Life Expectancy At Birth Research Articles

Modeling Life Expectancy in Indonesia Using System GMM Model

Life expectancy marks the success of efforts to provide basic rights, such as access to good health services. Lack of improvement in conditions or stagnation is often considered a cause for concern because it can lead to a decline in the health profile of the population driven by adverse socioeconomic status trends. Consequently, the determinants of modeling the life expectancy of males and females in Indonesia was carefully selected by collecting data in 34 Indonesian provinces from 2010-2020. The modeling was carried out using the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) method with the GMM system model approach. The results showed that the availability of health infrastructure and environmental conditions, such as sanitation and access to safe drinking water are very important to support and guarantee access to health services needed by the community. Social and economic status, such as GRDP per capita, literacy, unemployment, and poverty also contribute to the increase in life expectancy of males and females in Indonesia. Furthermore, the realization of government policies in the health sector must be continuously evaluated for the sustainability of the infrastructure development acceleration program by prioritizing community welfare improvement.

Inequality in the Face of Death under Covid-19 in Ukraine

If there is a decline in mortality, it is mainly in younger age groups. As a result, more and more deaths are occurring in older age groups. In advanced societies, therefore, people are becoming “more equal in the face of death”. A sharp increase in mortality, such as that caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, affects different age groups of the population to different degrees. It is therefore relevant to study the change in inequality of life expectancy under the conditions of a sudden shock. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the inequality of lifespan variation in Ukraine in 2020—2021 and to compare it with countries with different levels of mortality. Previous studies of lifespan variation specifically devoted to Ukraine, or those that used data for Ukraine, were conducted or related to the pre-Covid period. The novelty of this work is the study of the behaviour of indicators characterising the inequality of lifespan before and during the two years of the epidemic, for which data are available. The demographic me t hod for constructing life tables and statistical methods for calculating lifespan variation indicators were used. Those are: Gini coefficient, average inter-individual difference in length of life, lifespan disparity, entropy of the life table, standard deviation of age at death, coefficient of variation. These indicators were calculated for the period 1989—2021 for Ukraine, Poland, Sweden, Spain, Japan, and England and Wales. It was confirmed that life expectancy is generally inversely related to inequality in the life table. It was found that this rule can be violated during mortality shocks such as the Covid-19 pandemic. It is shown that male life expectancy and lifespan inequality in Ukraine decreased in 2020—2021. Average inter-individual difference in length of life and lifespan disparity have decreased by 6.6—6.9 %. On the other hand, almost all indicators of inequality for women have increased. The life expectancy elasticity indicator (entropy of the life table) turned out to be the most sensitive, increasing to 4.9 %. At the same time, it is interesting to note that the standard deviation of age at death for women in Ukraine decreased by 1.8 %. The Covid-19 pandemic has affected inequality depending on sex and the country’s pre-Covid level. Inequality indicators in Japan have hardly changed. Inequality rates rose in Spain and Sweden before returning to their previous downward trend. Available data for England and Wales suggest a continued slow trend towards greater inequality.

Sex and gender differences in health and disease. Part I. Evolutionary

Sex affects many aspects of a person's existence, including health. Life expectancy is one of the most telling examples of differences between the sexes. Almost all over the world, women have been found to live longer than men, but the gap in life expectancy varies considerably from country to country. The review discusses the evolutionary mechanisms behind this difference and potential strategies for increasing male life expectancy. Likely processes leading to sex-specific morbidity are also considered.

Age structure and growth features of the Tajikistan toadhead agama Phrynocephalus sogdianus (Reptilia, Agamidae)

The paper presents the results of age and growth studying of the Tajikistan toadhead agama Phrynocephalus sogdianus by skeletochronology. A total of 29 adult individuals (14 females and 15 males) from the vicinity of Uchkyzil (Termez district, Surkhandarya region, Uzbekistan) were studied. All animals, on the section of tubular bones had a birth (hatching) line appearing shortly after the lizards hatching. The majority of the sample consisted of one-year-old and two-year-old specimens (89.7%). The age of females and males varied between 1–3 years, averaging 1.53 and 1.71 years, respectively. The expected calculated life expectancy for females after one wintering was 2.25 years, for males 2.06 years. Females and males did not differ in body length. The length of the males’ body depended on their age. Males aged one and two years statistically significantly differed in size among themselves. The authors note that P. sogdianus has very high growth rates (growth coefficient k is 2.84 in females and 1.40 in males), exceeding that of other toadhead agamas.

Complex Sex Differences in Life Expectancy in French Guiana.

In the complex context of French Guiana, different vulnerabilities and different risk factors between genders may lead to complex differences in health outcomes, mortality, and life expectancy. Our aim was, thus, to compare male and female mortality and life expectancy, to compare it between French Guiana and mainland France, and to look at temporal trends and the main specific causes of death in order to identify actionable singularities. National databases were used to obtain life expectancy at birth, at 20, 40, and 60 years, and mortality statistics. Standardized death rates and causes of death for French Guiana and mainland France were obtained through the CEPIDC, which analyzes information from death certificates. When comparing with mainland France, life expectancy at birth was significantly shorter both in males and females (mean = -2.9 years); life expectancy at 20 years, which allows to remove the effect of the greater child mortality in French Guiana, was also shorter in French Guiana for males (mean = -1.8 years) and females (mean = -2 years). The differences between mainland France and French Guiana regarding life expectancy at 40 and 60 years (mean = -1.5 and -1.3 years) was mainly found among females, males in French Guiana life expectancy at 40 and 60 years was closer to that in mainland France (mean = -0.8 and -0.6 years). Although they have a greater life expectancy at birth than men, women in French Guiana are substantially more affected by overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes. The observed patterns of life expectancy at different ages presumably reflect the burden of external causes and AIDS in males and perhaps metabolic diseases in women.

Health performance and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: new evidence based on quantile regressions

PurposeThe present study investigates the nexus between health performance dynamics and economic growth in 43 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2004–2018.Design/methodology/approachFour health performance dynamics are used, notably: total life expectancy, male life expectancy, female life expectancy and risk of maternal death. The empirical evidence is based on quantile regressions (QRs) in order to put into perspective the conditional distribution of economic growth.FindingsThe following findings are established: (1) total life expectancy and male life expectancy increase economic growth exclusively in the 10th and 90th quantiles of economic growth; (2) female life expectancy boosts economic growth in the 90th quantile of economic growth and (3) the risk of maternal death reduces economic growth in the 75th and 90th quantiles of economic growth. Policy implications are discussed.Originality/valueThe study complements the literature on the nexus between health performance and economic growth by assessing the nexuses throughout the conditional distribution of economic growth.

Economic growth and female labour force participation in an ageing society: evidence from Southeast Asia

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of female labour participation and life expectancy on economic growth in Southeast Asia economies using non-stationary panel data techniques. The study utilizes balanced panel data spanning from 1992 to 2020, encompassing ten countries in Southeast Asia. The results reveal that economic growth, female labour participation, and other factors are cointegrated. The findings indicate that trade openness has a negative impact on economic growth. However, we find that female labour participation, female longevity, female education, domestic investment, and foreign direct investment have a positive long-term effect on economic growth. Our study also highlights that the effect of female labour participation on growth varies depending on female longevity. We find that female labour participation positively impacts economic growth but changes negatively when countries exhibit a high level of female life expectancy.

Association between gender social norms and cardiovascular disease mortality and life expectancy: an ecological study

ObjectiveExamine the association between country-level gender social norms and (1) cardiovascular disease mortality rates; (2) female to male cardiovascular disease mortality ratios; and (3) life expectancy.DesignEcological study with the country...

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the age-sex pattern of COVID-19 deaths in India

ABSTRACT The SARS-CoV-2 virus (termed COVID-19) raised the mortality trends and diminished life expectancy globally. This study analyzes the age-sex patterns of COVID-19 deaths in India during 2020–2021 and how the age-sex patterns have changed between 2020 and 2021. We calculated the losses in the male-female life expectancy at birth (LEB) induced due to the pandemic by projecting pre-pandemic mortality trends into 2020 and 2021. The finding suggested that mortality rates have increased substantially due to COVID-19 in India, implying almost four years of losses of LEB in 2021. The age pattern of mortality differs by the years of the pandemic. In 2020, the disease disproportionately killed older people. In 2021, with the outbreak of COVID-19 delta variant infection, mortality also rose among younger adults. Moreover, in 2020, COVID-19 deaths were higher among males, whereas in 2021, mortality increased for both sexes. In conclusion, COVID-19 triggered a significant increase in mortality in India between 2020 and 2021, dragging the country to a lower LEB level in 2010–2011. The future impact of the pandemic is yet to be seen. Also, distinct age and sex differential COVID-19 health and socioeconomic impacts compel future researchers to include demographic heterogeneity in their study.

Analysis and Modeling Gross Domestic Product, Carbon Dioxide Emission, Population Growth, and Life Expectancy at Birth: Case Study in Qatar

Studies on Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB) and Population Growth (PG) with several economic variables for cases in Qatar have not been carried out much. The study of the relationship between Life expectancy at Birth(LEB), Carbon Dioxide(CO2)emission, Population growth(PG), and Gross Domestic Product(GDP)for the case of Qatar is interesting because it is a developed country based on oil and gas. The aims of this study is to build a dynamic model for vector time series that describes the relationship between the variables discussed. From the analysis results based on Criterion Information, Akaike's Information Criterion Correction (AICC), and Cointegration Rank, the best model obtained is the Vector Error Correction Model with order 4 (VECM (4)) and with Cointegration Rank r=4. Based on this dynamic model, Granger-Causality analysis, Impulse Response Function (IRF), and Forecasting will be discussed.

Decrease in Mexico's life expectancy due to multiple homicides: the murder of women adjacent to the homicide of one or more men

The objective is to analyze the effect of multiple homicides on male and female life expectancy and to provide empirical evidence of the temporal and spatial associations between male and female homicide rates by age group during the period 2002-2020. Using data from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) and population projections from the National Population Council (CONAPO), mortality rates due to homicide from 2002-2020 were estimated for both men and women, and the adjacency of homicides of men and women was analyzed, along with the spatial proximity between multiple homicides of men and women, along with changes in life expectancy due to homicide. Individual homicides have caused the greatest decrease in life expectancy for both men and women. The negative impact of multiple homicides on both female and male life expectancy began to draw attention in 2008. By analyzing the murders of women adjacent to the homicides of one or more men questions are raised about whether these crimes are primarily the result of criminal violence, and to a lesser extent the role of gender.

Cause-specific mortality in Spain during the pandemic: educational differences and its impact on life expectancy.

Life expectancy in Spain fell by 1 year between 2018/19 and 2020. Yet, little is known on the impact on cause-of-death (COD) dynamics and educational inequalities therein. We use individual-level death counts data by age, sex, education and multiple causes of death (MCOD) and the corresponding population exposures from national registers in Spain. Deaths were examined both as underlying cause of death (UCOD) and as contributory cause. We estimated life expectancies and lifespan inequalities by subpopulation groups and decomposed life expectancy differences between 2018/19 and 2020 by age groups and COD to assess the impact of COVID-19 (as MCOD) and major UCOD. COVID-19 contributed to a decline in male and female life expectancy in Spain between 2018/19 and 2020 (respectively, -1.7 and -1.4 years). Conversely, cancer, respiratory and circulatory system diseases and ill-defined causes as UCOD contributed to life expectancy increases. Life expectancy declines equalled -1.4 years among the low-educated in both sexes (population 30+), -1.0 and -0.7 years among middle-educated and -1.1 and -0.9 years among high-educated men and women. Without COVID-19, educational inequalities in life expectancy would have remained at similar levels, whereas lifespan variation would have been lower (-22% for women and -8% for men). Life expectancy declines in Spain in 2020 were mainly driven by COVID-19, with possible substitution effects, especially for respiratory system diseases (fewer deaths compared to 2018/19 when coded as UCOD but more as contributing cause). We therefore advocate analysing MCOD when studying changing COD patterns during the pandemic.

Biological basis of pest control on pasture flies: as a case study from Uzbekistan

In this article, we aimed at studying the biology of pasture insects using the example of M. Tempestiva, developmental biology, ethology, timing of generations and life expectancy of females and males, changes in the genital organs during the maturation of egg follicles, the duration of nutrition on various substrates, the predominance of nutrition on carbohydrate media. The duration of mating, fertilization, the number of generations according to changes in the ovary of females, the development of eggs and their laying. Duration of all stages of biological development, including egg, larval stages, puparia and mature adults. Phenological dates have been established, i.e. the timing of the increase in the number of pasture insects, therefore, the study of biology and development cycles will allow us to further develop integrated methods for controlling insects in the pasture precisely during the period of their mass parasitism.

The Causal Impact of Solid Fuel Use on Mortality – A Cross- Country Panel Analysis

Biomass consumption causes indoor air pollution which impairs health and environment. In this paper, we examine the causal relationship between biomass fuel consumption and measures of life expectancy and infant and child mortality. Using 13 years of cross-country panel data which covers 105 countries over the period 2000-2012, we applied fixed effect model and instrumental variable regression. We find that solid fuel combustion causes increase in infant and child mortality and decreases in male and female life expectancy. A back-of-the envelope calculation suggests that, if the solid fuel consumption gap between low-income and lower-middle income countries were reduced by 50 percent, infant and child mortality in the low-income countries decrease by 16.5 and 29.8 per thousand respectively, and life expectancy would increase by 1.0 and 1.5 years for males and females respectively. Our findings suggest that governments, particularly of developing countries, should focus efforts to reduce solid fuel use.

The state of health in Pakistan and its provinces and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Understanding health trends and estimating the burden of disease at the national and subnational levels helps policy makers track progress and identify disparities in overall health performance. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides comprehensive estimates for Pakistan. Comparison of health indicators since 1990 provides valuable insights about Pakistan's ability to strengthen its health-care system, reduce inequalities, improve female and child health outcomes, achieve universal health coverage, and meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals. We present estimates of the burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors for Pakistan provinces and territories from 1990 to 2019 based on GBD 2019 to improve health and health outcomes in the country. We used methods and data inputs from GBD 2019 to estimate socio-demographic index, total fertility rate, cause-specific deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years, healthy life expectancy, and risk factors for 286 causes of death and 369 causes of non-fatal health loss in Pakistan and its four provinces and three territories from 1990 to 2019. To generate estimates for Pakistan at the national and subnational levels, we used 68 location-years of data to estimate Pakistan-specific demographic indicators, 316 location-years of data for Pakistan-specific causes of death, 579 location-years of data for Pakistan-specific non-fatal outcomes, 296 location-years of data for Pakistan-specific risk factors, and 3089 location-years of data for Pakistan-specific covariates. Life expectancy for both sexes in Pakistan increased nationally from 61·1 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 60·0-62·1) years in 1990 to 65·9 (63·8-67·8) years in 2019; however, these gains were not uniform across the provinces and federal territories. Pakistan saw a narrowing of the difference in healthy life expectancy between the sexes from 1990 to 2019, as health gains for women occurred at faster rates than for men. For women, life expectancy increased by 8·2% (95% UI 6·3-13·8) between 1990 and 2019, whereas the male life expectancy increased by 7·6% (3·5-11·8). Neonatal disorders, followed by ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections were the leading causes of all-age premature mortality in 2019. Child and maternal malnutrition, air pollution, high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, and tobacco consumption were the leading all-age risk factors for death and disability-adjusted life-years at the national level in 2019. Five non-communicable diseases-ischaemic heart disease, stroke, congenital defects, cirrhosis, and chronic kidney disease-were among the ten leading causes of years of life lost in Pakistan. Burden varied by socio-demographic index. Notably, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had the lowest observed gains in life expectancy. Dietary iron deficiency was the leading cause of years lived with disability for both men and women in 1990 and 2019. Low birthweight and short gestation and particulate matter pollution were the leading contributors to overall disease burden in both 1990 and 2019 despite moderate improvements, with a 23·5% (95% UI 3·8-39·2) and 27·6% (14·3-38·6) reduction in age-standardised attributable DALY rates during the study period. Our study shows that progress has been made on reducing Pakistan's disease burden since 1990, but geographical, age, and sex disparities persist. Equitable investment in the health system, as well as the prioritisation of high-impact policy interventions and programmes, are needed to save lives and improve health outcomes. Pakistan is facing several domestic and foreign challenges-the Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan, political turmoil, catastrophic flooding, the COVID-19 pandemic-that will shape the trajectory of the country's health and development. Pakistan must address the burden of infectious disease and curb rising rates of non-communicable diseases. Prioritising these three areas will enhance Pakistan's ability to achieve universal health coverage, meet its Sustainable Development Goals, and improve the overall health outcomes. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For the Urdu translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Nursing workforce characteristics and effect on life expectancy and under-five mortality in the ASEAN.

To assess the effects of the nursing workforce and advanced nursing practice on the outcomes of patients and life expectancy, including mortality rates of under-five children in Cambodia, and to develop policy recommendations to increase the influence of the nursing workforce. In low-middle-income nations, life expectancy and under-five mortality are important measures of public health. However, there is still a dearth of literature related to the nursing workforce in Southeast Asia. The authors retrieved the data from the World Nursing Report produced by the World Health Organization 2020 for 10 member states. The transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis checklist has guided this study. The univariate linear regression model was applied to categorize the potential predictors for each outcome assessment. In addition, the Spearman rank correlation test was selected to assess the potential predictors, and a multivariate statistical analysis was carried out for each of the five outcomes. According to the study's findings, nurse density and advanced practice nursing improve both female and male life expectancy. The existence of advanced nursing roles is associated with decreased under-five mortality. There are great opportunities to improve the nursing workforce within Cambodia and other Association of Southeast Asian Nations member states to increase patient outcomes. Investment in nursing is essential for improved patient outcomes. Health policy investments in these projects and future initiatives intended to advance nurse density, education, and practice are based on this study's results. Policy initiatives should focus on increasing density because nursing appears to impact life expectancy and other outcomes.

Effect of Women’s Status in Fertility Transition of Nepal

Assessing the relationship of fertility transition with different socio-economic situation of women is the overall purpose of this study. Fertility is primarily natural demographic determinant; however, it is affected by different social, economic and demographic phenomena. This study aimed to assess the changing fertility pattern (TFR and CBR) relating to the socioeconomic and demographic status of women in case of Nepal. Literacy status, health services, employment pattern, age at marriage, foreign migration (social determinants of population change) inequality aspects of women are considered as the socioeconomic and demographic aspects determines the pace of change of fertility rate and measured by the linear regression equation and multiple regression analysis. Quantitative and descriptive analysis is used to demonstrate the relationship examined and assessed through secondary data. The output of the statistical test is found that there is strong negative relationship (more than -0.90) with more than 80 per cent of explaining variability of fertility rate of Nepal by these independent (socioeconomic and demographic) variables. Finally, as literacy rate, age at marriage, economically activeness, life expectancy of female are found in increasing pattern with advancement of Nepalese society, CBR and TFR both are found in decreasing trends along with reduction on gender inequality.

Study of the Socio-Economic Analysis of Females Role in Eastern part of Indonesia

It is very crucial to involve women in a development, especially in developing countries. It will be more successful if it has the support from men and women to increase gender equality and reduce inequality. Females are the human resources that play a role in the development and gender empowerment. The role can be measured by GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure). This research determined the socio-economic role of females in Eastern Indonesia in terms of education, health, employment, and politics. This study utilizes some variables including : Mean Year of Female School , Female Life Expectancy, Female Labor Force Participation Rate, and Female Representation in Parliament Rates. This research uses panel data regression and the Fixed Effect Model method. Secondary macro data are shared from BPS from 2013 to 2020. It can be concluded that this study indicates the mean year female school, female life expectancy, female labor force participation rate, and female representation in parliament rate have a positive and significant effect partially and simultaneously on the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) in Eastern Indonesia.

Оценка демографического резерва продления экономической активности населения старших возрастов в северном регионе

The development of the Russian North and Arctic requires labour resources, primarily from among local inhabitants. This goal can be achieved due to an increase in the retirement age in Russia; however, the involvement of local older population in social production is limited by health problems and low life expectancy. The study hypothesises that the extension of economic activity of older people in the northern regions is possible with an increase in their life expectancy. In order to assess the years of life lost according on the causes of death, statistical analysis of life expectancy at birth (LEB) and calculations of the eliminated reserves of mortality were performed. To this end, the research examined statistics of the Federal State Statistics Service on demographic processes in the Russian North and data of Arkhangelskstat on age-specific mortality rates of Arkhangelsk oblast, one of the regions of the Far North and areas equated to them. The obtained results indicate high rates of future years of life lost from all leading causes of death for older men. Diseases of the circulatory system and external causes of death among male population, and diseases of the circulatory system and neoplasms among female population are the main reasons for the reduction in life expectancy in Arkhangelsk oblast. The maximum reduction in mortality from diseases of the circulatory system would increase the life expectancy of the inhabitants of Arkhangelsk oblast by 6.17 years, which would help extend the economic activity of the older population. The research findings can be used to update national projects and regional programmes for the development of the healthcare system, as well as to improve the quality of life of the northern population.

Breeding populations of Marbled Godwits and Willets have high annual survival and strong site fidelity to managed wetlands.

The Prairie Pothole Region of central Canada supports a diverse community of breeding waterbirds, but many species have declining populations and the demographic mechanisms driving the declines remain unknown. We conducted a 7-year field study during 1995-2001 to investigate the demographic performance of Marbled Godwits (Limosa fedoa) and Willets (Tringa semipalmata) breeding in managed wetlands near Brooks, Alberta. Mark-recapture analyses based on Cormack-Jolly-Seber models revealed that the annual rates of apparent survival for Marbled Godwits ( =0.953 ± 0.012SE) and Willets ( =0.861 ± 0.015SE) are among the highest rates of survivorship reported for any breeding or nonbreeding population of large-bodied shorebirds. Our estimates of life expectancy for males were comparable to longevity records in godwits (17.3 years ±5.8SE vs. 25-29+ years) and willets (7.7 ± 1.5SE vs. 10+ years). The two species both showed strong breeding site fidelity but differed in rates of mate fidelity. Pairs that reunited and males that switched mates usually nested <300 m from their previous nests, whereas females that switched mates usually moved longer distances >1.1-1.5km. Returning pairs usually reunited in godwits (85%) but not in willets (28%), possibly because of species differences in adult survival or patterns of migration. Baseline estimates of annual survival for banded-only birds will be useful for evaluating the potential effects of new tracking tags or the environmental changes that have occurred during the past 20 years. Conservation strategies for large-bodied shorebirds should be focused on reduction of exposure to anthropogenic mortality because low rates of natural mortality suggest that losses to collisions at breeding sites or harvest at nonbreeding areas are likely to cause additive mortality.