Male Figures Research Articles

Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction by Gordon C. Rhea

Reviewed by: Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction by Gordon C. Rhea Holly A. Pinheiro Jr. Stephen A. Swails: Black Freedom Fighter in the Civil War and Reconstruction. By Gordon C. Rhea. Southern Biography. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2021. Pp. xvi, 189. $29.95, ISBN 978-0-8071-7626-9.) The American Civil War remains one of the most discussed and written-about historical periods, highlighting the relevance of the era even today. Additionally, the war has drawn generations of sustained interest from academics and the public in investigating the conflict’s multidimensional impacts. Thankfully, a bevy of scholars, including Gordan C. Rhea, remain committed to illuminating the lived experiences of Black soldiers during the Civil War era. Rhea, like other scholars, also recognizes that it is essential to explore Black soldiers’ lives in totality—before, during, and (potentially) after their time in the U.S. Army—while also including the perspectives of their [End Page 161] families and communities. Taking this approach provides nuanced avenues for historical analysis. As Rhea notes, even with the wealth of scholarship on the long Civil War era, there are still very few biographies in which a Black soldier is the central figure of the monograph. Rhea’s well-written and informative biography of Stephen A. Swails is an invaluable contribution to the historiography, as the author amplifies the historical voice of a Black servicemember and simultaneously disrupts the scholarly hyperfocus on white male figures (usually military officers and politicians). This approach allows readers to understand and discuss the lived experiences of Black soldiers like Swails, who composed 10 percent of the U.S. Army forces after 1862 and made profound and lasting impacts on American history. Sadly, despite these contributions, Black soldiers remain on the fringes in many historical examinations of this period. Throughout the book, Rhea details how Swails and other Black people experienced various forms of anti-Blackness that adapted over time and across regions. For Swails, those experiences included witnessing a large-scale race riot in antebellum Columbia, Pennsylvania, and dealing with racial discrimination (and fighting for his life) while holding political office in the Palmetto State after the Civil War. By tracing Swails’s life across an extended period, Rhea skillfully proves that Black soldiers fought for racial and social equality long before and long after they donned military uniforms. The book’s straightforward chronological structure spans eleven chapters that highlight how Swails’s and his family members’ lives intersected with numerous important historical events. For example, Rhea describes how Swails’s impressive rise from the rank of private to second lieutenant in the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry corresponded with an extended separation from his first wife, Sarah, and their two children. By including the familial experiences of Black soldiers, Rhea reifies the point that ignoring the home front silences the voices of important historical figures. The book touches on several historical topics, including an account of Swails’s fight against racial and political violence in South Carolina that many people should consider reading. In one of the most powerful portions of the book, Rhea details how Swails’s life remains important today to the numerous South Carolinians who continue to honor his legacy, including Congressman James E. Clyburn. For these and many other reasons, Gordon C. Rhea illustrates that scholarly attention needs to continue centering on the lives of Black historical figures to establish a more inclusive understanding of American history. Holly A. Pinheiro Jr. Furman University Copyright © 2023 The Southern Historical Association

The effectiveness of the program for improving the physical fitness of skaters at the stage of specialized basic training

The professionalization of the sport of the highest achievements determines high requirements for the special preparation of skaters, sets new complex theoretical and practical tasks, which in turn causes the need for further search for perfect means and methods of training in figure skating in order to achieve victory on the world stage. The purpose of the research is to determine the effectiveness of the program for improving the physical fitness of skaters at the stage of specialized basic training. Research methodology. The work used the methods of the theoretical level of research: analysis, comparison, induction, deduction, systematization and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, regulatory and legal documents; empirical research methods (pedagogical experiment and pedagogical testing of the level of physical fitness of figure skaters). The results. According to our experimental training program for male and female figure skaters, within the mesocycles of the general training stage, it was stipulated that in the engaging mesocycle, 60% of the time is allocated to general physical training, 20% to special and choreographic training; in the first basic mesocycle - for the corresponding training sections of 50%, 30% and 20%. Within the second basic mesocycle, 50% of time is allocated to general physical training, 20% to special training, 20% to choreographic training, and 10% to psychological training. Conclusions. Based on the results of the research, the effectiveness of the experimental training program in improving the results of the general (p<0.001) physical fitness of male and female skaters in the preparatory period at the stage of specialized basic training was established.

Asian sporting masculinities in figure skating: media representations of Nathan Chen and Yuzuru Hanyu as rivals

In sport and sport media, figure skating is often perceived as ‘feminine’ and male skaters frequently occupy an ambiguous position, especially for Asian (American) athletes in a historically White-dominated sport. Based on discourse analysis, this article compares how English- and Japanese-language news narratives represent elite male figure skaters Nathan Chen and Yuzuru Hanyu, who are close rivals and skate for the United States and Japan respectively. We demonstrate how English-language media reinforce (U.S.) nationalism by portraying ‘Quad King’ Chen as hypermasculine for his athleticism and ‘Ice Prince’ Hanyu as feminized for his exceptional artistry. Despite being pitted against each other, we argue that in Japanese media narratives, their convivial rivalry and sportsmanship reveal what we call ‘Asian sporting masculinities’, alternative constructions of masculinities complicating monolithic stable understandings of masculinity in or congruous with the West. This study advances critical media and cultural studies by rethinking masculinities in Asian sporting bodies.

The gender-based facing bias in 3-D biological motion perception.

In biological motion perception, movements of several point lights can evoke a vivid impression of living animals, including humans. Recent studies have reported that male point-light walkers tend to be perceived as facing toward the viewer more than female walkers, and have hypothesized that the gender-based facing bias arises from motion signals. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis under experimental conditions where binocular disparity was added to biological motion stimuli. In the two experiments reported here, participants were presented with disparity-defined female and male point-light figures facing toward or away from the viewer. In Experiment 1, we measured "facing-the-viewer" responses in upright and inverted walker configurations. It was found that the facing bias was greater for the male walker than for the female walker in most disparity magnitudes, regardless of walker inversion. In Experiment 2, the walker stimuli were replaced by static snapshots of the walkers. The results showed that the facing bias did not differ between the female and male static figures. These results suggest that motion signals play an important role in producing the gender-based facing bias, even when binocular disparity is added to biological motion stimuli.

The Image of the City in Armenia: Anthropological Perspective

Socially significant phenomena are usually personified and embodied in the images of ancestors, ethnarchs, and heroes. The anthropomorphic symbol in the fine arts was an integral part of ancient Greek culture from the very beginning. Accepting the traditional classification as natural phenomena (e.g. g. Earth, Sky, River), places (e.g. g. Region, Earth, City), time (e.g. g. Month, Time of Life, Season), emotions (e.g. g. Love, Fear), political concepts (e. g. g. Victory, Democracy, War), etc., the question of their deification remains a complex and difficult one. The image of the city in anthropomorphic form first appeared in Hellenic art, but its iconographic roots go back to earlier times. Social well-being can be associated with divine figures, such as Tyche or the successive heroes of state power. Artists depicted these characters as resembling heroes or demigods, perhaps deliberately placing them between the divine and human realms. One such heroic character for Armenia is expressed in the idea of “Mother Armenia, Capital, Hero”. However, the image of the “Mother City Goddess” went a long way in Armenia before it became a symbol of the capital. The polis (city) could be depicted as a male or female figure, with the female image being more predominant. The close association with the male figure of Demos reflects the ambivalent nature of urban culture. The polis can be seen as the basic unit of Greek society throughout antiquity. The personification of the polis, understood as a broad and diverse social, geographical, and political phenomenon, can be considered on the basis of the analysis of archaeological and written sources. Defining the polis in a heterogeneous Hellenistic society is a difficult task, especially when the socio-historical context is not directly reflected by individual archaeological findings and detailed historical data. A single definition may not be appropriate, since the meaning and function of the polis varied.

Kobiety (nie)widoczne w nazwach ulic – dysproporcje liczbowe między patronkami a patronami ulic w polskich miastach na prawach powiatu

The study aims to determine the degree of disproportion in numbers between male and female patrons of the streets of Polish large cities. It provides answers to the question of how many streets in cities with county rights were named after male and female historical figures. The research sample includes all 66 cities and towns with county rights. Moreover, on the basis of the collected data, a pantheon of female patrons was prepared. Data from the TERYT register was manually marked in a spreadsheet in order to count patrons disaggregated by gender. The study concluded that there is a high degree of numerical disproportion between female and male street patrons in Polish cities. Among historical figures commemorated in street names, women constitute between 3.52% and 19.86%. The most common patrons are Maria Konopnicka, Maria Skłodowska-Curie and Eliza Orzeszkowa.

The role of male figures in the support of female successors

The role of male figures in the support of female successors

The role of male figures in the support of female successors

The role of male figures in the support of female successors

EFEITOS DO TREINO DE ALONGAMENTO SOBRE A FORÇA DE EXPLOSÃO NOS MEMBROS INFERIORES DOS ATLETAS DE PATINAÇÃO ARTÍSTICA

ABSTRACT Introduction Figure skating is characterized by a high degree of flexibility, balance, and technical precision. It belongs to the sports group that combines high speed and endurance. Therefore, it is very important for athletes to correctly master these techniques and physical strength and execute precise movements in their performances. Objective Explore the effect of stretching training on the lower limb explosive strength of figure skating athletes. Methods 20 outstanding male figure skaters from the Chinese team were selected as volunteers. The experimental method was used using the OPTOJUMP test system, among other instruments, for comparison of pre and post-intervention results. Results Through scientific observation, it was found that skaters have less requirement for upper limb strength training, minimizing its importance because upper limb strength training can assist in motor coordination of athletes’ lower limbs and help them stabilize to perform dynamic movements. Therefore upper limb strength training is also emphasized in the proposed training. Conclusion The stretching training on the lower limb strength of figure skating athletes proved to be useful for the improvement of performance and execution of the intrinsic movements of the sport. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Review: Selling Black Brazil: Race, Nation, and Visual Culture in Salvador, Bahia, by Anadelia A. Romo, and Modernity in Black and White: Art and Image, Race and Identity in Brazil, 1890–1945, by Rafael Cardoso

Review: <i>Selling Black Brazil: Race, Nation, and Visual Culture in Salvador, Bahia</i>, by Anadelia A. Romo, and <i>Modernity in Black and White: Art and Image, Race and Identity in Brazil, 1890–1945</i>, by Rafael Cardoso

GENDER ROLES AMONG PUBLIC ELEMENTARY TEACHERS: BASIS FOR GENDER-RESPONSIVE INTERVENTION ACTIVITIES

Teachers are usually considered the backbone of schools, and understanding teachers' roles is vital to understanding the educational system. With this as a focus, differences in the perceived gender roles of public male and female elementary teachers were collected from 262 teachers from public central elementary schools in Cavite, Philippines. Results showed that elementary teaching is still a female-dominated profession and students have only limited encounters with male and/or father figures in elementary education. It was also observed that male and female teachers share equal roles in reproductive, community, and leisure activities. However, discrepancies are observed in their productive activities as female teachers spend more time in productive activities than male teachers. Strategies for gender-responsive policies and projects for teachers and other education personnel are recommended.

Ana Jansen: one of the forerunners of female entrepreneurship in Brazil

Through research, this article aims to understand the entrepreneurial profile of D. Ana Jansen at a time when society was strongly patriarchal in the province of Maranhão, in the middle of the nineteenth century. For this, we sought to solve the problem of how D. Ana Jansen developed her administrativeand managerial capacity, outlining her entrepreneurial profile in a period where society wasstrongly dominated by the male figure, both in the political and commercial spheres, in São Luís. The goal was to identify D. Ana Jansen’s entrepreneurial profile, which became necessary to recognize the economic and social characteristics of the province of Maranhão in the nineteenth century, its aspects related to entrepreneurship in Maranhão, and the prominent role that D. Ana Jansen achieved through her performance in politics, administration, economy, and society in Maranhão. A qualitative approach of basic research with a bibliographic and documentary survey was employed to study the categories of Brazilian commerce in the nineteenth century, Maranhão province, and the figure of D. Ana Jansen as a pioneer of female entrepreneurship in the state. In addition, the qualitative method and content analysis were used to treat the data and information collected through the literature review. After the study, we found that the female entrepreneurship of D. Ana Jansen in the nineteenth century began from her life experiences and actions in the political context in which she was in the province of Maranhão. Our findings also demonstrated her skills and opportunities to run a business and manage the public office at the time, where she gained her place in Maranhão society and created her way of multiplying the province’s heritage. The present study identified the characteristics and traits of life as a professional that formed D. Ana Jansen’s entrepreneurial profile and, being the pioneer in the potable water distribution trade, a business model consistent with the current.

Attila in Mediolanum – Some notes on the iconography of the Huns

This article pays attention to the fact that no attested contemporary depictions of the Huns have been identified yet. It is so despite the fact that the Suda lexicon mentions the event when King Attila saw a picture in the imperial palace of Milan in 452 representing the victorious emperors and the defeated deceased Huns. According to the story, Attila re-painted the picture where the Roman emperors bringing sacks of gold are shown before his throne. This scene can be identified with the well-known submission scenes of late Roman triumphal monuments of Constantinople, but here, naturally, the Barbarians were depicted kneeling before the emperor(s). The author examined all these monuments (esp. the base of the Theodosius’ Obelisk and the Arcadius’ Column) and came to the conclusion that these Barbarians cannot be identified as Huns. On the other hand, it cannot be ruled out that the Eastern Barbarians (generally identified as Persians) depicted in the pedestal of the Arcadius Column were Huns. Studying the evidence of later ivory diptychs, the author suggests that there was no significant iconographic distinction between the bearded Persian male figures, the Huns and other nomad peoples. Most probably they were also depicted in trousers with Phrygian caps.

Minerva’s French Sisters: Women of Science in Enlightenment France. By Nina Rattner Gelbart

A detail of Maurice-Quentin de La Tour’s searching portrait of Mademoiselle Ferrand méditant sur Newton (1752) stares out at the reader from the jacket of the book. The artfully posed sitter in her beribboned and lace-edged toilette du matin is shown in front of an impressive tome, its size swollen to denote its importance. The running headline ‘DE NEWTON’ allows us to identify the volume as a copy of an Enlightenment bestseller: Voltaire’s Éléments de la philosophie de Newton, dedicated to the most famous ‘woman of science’ of the French Enlightenment, Émilie Du Châtelet, ‘France’s ­Minerva’, herself the first translator into French of the Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. The cover illustration is a perfect choice for this series of short monographic chapters on six remarkable Frenchwomen, born between 1700 and 1740, who all deserve to be remembered for their practice of and contribution to scientific research. Along with the ‘celebrated Mlle Ferrand’, the author deals with Nicole-Reine Lepaute, ‘astronomer and “learned calculator”’; botanists Madeleine Françoise Basseporte and Jeanne Barret; the anatomist Marie Marguerite Biheron; and the chemist Marie Geneviève Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville. Nina Rattner Gelbart draws on a wide variety of sources — some of them unpublished — from academic memoirs to letters, legal documents, and traces of more or less scurrilous gossip. Some of the six figures she presents are a little better known than others but all are fascinating. Many of them had to fight prejudice to be allowed to acquire an education and pursue their scientific activity. All too often their discoveries were attributed to male figures. The main merit of Gelbart’s study lies in granting them a degree of visibility often denied them by traditional historiography. This is without a doubt a worthy ambition. It is however legitimate to question whether it is served by the book’s strange hesitation between academic prose and ‘interludes’ composed of chirpy letters purporting to be written directly to the subjects. The latter are called by their first names in a practice reminiscent (presumably unintentionally) of the bracketing of women and children as minors. Whilst one can understand the essayist’s engagement with her subjects, the quasi-identification she sometimes appears to feel as she speculates about their reactions to having streets named after them or articles dedicated to them sits uncomfortably at times with a scholarly approach. One struggles to imagine a book with similar intentions dedicated, say, to eighteenth-century male scientists, oscillating between straightforward biographical sketches and pseudo-epistolary chit-chat: ‘Hey René-Antoine, you who were so interested in measuring the temperature right, how do you feel about global warming?’ might be an opening gambit for a chapter about Réaumur in a similarly conversational vein to the one adopted here. Such an angle is certainly imaginative but this reader at least is, alas, far from convinced that there was no better way to serve the intended (and once again admirable) purpose.

Cheek, Pamela L. Heroines and Local Girls: The Transnational Emergence of Women’s Writing in the Long Eighteenth Century

Cheek, Pamela L. <i>Heroines and Local Girls: The Transnational Emergence of Women’s Writing in the Long Eighteenth Century</i>

El discurso persuasivo y las estrategias lingüísticas de Clitemnestra en Agamenón de Esquilo: la palabra como artificio en pos del poder

In this paper we propose to address the persuasive linguistic strategies of Clytemnestra in Aeschylus’ Agamemnon for the execution of her husband’s murder as women’s skills and to analyse the functions of the queen’s language. She covers with a cloak the hatred she carries and shows herself according to the role determined for the woman and wife, publicly. Accordingly, we will analyse from different linguistic perspectives the discourse that the queen constructs. In this sense, Clytemnestra not only appropriates the power that does not concern her according to the male gaze, but also uses persuasion as a vehicle to reach it. Indeed, we consider that the ways to conclude her revenge are different from those used by male figures in the different intra-familial murders that had been taking place until then, since in this sense men produced their crimes without so much qualms and external interference on their role as males, that is, this type of vengeful crime was more associated with them. Clytemnestra’s discourse, then, operates in a double sense: a loving discourse that conforms to the social distribution assigned to women and that generates credibility in the men of the palace.

The Society of San Guiñolé: Pederasty and Prostitution in La chula by Francisco de Sales Mayo

Male prostitution figures as a topic of anxiety and consternation throughout European cities in the second half of the nineteenth century. In Spain, medico-legal specialists, social commentators, and fiction writers evinced this preoccupation mostly in their written works. The author Francisco de Sales Mayo includes a secret society of pederasts in the plot of his novel La chula, which is ostensibly about female sex work and its regulation in 1850s–60s Madrid. Building on previous scholarship on Sales Mayo, this study is the first that foregrounds male homosexuality in La chula due to its fundamental role in understanding the novel. It interrogates the work’s construction of the trope of the Society of San Guiñolé, a secret organization rife with sexual inverts, as a critique of proponents of the regulation of sex work. Relying on recent scholarship regarding female prostitution, masculinities, and male homosexuality, the study argues that the author associates San Guiñolé’s secretive sexual practices with Spain’s political and religious (ultra)conservatives in order to show what he believes is their deviant mission to allow sex work to flourish in Madrid, corrupt the bourgeois male model of heteronormativity, and prevent a secular, republican government from taking power.

The Power of Girls and Women in Flannery O’Connor’s Fiction

ABSTRACT Claire Katz states that Flannery O’Connor’s portrayal of women and girls is “dominated by a need to expose their weakness.” This essay demonstrates that her view of male and female power evolved throughout her career. In her early fiction, she represents women as weak and boys as powerful. In “A Circle in the Fire,” three young boys dominate a mother and a young girl. In her later fiction, she shows that male power is a mere illusion and that girls and women are more powerful than male figures. This essay provides instances of female power in three of her later works, “The Comforts of Home,” “A View of the Woods,” and “Revelation.”

Branded Media Representations of Coach Sarah Murray: The Intersection of Olympic Nationalism, Gender, and Whiteness in ice Hockey

This study offers a critical discourse analysis of media representations of coach Sarah Murray, the first foreign, the first female, and the youngest head coach of the South Korean women's national ice hockey team at the 2018 PyeongChang Olympics. We focus on the South Korean media, which framed and manipulated coach Murray's credibility, especially the caliber of her coaching, while constructing a familial tie and restating the global hierarchy between North America and South Korea in the sport of ice hockey. We suggest how the media (re)produced denotative/connotative meanings of the recruitment of Coach Murray and her leadership through determinant moments by engaging a discussion of the discourse that both constructed coach Murray as subordinate to male figures and affirmed whiteness as the center of the global context.

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