Accessibility and utilization of health-care services among rural–urban migrants in Ghana: A scoping review

Since the second half of the 20th century, internal migration patterns in Ghana have been dominated by movements from rural (or northern) to urban (or southern) areas. Numerous studies report wide socioeconomic gaps between the geographical north and south of Ghana, explaining the unidirectional movement in search of better opportunities. Differences in personal health profiles, values, and beliefs mean that internal migrants face a higher risk of ill health than urban natives. Compounding this issue is the barriers that impede their access to and utilization of health-care services. We synthesized evidence from existing literature to understand internal migrants&amp;rsquo; access to and utilization of healthcare in Ghana, as well as their coping strategies. This review followed Arksey and O&amp;rsquo;Malley&amp;rsquo;s guidelines for conducting scoping reviews. We searched PubMed, EconLit, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and Medline (Ovid) electronic databases for studies published from January 2012 to June 2022. In addition, a manual literature search was conducted on Google by examining the reference lists of selected articles to identify other relevant studies. The majority of the studies (n = 12 [75%]) focused on female migrants, while 4 (25%) included both male and female migrants. This review identified several factors affecting access to health-care services for internal migrants in Ghana. These factors included infrastructural, financial, and language barriers, as well as long patient waiting times. Significantly, these barriers resulted in increased self-medication and self-diagnosis among internal migrants, leading to overall poor health outcomes. Based on the study findings, we propose a multidimensional approach to bridging the health access gap for internal migrants. This approach involves improving health system factors such as health service delivery, health workforce, availability of essential medicines, and health finance reforms to provide quality health-care services at affordable or no cost, while considering the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the internal migrants.

Male migration and its Impact on women in Kapilbastu

Although males are generally thought to be the ones who migrate internationally, women who were not migrants nonetheless suffer significant effects as a result of the migration of their male counterparts. Left behind women given second-class status in relation to men, this presents both a difficulty and an opportunity. Women who are more capable not only have more independence and overall well-being, but their improved abilities also have a favorable impact on the lives of friends and family. Women are capable of handling situations effectively when given the opportunity to assume responsibility for social, political, and economic facets of life. From this perspective, the primary objective of this study is to identify the variables influencing women's empowerment in Kapilbastu Municipality. Similarly, the secondary goal of the study is to determine how international migration affects the situation of women who are left behind in the study region. From the research region, 50 migrant households and 50 non-migrant households were chosen using purposive sampling method. As per the results of the study, male migration abroad has significantly contributed to their enhanced abilities and increased engagement in outdoor pursuits. They made a lot of wonderful friends, learned a lot about the outside world, experienced sharing, learned how to interact with people outside, and generally had a positive outlook on life as a result of their engagement in outdoor activities.

Masculinities in Immigration Detention Centres

A great tool to grow an empire, detention camps have been historically used and abused as a subordination tactic by all of the most powerful empires, most notably by Germany’s Nazi Regime in the Second World War. Commonly thought to have been born and died in history, they are a mostly forgotten piece of the past. Many would be shocked to discover that there is a secret world of institutions that disregard international human rights law in order to prioritize their national goals, where refugees, asylum seekers and migrants are the primary victims. Systems for migrancy and immigration detention have emerged in the wake of globalization, seeking asylum from conflicts, natural disasters or financial insecurity, or simply searching for better economic opportunities, education or reunion with family. Multicultural liberal democracies use detention centres to enforce their racialized and gendered penal power and establish a national hierarchy where poor, young men of colour are the most marginalized. This paper critically examines the victimization of male refugees, asylum seekers and migrants by neo-colonial masculinities in Canadian, American and British immigration detention centres and how these experiences create offenders through the victim-offender overlap.

Changes in risk behaviour following a network peer education intervention for HIV prevention among male Tajik migrants who inject drugs in Moscow: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

The "Migrants' Approached Self-Learning Intervention in HIV/AIDS for Tajiks" (MASLIHAT) recruits and trains Tajik labour migrants who inject drugs as peer educators (PEs) in delivering HIV prevention information and encouragement to adopt risk-reduction norms and practices within their diaspora social networks while reducing their own HIV risk. The MASLIHAT intervention was tested in Moscow in a cluster-randomized controlled trial with 12 recruitment sites assigned to either the MASLIHAT intervention or an equal-time peer-educator training focused on other health conditions (TANSIHAT). From October 2021 to April 2022, 140 male Tajik migrants who inject drugs were recruited as PEs to attend the 5-session MASLIHAT training or the TANSIHAT non-HIV comparison condition. Each participant in both groups recruited two network members (NMs) who inject drugs with the intent to share with them the information and positive strategies for change they had learned (n = 280). All PEs and NMs (n = 420) participated in baseline and follow-up interviews at 3-month intervals for 1 year. All received HIV counselling and testing. Modified mixed effects Poisson regressions tested for group differences in injection practices, sexual risk behaviours and heavy alcohol use over time. At baseline, across both groups, 75% of participants reported receptive syringe sharing (RSS), 42% reported condomless sex and 20% reported binge drinking at least once a month. In contrast to TANSIHAT where HIV risk behaviours remained the same, significant intervention effects that were sustained over the 12 months were observed for receptive syringe and ancillary equipment sharing among both MASLIHAT PEs and NMs (p < 0.0001). Significant declines in the prevalence of sexual risk behaviours were also associated with the MASLIHAT intervention (p < 0.01), but not the comparison condition. Binge alcohol use was not affected in either condition; the MASLIHAT intervention had a transitory effect on drinking frequency that dissipated after 9 months. The MASLIHAT peer-education intervention proved highly effective in reducing HIV-related injection risk behaviour, and moderately effective in reducing sexual risk behaviour among both PEs and NMs. Network-based peer education is an important tool for HIV prevention among people who inject drugs, especially in environments that are not amenable to community-based harm reduction.

Awareness and Attitude of Wives of Laborer Outmigrants Originating from Indian Subcontinent Towards Emergency Contraceptives- A Multi-Country Study

Objective : The present study aims to analyze the attitude and awareness of wives of male migrants (WMM) towards EC (Emergency Contraceptives Pills) residing in either of three countries of the Indian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh, and Nepal). Further, the present study also aims to identify the socioeconomic determinants of the EC awareness of WMM. Methods : A cross-sectional survey of 621 WMM was conducted across multiple low-income sites in the three countries. Findings: The majority of the respondents (77.6%) reported being aware of EC methods, out of which the majority (32%) reported their friends circle to be the primary source of knowledge followed by husband (23.4%), family members (19.9%) and healthcare workers (9.8%), respectively. About 56% of the respondents reported that they consumed EC pills more than thrice in the last year. The study discovered that WMM engaged in unprotected intercourse about 5 times (SD= ±1.6) on average in the last year. While the reported consumption of EC pills by WMM was 2.6 times (SD= ±1.2) on an average during the same year. Regression analysis revealed that ‘place of husband’s migration’ is the strongest determinant of WMM’s EC awareness (OR=3.67, p&lt;0.05), followed by ‘age of the WMM’ (OR=2.12, p&lt;0.05), and ‘religion’ (OR=1.32, p&lt;0.05) respectively. Furthermore, ‘having children’ was also found to be a significant determinant (p&lt;0.05). Novelty : Firstly, the study offers an examination of comparison of WMMs’ attitudes and awareness residing in three low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), an area not thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Secondly, the study has identified the factors influencing the awareness of EC among WMM, a subject largely unexplored in prior research. Conclusion : We conclude that based on the findings the level of awareness of EC is not adequate and policymakers could use these findings to strengthen the reproductive health policies of targeted intervention groups. Keywords: Emergency contraceptives, Left behind, Wives of migrants, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Low- and middle-income countries

Perception of Climate Change Vulnerability and its Impact on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Khutiya and Banganga River Basins.

Nepal is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. The drivers of climate risk include its topography, ecological diversity, climatic variability, natural resource dependency, under-development, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Climate change affects women and girls in unique ways. Research conducted in Asia Pacific region highlight negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes from climate change-related stressors such as droughts, floods, and air pollution, factors also linked to decreased SRH services utilization, increased maternal mortality rates, and repercussions on women's mental health. This is a mixed methods study conducted in two river basins including household surveys with 384 females ages 18-49, 12 focus group discussions, and 22 key informant interviews. We conducted descriptive and thematic analysis. More than half relied on agriculture for income (66%). Despite one-third being heads of households, land ownership was low (13%). Climate change perceptions included rising temperatures (88%), increased heat wave (70%), drying water source (99%), and delayed monsoons (83%), impacting agriculture and increasing women's workload (61%) due to displacement and male migration. 64% reported disturbances in antenatal and postnatal care visits . Inaccessible healthcare facilities during the rainy season increased maternal mortality risks. Heavy river flooding hindered female community health volunteers access leading to childbirth complications. 82% of women feared being unable to protect their children post-climate events. Moreover, 21% of women faced gender-based violence during or after climate disasters. Our findings suggest clear impacts of climate change on women and the communities. Thus, climate adaptation efforts must be designed to address the unique impacts of the crisis on women and girls, making space for their increased participation and leadership.

Gendered Migration in India: Exploring the Challenges and Human Rights Issues Faced by Female Migrant Workers in Perumbavoor, Ernakulam District, Kerala

Most studies on inter-state migrant workers in Kerala focus on male migrants arriving in the state. Kerala began to receive migrant workers in 1950. There has been a significant shift in it since 1990. From the 1960s to the 1990s, migrant workers came to Kerala from Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. During those times, women came to Kerala along with men. After the 1990s, migration from Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, and Haryana gained momentum. Many women have moved to Kerala since 2000, as opposed to male migrants from 1990 to 2000. Many human rights issues face migrant women in Kerala, including their workplaces, lifestyles, job searches, and travel. The consequences of not getting significant health interventions and being harassed at work are not well known in society. A study of migrant women begins in the public space, where they are not considered citizens but as objects of utility. My research revealed 516,000 migrant women in Kerala, based on a government document obtained through RTI. There are 25000 female migrant workers among them. It is estimated that around 34 lakh migrant workers work in Kerala, according to the Kerala Planning Board's 2021 report. Out of that, 20% of women work in many workplaces and enterprises in Kerala. According to surveys and a government assessment, Kerala's Ernakulam district has the highest concentration of migrant women workers. The female migrant workers in the Perumbavoor one of the cities of the Ernakulam district are the subject of this study. Female workers who work in plywood, bricks, baji, tailoring, pan shops, plastic manufacturing, textile manufacturing, and other industrial units are the subject of this study. Female migrant workers are personally met and interviewed during fieldwork to obtain data. For this study, qualitative ethnographic research methodology is employed. The findings of this study suggest the government's policy-making for social welfare, social security, job security, the prevention of sexual violence, and making sure that female migrants in Kerala receive equal pay for equal work. This study is being conducted with the human rights of women migrant workers in Kerala foremost in mind. Information is being directly collected from migrant women workers, labour department health department government representatives, trade union members, NGO representatives, etc.

Accumulating delay: Filipino Time, COVID-19 and experiences of male returnees in Cebu

Unique to this paper is a gendered examination of return migration from the point of view of male return migrants. I analyze the perspectives of repatriated male migrant workers during their return migration in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a discussion of time as “accumulated delay,” I suggest that the (de)constructions of masculinity concerning overseas Filipino workers’ (OFWs) experiences of waiting and delay under repatriation and quarantine can be understood through the theoretical lens of immobility in migration research. I suggest that systemic delays in the circulation of global capital, necessitated by the global health pandemic, challenged migrant men’s cohesive narrative of migrant productivity.