Male Gonopores Research Articles

Monobothrium hunteri sp. n. (Cestoidea : Caryophyllaeidae) from Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) (Pisces : Catostomidae) in North America

Monobothrium hunteri sp. n. (Cestoidea : Caryophyllaeidae) is described from Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) in four states. The adult is described, and a table comparing the four species of Monobothrium is given. The systematics of the genus are briefly discussed and the literature records of M. ingens Hunter are reviewed. The life cycle is unknown. A new species of monozoic tapeworm found in the fish Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) in central New York by Mackiewicz (1961a) is described in this paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS A nonrandom sample of 506 C. commersoni was examined. Of these, 381 were collected from central New York from July 1955 through June 1958. Localities, with numbers of fish and incidence respectively in parentheses, are as follows: Tompkins Co., Cayuga Lake and feeder streams at Ithaca (114/5); Fall, Cascadilla, and Six-mile creeks at Ithaca (137/2); Salmon Creek near Ludlowville (2/0); Dryden Lake outlet at Dryden (26/5). Onondaga Co., Oneida Lake at Shackelton Point (43/0). Herkimer Co., Bisby and Little Moose lakes near Old Forge (28/0). Oswego Co., Black Creek at Cleveland (18/0); and Cayuga Co., Owasco Lake outlet at Groton (13/0). Of the remaining fish 68 were from the Cornell University fish collection representing the following regions, fish numbers, and incidence: Alberta, Canada (1/0); Delaware (2/0); Kentucky (2/0); Maryland (2/0); New Jersey (2/0); North Carolina (17/4); Ohio (6/0); South Carolina (1/0); South Dakota (2/0); Tennessee (11/0); Virginia (7/0); West Virginia (11/1); and Wyoming (4/1). Five additional preserved fish from Michigan and 52' others from Pennsylvania were negative. Preserved fish ranged in total length from 92 to 419 mm; nonpreserved, 28 to 527 mm. Fish were collected in both summer and winter. Received for publication 15 February 1963. * Modified from a thesis submitted to the Graduate School of Cornell University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. t Present address: Department of Biology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany. Cestodes from preserved fish were sometimes badly distorted and not suitable for critical morphological studies. Living worms were first placed in 0.7% saline to observe the scolex movements before dropping them in hot AFA, 10% formalin, or Bouin's fluid. Cross, sagittal, and frontal sections of both mature and immature worms were made. Measurements are based on relaxed, unflattened specimens. Testes and vitellaria measurements on a single worm were obtained by taking the mean of 30 follicles consisting of a nonrandom sample of the ten anterior, middle, and posterior follicles. Material examined included whole mounts of 14 mature and 20 immature worms; serial sections of 4 mature and 6 immature worms. Comparative material of Monobothrium wageneri Nybelin, 1922 consisted of three whole mounts of mature worms and sections of one other from Tinca tinca (L.) Odra River, Poland, determined by and obtained from Dr. Janiszewska, Wroclaw, Poland; and six slides of serial sections of worms from the type locality in Italy from Dr. Nybelin's collection. Comparative material of M. ingens Hunter, 1927 consisted of the type (whole mount, USNM 51176), a single whole mount of a mature worm from Ictiobus cyprinellus (Val.), and three immature worms from Carpiodes carpio (Raf.) from St. Croix River, Minnesota, in the collection of T. Jensen. The M. ingens reported by Bangham and Venard (1942), Self and Campbell (1956), and Krueger (1954) could not be obtained. Examples of M. auriculatum Kulakovskaja, 1961 could not be obtained. Monobothrium hunteri sp. n. Specific diagnosis (N = size of sample measured): Adults (N = 9) from 6.8 to 21 mm long by 0.5 to 1.3 mm wide at the male gonopore. Immature worms (N = 5) from 1.7 to 7 mm long by 0.3 to 0.7 mm wide at the male gonopores. Scolex round in cross section, lacking longitudinal

Memoirs: The Morphology and Development of the Genitalia and Genital Ducts of Homoptera and Zygoptera as Shown in the Life Histories of Philaenus and Agrion

1. In the male Philaenus and Agrion the vasa deferentia terminate on the ninth segment in the early stages. An ectodermal invagination from that segment joins them subsequently and thus the male gonopore is established. 2. The accessory glands develop in Philaenus male from the anterior end of the swollen extremities of the vasa deferentia and the vesiculae seminales from a still more forward region. 3. The accessory glands of the male are mesodermal in origin and not ectodermal as some authors state. 4. There is no evidence as to the existence of a ‘pair of ectodermal ejaculatory’ ducts either in Philaenus orin Agrion, and reasons are adduced to show that they do not exist at all in the higher Insecta. 5. In the female nymph of Philaenus the oviducts terminate on the seventh segment. They are subsequently joined by an ectodermal invagination from the seventh segment. The common oviduct is formed in two parts: the anterior part is derived from the posterior region of the invagination on the seventh and the posterior region is formed as a groove from the ectodermis of the eighth segment and subsequently this groove is converted into a tube. When the second part is completed it is in connexion with the invagination from the seventh and opens to the outside on the eighth segment. The ectodermal invagination from the seventh also gives rise to the spermatheca. A median accessory gland develops as an invagination from the ninth segment between the bases of the inner ovipositor lobes. A pair of accessory glands develop as paired imaginations from the anterior region of the ninth segment. 6. In the female nymph of Agrion the oviducts fuse to form a single duct and terminate in the middle of the eighth segment. Posteriorly an ectodermal invagination from the eighth segment meets this duct and lies in a position dorsal to it. Later on the ectodermal invagination develops a spermatheca dorsally and the mesodermal and the ectodermal ducts unite into one. The accessory glands develop as paired ectodermal invaginations from the anterior region of the ninth segment. 7. The female gonopore is not homologous in the different groups of insects. The vaginal opening in Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera is homologous. The vaginal opening in Coleoptera is homologous with the oviducal opening of Lepidoptera, with the opening of the accessory gland of Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Isoptera, and the opening of the spermatheca in some Orthoptera. 8. The common oviduct, being formed differently in the different groups is not homologous. The accessory organs, e. g. spermatheca, are not homologous in the different groups. 9. There is no evidence to show that the common oviduct is of paired origin. 10. The occurrence of a median accessory structure on the ninth segment which develops in the young as an invagination between the bases of the inner ovipositor lobes is very general in the higher Insecta. In some it functions as a gland, in others as a storehouse for spermatozoa. 11. The homology of the paired accessory glands is indicated. 12. The male genital ducts are not strictly homologous with those of the female. The homologue of the ejaculatory duct is the invagination from the ninth segment in the female. 13. The Odonata stand isolated in having a mesodermal region for the common oviduct and in the peculiar development of the two processes between the anterior ovipositor lobes. 14. The probable lines of evolution of the female efferent system in Insecta are indicated. The study of the development of the female efferent system indicates that the groups Orthoptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera are very closely allied. Coleoptera seem to have had quite a different line of evolution from the above groups in this respect. 15. The adult Odonatan anatomy of the genital organs in the female as observed by me is in some respects different from that described by Tillyard. In conclusion I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude towards Professor Balfour-Browne and Dr. J. W. Munroe, both of whom have always been ready to help me. My colleague Mr. R. I. Nel, who is working on similar lines in this department,, has rendered me valuable help, not only in matters connected with the subject proper but also in translating difficult German references. I am also indebted to Mr. Peter Gray who helped me a good deal in translating references in Italian.

The Genitalia of the Auchenorhynchous Homoptera

Most students of insect morphology consider that the male and female genitalia of insects are homologous, but it is also considered that in some groups of insects the female genital opening, or gonopore, is situated between the eighth and ninth abdominal sternites and the male gonopore between the ninth and tenth. So far as the Hemiptera are concerned these two views have never been reconciled, and the fact that the gonapophyses of the two sexes appear to pertain to different segments has been ignored, or used as an argument against the organs being homologous.