Male Hormone Profile Research Articles

The Role of Hypogonadism in the Body Composition of Obese Men in the Preoperative Period of Bariatric Surgery

ObjectiveTo describe clinical characteristics, hormonal profile and body composition of obese men in preoperative of bariatric surgery. MethodsCross-sectional, population-based study. Patients evaluated from June 2019 to December 2021 in 2 obesity referral centers. Patients underwent clinical evaluation, androgen deficiency screening using Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male questionnaire, hormonal profile and body composition assessment through body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (FM-%) and mass (FM-kg) measured by electrical bioimpedance and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. To characterize hypogonadism, 2 cut-off points were considered: TT <264 ng/dL and TT <164 ng/dL. ResultsThirty patients were included, mean age 35.6 ± 8.8 years, mean weight 129.4 ± 14.0 kg and mean BMI 42.3 ± 4.7 kg/m2. Dyslipidemia was the most prevalent comorbidity. Considering TT <264 ng/dL, 22 patients (73%) had hypogonadism. The mean TT in hypogonadal men was 198.9 + 68.7 ng/dL and in eugonadal men 357.0 + 59.5 ng/dl (P < .001). Using TT <164 ng/dL, 7 patients (23%) had hypogonadism. The mean TT in hypogonadal patients was 116.6 + 28.9 ng/dL and in eugonadal patients 279.0 + 75.0 ng/dL (P < .001). In Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male questionnaire, 93.3% had positive screening, with no significant difference between groups. There was no statistically significant difference in body composition between groups when using TT <264 ng/dL as the hypogonadism cutoff. Considering hypogonadism TT <164 ng/dL, hypogonadal patients had significantly higher values of weight (139.0 × 126.5 kg P = .036), BMI (46.1 × 41.2 kg/m2P = .014), FM-% (48.0 × 42.8% P = .010) and FM-kg (66.3 × 53.9 kg P = .007) than eugonadal patients. ConclusionHypogonadism was identified in at least 23% of patients. Considering TT below the lower limit of normality for characterization of hypogonadism, we identified a significant worsening in body composition parameters.

Infertility Improvement after Medical Weight Loss in Women and Men: A Review of the Literature.

Infertility is a modern health problem. Obesity is another expanding health issue associated with chronic diseases among which infertility is also included. This review will focus on the effects of weight loss by medical therapy on fertility regarding reproductive hormonal profile, ovulation rates, time to pregnancy, implantation rates, pregnancy rates, normal embryo development, and live birth rates. We comprised medicine already used for weight loss, such as orlistat and metformin, and emerging medical treatments, such as Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA). Their use is not recommended during a planned pregnancy, and they should be discontinued in such cases. The main outcomes of this literature review are the following: modest weight loss after medication and the duration of the treatment are important factors for fertility improvement. The fecundity outcomes upon which medical-induced weight loss provides significant results are the female reproductive hormonal profile, menstrual cyclicity, ovulation and conception rates, and pregnancy rates. Regarding the male reproductive system, the fertility outcomes that feature significant alterations after medically induced weight loss are as follows: the male reproductive hormonal profile, sperm motility, movement and morphology, weight of reproductive organs, and sexual function. The newer promising GLP-1 RAs show expectations regarding fertility improvement, as they have evidenced encouraging effects on improving ovulation rates and regulating the menstrual cycle. However, more human studies are needed to confirm this. Future research should aim to provide answers about whether medical weight loss therapies affect fertility indirectly through weight loss or by a possible direct action on the reproductive system.

Toxicological Effect of Prolonged Coca-Cola and Bullet Soft Drinks Consumption on Male Hormonal and Testicular Oxidative Profile in Wistar Rats

This study examines the effects of prolonged consumption of soft and bullet drinks on different sex hormones i.e. luteinizing hormones (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Testosterone (T), testicular antioxidative parameters ie Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)and the histopathological effects of soft drinks consumption on the testis. Thirty five (35) male wistar rats were employed in this study for seven weeks.Group1 (control) was giving normal feeds and water ad libitum, group2 was administered 1.2ml coca cola drinks,Group3 double dose (2.4ml) coca cola drinks,Gruop4 (0.6ml) bullet drinks while 1.2ml sugar solution was given to group5 including normal feeds and water ad libitum.The results from this study shows significant decrease in superoxide dismutase mean values among the test groups compared with control while in Malondialdehyde there was an increased significantly in group4 administered bullet drinks (13.60µg/mg), group2 mean values administered 1.2ml coca cola drinks was (7.50 µg/mg), group3 administered double dose of 2.4ml Coca Cola drinks daily was (6.60µg/mg) while gruop5 mean values administered 1.2ml sugar solution daily was (5.00 µg/mg) compared with the control group of (2.60 µg/mg) mean significant values of &lt;0.05. There was a significant increase in the mean reproductive hormones mean values among the test groups compared with the control group. except the testosterone mean value in group5 administered sugar solution that has lower value than the control group. Findings from this study have shown the toxicological adverse effect of prolonged consumption of coca cola and bullet soft drinks on testicular pathophysiology and significant increase in male reproductive hormones signaling testicular damaged which can result in infertility among males.

Toxicological Effect of Prolonged Coca-Cola and Bullet Soft Drinks Consumption on Male Hormonal and Testicular Oxidative Profile in Wistar Rats

Toxicological Effect of Prolonged Coca-Cola and Bullet Soft Drinks Consumption on Male Hormonal and Testicular Oxidative Profile in Wistar Rats

Sperm concentrations do not correlate with semen parameters and hormone profiles in males recovered from COVID-19.

Although the negative impact on fertility of men recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been suggested, there is insufficient evidence, and the data are limited and contradictory. The present prospective study aimed to evaluate the sex-related hormones, semen parameters, erectile dysfunction (ED), and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in a cohort of men who recovered from COVID-19 and age-matched control men. Semen samples were collected from twenty-two men recovered from COVID-19 with a median time of 91.5 days and thirty-six control males. The semen parameters were evaluated according to the World Health Organization (WHO) laboratory manual to examine and process human semen. The blood samples were collected to assess the male hormone profile. ED and LUTS were evaluated with the International Index of Erectile Function 5 (IIEF-5) and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), respectively. The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (3.819±1.515 IU/L), luteinizing hormone (LH) (4.023±1.792 IU/L), prolactin (PRL) [12.60 (10.72-15.20) ng/mL], and testosterone (T) [4.345 (3.565-5.525) ng/mL] levels were at normal range in all males enrolled in the study. Levels of semen volume (control: 2.5 mL vs. COVID-19: 1.9 mL; P<0.05) and sperm concentration (control: 59×106/mL vs. COVID-19: 41.5×106/mL; P<0.005) were significantly lower in males recovered from COVID-19, but still technically well within normal regardless of WHO edition. All variables were examined through logistic regression analysis, demonstrating that only sperm concentration was an independent variable associated with men recovered from COVID-19 [odds ratio (OR) =1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.999-1.098; P=0.016]. According to correlation analysis, there was no correlation between sperm concentration and other semen parameters and sex-related hormone profiles. Furthermore, an absence of ED and LUTS in men who recovered from COVID-19 was evidenced using the IIEF-5 and IPSS, respectively. Reproductive-age males recovered from COVID-19 have normal sperm concentration. Sperm concentration did not correlate with other semen parameters, sex-related hormones, IIEF-5, and IPSS. Further studies should be performed to evaluate whether the lower sperm concentration and semen volume that were still within the normal range are a transient or prolonged downregulation resulting from the COVID-19 attack.

Post-coronavirus disease 2019 sequelae on male-reproductive functions

Objectives The corona virus SARS-COV-2 has affected millions of people all over the world with much affection and damage to body systems and organs, and still, its long-term effects are debatable. Up till now, a lot of ongoing researches are being conducted to evaluate the deleterious effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on various systems, including reproduction, however, it is still debatable. Patients and methods Our cohort study included a total of 57 male COVID-19 patients, confirmed positive via nasopharyngeal PCR swab. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between the severity of COVID-19 infection and post-COVID sequelae on male-reproductive functions as regards semen parameters and male-hormone profile at the first and third month after discharge from the hospital. Results Our results have demonstrated highly statistically significant changes in sperm concentration, sperm total, and progressive motility, as well as follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and E2-hormone levels on the first and third month post-COVID infection with P value less than 0.001. In the same context, there was a statistical significance to testosterone-hormone level with P value 0.003. According to COVID-19 severity, there was a highly significant correlation between the degree of severity and affection of sperm concentration, total, and progressive motility with P value less than 0.001. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between the severity of infection and male-hormone profile. Conclusion The current study revealed a negative influence of COVID-19 infection on semen parameters as well as male-sex hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and E2) on the first and third month post-COVID infection; however, only semen parameters were affected by the degree of disease severity.

Chromosomal abnormalities and clinical conditions associated with the male infertility among Emirati

Background: Male infertility is a global health issue that is poorly described in United Arab Emirates. Methods In this 10-year retrospective cross-sectional study, we retrieved data of 312 male patients attending Dubai Fertility Center in United Arab Emirates between January 2011 and January 2021. We identified the type and prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities and hormonal and semen abnormalities among Emirati infertile males as compared with regional and global populations. Results Total chromosomal abnormalities accounted for 13.9% and 8% among azoospermic Emiratis and total Emirati infertile males, respectively. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities causing male infertility were Klinefelter syndrome, 47,XXY (4.0%); Jacob syndrome, 47,XYY (0.8%); mosaic, 48,XXXY/47,XXY/46,XY (0.4%); and mosaic 47,XXY/46,XY (0.4%). Structural chromosomal abnormalities causing male infertility were Y chromosome microdeletion (1.2%), 46,XX/46,XY (0.4%), 46,XY,inv(5)(p15.1q11.2) (0.4%), and 45,XY,der(13;15)(q10;q10) (0.4%). About 59.0% of the Emirati cohort had azoospermia, whereas 28.46% were diagnosed with other conditions of spermatogenic failure as severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (7.63%), severe oligoasthenospermia (5.22%), severe oligozoospermia (4.41%), oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (3.6%), asthenozoospermia (2.4%), oligoasthenospermia (1.6%), oligozoospermia (2%), teratozoospermia (0.8%), asthenoteratozoospermia (0.4%), and aspermia (0.4%). As for male hormonal profile of the Emiratis, azoospermic males with chromosomal defects had higher testosterone abnormality (72.2% vs. 45.4%), interstitial-cell stimulating hormone abnormality (66.6% vs. 42.6%), follicle-stimulating hormone abnormality (72.2% vs. 41.5%), and inhibin B hormone abnormality (100% vs. 83.8%) as compared to azoospermic males without chromosomal abnormalities. Conclusion This is the first study to report conclusively the profiling of chromosomal abnormality among Emirati infertile males, which falls within the regional and global range, and to highlight the critical role of genetic testing and counseling for evaluating male infertility.

Effects of acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on male hormone profile, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression, and potential for transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in semen of Asian men

ObjectiveTo confirm if severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be detected in semen of men with acute coronavirus disease 2019 and if their male hormone profile (testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, sex hormone binding globulin, and free androgen index) is adversely affected during the acute phase of infection and any relation to the ACE2 and/or TMPRSS2 expression in human semen.DesignClinical study.SettingNational University Hospital, Singapore.Patient(s)Asian men aged 21–55 years who were admitted to National University Hospital, Singapore, with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection via nasopharyngeal swab in the acute phase of the infection, within 2–14 days of the development of symptoms or contact history, were recruited for the study.Intervention(s)Blood was collected in the morning to assess the male hormone profile. Human semen were obtained by masturbation and sent to the molecular diagnostic laboratories to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and assess the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression.Main Outcome Measure(s)Male hormone profile level and expression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, ACE2, and TMPRSS2 in human semen.Result(s)A total of 63 men of Asian ethnicities agreed to participate in the study. Subsequently, 65% of recruited men had completely normal levels of male hormone profile. Moreover, 27% were noted to have higher luteinizing hormone levels between 6.6 and 16.1 IU/L (normal range, 0.8–6.1 IU/L), and 10% had higher follicle-stimulating hormone levels between 13.6 and 41.6 IU/L (normal range, 1.5–12.4 IU/L); all had normal testosterone levels. No SARS-CoV-2 RNAs were detected in all human semen. The ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression was undetectable in 26 samples, whereas 23 samples only had a detectable TMPRSS2 expression and 4 only had an ACE2 expression. The remaining 3 expressed both ACE2 and TMPRSS2.Conclusion(s)Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 could not be found in the semen of a cohort of young to middle-aged Asian men with mild acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there was a detectable expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in semen, although not causal, and it may be correlated to changes in male hormone profiles and male age.

Analysis of the Functional Aspects of Sperm and Testicular Oxidative Stress in Individuals Undergoing Metabolic Surgery.

Metabolic surgery is a recommended treatment for obese patients that results in BMI reduction; however, the observed impact of this therapy on male fertility is inconsistent. This research aimed to study the effects of BMI changes after metabolic surgery on seminal analysis, sex hormonal profile, sperm functional integrity, and the seminal plasma lipid peroxidation levels. A prospective study was performed in 15 patients for whom metabolic surgery was recommended. The patients were evaluated by the techniques proposed in this study before and after the surgical procedure for 12 months. In each analysis, the male sex hormonal profile, semen analysis, sperm functional integrity, and seminal lipid peroxidation levels were assessed. The surgery resulted in BMI reduction and improvement in seminal characteristics and male sex hormone profile. The semen analysis showed increases in volume, sperm progressive motility, and in sperm morphology and a decrease in immotile sperms. Sperm mitochondrial activity and sperm DNA integrity were improved, and the levels of seminal lipid peroxidation were decreased. The hormonal profile showed lower levels of estradiol and highest levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and testosterone. BMI changes resulting from this treatment and its metabolic consequences can be associated with changes in the male fertile potential, leading to an improvement in the seminal quality, male sex hormone profile, sperm functional aspects, and levels of seminal lipid peroxidation, thus decreasing the testicular oxidative stress.

Erectile Dysfunction, Testosterone Levels and Disease Activity in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients

To study erectile function in male patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) trying to correlate it with sexual hormonal profile and disease activity. We included 35 AS patients and 104 controls. Patients and controls answered the IIEF (International Index of Erectile Dysfunction) and had dosing of total testosterone, free testosterone (FT), bioavailable testosterone (BT), SHBG (serum hormone binding globulin), albumin and LH (luteinizing hormone). AS patients had epidemiological, clinical and treatment data obtained from the charts. AS disease activity was measured simultaneously with blood collection through Bath AS Disease Activity Index, ASDAS (AS Disease Activity Score) -ESR (using erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and ASDAS-CRP (using C reactive protein). The IIEF results were worse in AS patients than controls (P = .02). Total testosterone and SHBG were higher in AS (with P = .01 and P <.0001 respectively). Between the 2 groups, no differences in LH, FT, BT levels (all with P = ns) were found. In AS patients, the IIEF results did not correlate with total testosterone, SHBG, LH, FT, and BT but a negative association was found with Bath AS Disease Activity Index (P = .001) and ASDAS-CRP (P = .02). AS patients had worst sexual performance than controls that was linked to disease activity but not to male sexual hormonal profile.

Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen samples and the effects of COVID-19 on male sexual health by using semen analysis and serum male hormone profile: A cross-sectional, pilot study.

The study investigated whether there is a male reproductive system coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) phenomenon. Thirty participants who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study between April and May 2020. The participants were assigned in one of the three groups including COVID‐19 patients before and after treatment, and controls. Presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) within the semen samples was investigated. Additionally, participant's demographics, semen parameters and serum sex hormone levels were compared between the groups. SARS‐CoV‐2 was not detected within the semen samples. Sperm morphology and serum sex hormone levels were significantly different between the groups. In the post hoc analysis, sperm morphology was significantly lower in the COVID‐19 patients. Patients before treatment had significantly lower serum FSH, LH and T levels than controls. However, patients after treatment had similar serum FSH, LH and T levels with controls and patients before treatment. In our opinion, COVID‐19 and its treatment had no specific deteriorative effect on male sexual health at a short‐time period. In the patients before treatment, decreased serum of T, FSH and LH levels was consistent with acute patient stress due to COVID‐19. Similarly, it seems that decreased sperm morphology was associated with the acute fever.

Comparative histological and histochemical studies between ranitidine and nizatidine in treatment of peptic ulcer with evaluation of their adverse effects on male sex hormones

BackgroundPeptic ulcer is an excoriated area of stomach or intestinal mucosa. Two experimental designs were proceeded: the first aimed. on twenty adult male albino rats, used to study the protective effect of both ranitidine and nizatidine; on the second, including sixty adult male albino rats, was used to study the therapeutic effect of ranitidine and nizatidine after induction of ulcer and also to evaluate the adverse effects of therapeutic doses of H2-receptor antagonists on male hormonal profile. The study aims to assess the gastroprotective effects of nizatidine and ranitidine and on treating of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induced peptic ulcer and to evaluate its adverse effect on male sex hormones.ResultThe result revealed that ranitidine and nizatidine reduced incidence of ulceration. Histopathological findings showed a significant recovery of the alteration, and disturbance in male sex hormones.ConclusionNizatidine is better than ranitidine in the management of NSAIDs induced peptic ulcer in rats.

Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke Exposure during Lactation-Susceptibility of Reproductive Hormones and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Male Progeny Rats.

There is a growing evidence for the public health hazards associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS). While the adverse effects of WTS exposure during pregnancy on the offspring are widely reported, its impact during breastfeeding remains less understood. The effects of WTS exposure during lactation on the reproductive hormones and oxidative stress biomarkers of adult male progeny were examined. Lactating rats received either fresh air (controls) or mainstream WTS for 1h twice/day from day 4 to day 21 of lactation. The offspring was then followed up until week 20. The data indicated that WTS exposure in the lactating animals reduced the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (P < 0.05), luteinizing hormone (LH) (P = 0.1146), and estradiol (P = 0.0773) in the blood in male progeny.While the activities of testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) and blood levels of testosterone (P>0.05) remained unaltered, the activity of catalase increased significantly indicating an increased oxidant loadin the WTS exposed rats compared to the controls. WTS exposure during lactation impairs male reproductive hormonal profile, augments oxidative damage, and potentially affects male fertility in male offspring rats.

Effects of omega-3 on androgenic activity in cadmium-induced hypertensive rats

Background and objective: Cadmium is a widely distributed metal in the environment that causes testicular toxicity and various tissue damage associated with hypertension. Omega-3, an essential fatty acid, has been demonstrated to be an effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of cadmium on cardiovascular and reproductive systems in male rats and examine the possible protective effects of omega-3 against cadmium-induced hypertension and testicular dysfunctions. Methods: The rats were divided into three groups. The first group served as the control, the second group received cadmium chloride in drinking water, and the third group received cadmium chloride plus omega-3 for 28 days. Blood pressure and heart rate were estimated. Blood samples were collected; sexual hormones and other biochemical parameters were evaluated. Testes and epididymis were taken for semen analysis and histopathology. Results: Significant adverse effects were seen in the studied parameters of the cardiovascular and reproductive systems after cadmium exposure, including hypertension, alteration in sperm parameters, weights of sex glands, and histological structures. In contrast, co-administration of omega-3 significantly reduced mean blood pressure, but improved sperm parameters and the histology of testis. No protective effect of omega-3 could be seen on male hormone and lipid profile parameters except high-density lipoprotein. Conclusion: Exposure to cadmium induced hypertension, impaired testicular functions, and histology. Omega-3 has protective effects on vascular and testicular functions. Therefore, supplementation with omega-3 had a protective effect against cardiovascular and reproductive toxicity induced by cadmium.

Male Reproductive Hormonal Profile of Cotton Farmers Exposed to Synthetic Pesticides in the North-East of Benin

Male Reproductive Hormonal Profile of Cotton Farmers Exposed to Synthetic Pesticides in the North-East of Benin

In vitro and in vivo endocrine disrupting effects of the azole fungicides triticonazole and flusilazole

Azoles are effective antifungal agents used in both medicine and agriculture. They typically work by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes, primarily CYP51 of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, thus damaging the fungal cell membrane. However, apart from their desired antifungal properties, several azoles also exhibit endocrine disrupting properties in mammals, both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we have tested two currently used agricultural azole fungicides, triticonazole and flusilazole, for their in vitro anti-androgenic activity and potential effects on reproductive parameters. Both fungicides showed strong androgen receptor (AR) antagonism and disruption of steroid biosynthesis in vitro. Following gestational exposure to flusilazole (15 or 45 mg/kg bw/day) or triticonazole (150 or 450 mg/kg bw/day) in time-mated Sprague Dawley rats, triticonazole induced shorter male anogenital distance (AGD). Flusilazole exposure did not affect the AGD, but altered fetal male blood hormone profile, with increased androstenedione and decreased estrone levels. Flusilazole and triticonazole have dissimilar effects on reproductive parameters in vivo, but both show endocrine disrupting activities.

To study of apoptotic gene expression through hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in

To investigate the apoptotic gene expression of Bcl-2, Cytochrome C, Caspase and procaspase with male hormone profile in infertile subjects for their relationship to sperm quality and cell death parameters. We undertook gene expression on a total of 400 individuals, including 100 fertile donors as controls and three subgroups of infertile men, normozoospermic (idiopathic unexplained; n=100), oligozoospermic (n=100) and asthenozoospermic (n=100). These participants were selected from Departments of Urology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India. We used ELISA, quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) with lightCycler Fast Start DNA PLUS SybrGreen kit for IL-6 and TNF alpha, Bcl-2, Cytochrome C, Caspase and procaspase mRNA and their relation to male fertility. We found decreased sperm motion kinetics and altered male hormone profile was associated with decreased Bcl-2 and procaspase expression and increased of cytochrome c expression was significantly increased in the oligozoospermic and asthenozoospermic infertile subjects compared to healthy fertile subjects. Male hormones, Bcl-2, Cytochrome C and Caspase gene expression were altered in men with impaired fertility possibly via their associations with sperm count, motility and morphology.

Oxidative stress and male infertility: current knowledge of pathophysiology and role of antioxidant therapy in disease management.

Infertility is a global health problem involving about 15% of couples. Approximately half of the infertility cases are related to male factors. The oxidative stress, which refers to an imbalance in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, is one of the main causes of infertility in men. A small amount of ROS is necessary for the physiological function of sperm including the capacitation, hyperactivation and acrosomal reaction. However, high levels of ROS can cause infertility through not only by lipid peroxidation or DNA damage but inactivation of enzymes and oxidation of proteins in spermatozoa. Oxidative stress (OS) is mainly caused by factors associated with lifestyle. Besides, immature spermatozoa, inflammatory factors, genetic mutations and altering levels of sex hormones are other main source of ROS. Since OS occurs due to the lack of antioxidants and its side effects in semen, lifestyle changes and antioxidant regimens can be helpful therapeutic approaches to overcome this problem. The present study aimed to describe physiological ROS production, roles of genetic and epigenetic factors on the OS and male infertility with various mechanisms such as lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and disorder of male hormone profile, inflammation, and varicocele. Finally, the roles of oral antioxidants and herbs were explained in coping with OS in male infertility.

Two unusual cases of abnormal male sex hormone profile

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Male reproductive hormone profile in Rwandan students

To illustrate the male reproductive hormone profile, a study was conducted among healthy male university students living at Butare, Rwanda (altitude: 1768m, barometric pressure: 629mm Hg). Venous blood was collected in the morning, after overnight fasting. Hormonal assays were performed by classical sandwich ELISA technique. Mean values (±standard deviation SD) were follicle-stimulating hormone FSH: 3.7±1.6 IUl(-1) ; luteinising hormone LH: 3.6±2.2 IUl(-1) ; and total testosterone: 21.0±7.5nm. The results compare well with findings of other studies.