Male Faces Research Articles

Male Survivors’ Disclosure of Conflict‐Related Sexual Violence in Mental Health Care Settings: Results from a Phenomenological Study with Clinical Experts in Germany

Conflict‐related sexual violence (CRSV) can severely impair survivors’ mental health and prompt their need for mental health care. Male survivors face gender‐related barriers to disclosing experiences of sexual violence, yet the understanding of factors impeding or promoting disclosure is limited. This knowledge gap is even more pronounced regarding male disclosure in refugee settings. The high prevalence of CRSV experiences in male refugees in European host countries points to the urgency of understanding male disclosure processes along with its barriers and facilitators, in order to provide for adequate mental health care. 10 clinical experts working with male survivors of CRSV in Germany were interviewed adopting an explorative phenomenological approach and using the Problem‐Centered Interview. Qualitative content analysis yielded five themes describing male disclosure of CRSV: 1. Experiences of CRSV commonly remain nonverbalized, 2. Disclosure of CRSV is a dialogical and iterative process, 3. The process of (non‐)disclosure is a negotiation of agency, 4. Disclosure of CRSV affects the survivor’s psychoemotional state, and 5. Disclosure and recovery are interdependent processes. Additionally, seven categories describing barriers to and facilitators of male disclosure were extracted: 1. trauma characteristics, 2. survivor variables, 3. clinician variables, 4. interpreter variables, 5. interpersonal variables, 6. contextual variables, and 7. sociocultural variables. Clinical experts emphasize the effectivity of a gender‐specific communicative taboo for male refugee survivors that intersect with socio‐cultural norms. Variables characterizing survivors who are at risk of not disclosing CRSV are identified. A discussion of clinical approaches to address the taboo surrounding CRSV and to support male refugee survivors in agentic disclosure and recovery is provided.

A novel framework for quantitative rhinoplasty evaluation by ResNet convolutional neural network

Rhinoplasty is a popular surgical operation, so proposing trustworthy assessment methods is crucial. Previous studies often utilized traditional or non-automatic methods for rhinoplasty evaluation, overlooked the aesthetic harmony of the nose with other facial features, and provided limited descriptions of facial beauty without detailed explanations. To address these limitations, we have developed a deep learning-based system for quantitative and qualitative facial beauty assessment and rhinoplasty results based on the random preoperative and postoperative color photographs of 376 patients, differentiating male and female faces. The quantitative evaluation includes automatically extracting 3D facial key points from frontal and lateral views, developing a novel mathematical 3D facial model, applying seven criteria from rhinoplasty literature, and assigning related scores. The qualitative evaluation comprises the design of a questionnaire, the extraction of facial features using a unique CNN-based algorithm, and the assignment of scores based on the questionnaire's results. Our method calculates the success percentage of rhinoplasty and provides precise and comprehensive quantitative and qualitative beauty scores. The accuracy of the proposed facial feature extraction network is 71 %, which is considered acceptable according to the complexity of defining beauty and the novelty of this work. All procedures and outcomes are verified by an ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat) specialist. In particular, based on the presented extensive tables and histograms, some patients have lower postoperative scores than preoperative ones in some instances, which caused negative success scores. For this reason, individuals' appearance may occasionally worsen following rhinoplasty instead of improving. Therefore, preoperative assessments of facial features are crucial, and our proposed system facilitates this process. Our research also impacts individual self-assessment and surgeons' awareness significantly.

Lovers, not fighters: docility influences reproductive fitness, but not survival, in male Cape ground squirrels, Xerus inauris

Over their lifetime, individuals may use different behavioural strategies to maximize their fitness. Some behavioural traits may be consistent among individuals over time (i.e., ‘personality’ traits) resulting in an individual behavioural phenotype with different associated costs and benefits. Understanding how behavioural traits are linked to lifetime fitness requires tracking individuals over their lifetime. Here, we leverage a long-term study on a multi-year living species (maximum lifespan ~ 10 years) to examine how docility (an individual’s reaction to trapping and handling) may contribute to how males are able to maximize their lifetime fitness. Cape ground squirrels are burrowing mammals that live in social groups, and although males lack physical aggression and territoriality, they vary in docility. Males face high predation risk and high reproductive competition and employ either of two reproductive tactics (‘natal’ or ‘band’) which are not associated with different docility personalities. We found that although more docile individuals sired more offspring on an annual basis, docility did not affect an individual’s long-term (lifetime) reproductive output. Survival was not associated with docility or body condition, but annual survival was influenced by rainfall. Our findings suggest that although docility may represent a behavioural strategy to maximize fitness by possibly playing a role in female-male associations or female mate-choice, variations in docility within our study population is likely maintained by other environmental drivers. However, individual variations in behaviours may still contribute as part of the ‘tool kit’ individuals use to maximize their lifetime fitness.

Facial Feminization: Perioperative Care and Surgical Approaches.

After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand the regional anatomy involved in facial feminization surgery, the key differences between the male and female face, and surgical approaches for modification. 2. Appreciate the integration of preoperative virtual planning and nonoperative approaches for facial feminization care. 3. Understand the perioperative process and potential complications and sequela. 4. Understand the importance of transgender care acceptance as it pertains to clinical outcomes. Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is composed of a broad spectrum of gender-affirming surgical procedures with the goal of modifying specific facial features to create a more feminine appearance. As FFS continues to evolve as a subspecialty of transgender care, it is important to consider the psychosocial evaluation, evolving aesthetic tastes, nonoperative facial feminization care, preoperative virtual planning, specialized instrumentation, and potential complications/sequelae when performing these procedures. Computed tomographic imaging and virtual preoperative planning may be used to assist the surgeon with morphologic typing of the brow, supraorbital rim, chin, and lateral mandible regions and aid in performing safer, more efficient procedures. The increasing number of FFS procedures performed on transwomen annually has been supported by objective outcome studies that demonstrate progress in minimizing both misgendering in social environments and reducing dysphoric feelings.

Asexual individuals report high preferences for femininity in male and female faces

ABSTRACT Preferences for sexual dimorphism in male and female faces can vary based on the viewers’ gender, sexual orientation, and intensity of sexual desire. Asexual individuals, who experience little to no sexual attraction, may display different preferences for sexual dimorphism than has been observed in allosexual samples. Researchers have hypothesised that gender conformity may likewise impact preferences for sexual dimorphism. Participants (N = 182) recruited from an online asexual community provided demographic information and responded to measures of romantic attraction, sexual attraction, and conformity with male and female gender norms before they indicated their preference for male and female faces that were digitally altered to be more or less sexually dimorphic. Regardless of gender, asexual participants displayed a high preference for femininity in male and female faces. Preferences for sexual dimorphism displayed complex, and inconsistent associations with reported romantic and sexual attraction, and with conformity to feminine gender norms. This is the first report of preferences for facial sexual dimorphism and assessment of the role of gender conformity in an asexual population. This research adds to our understanding of the role of sexual attraction in predicting preferences for sexual dimorphism in faces.

Reducing Facial Stereotype Bias in Consequential Social Judgments: Intervention Success With White Male Faces

Initial impressions of others based on facial appearances are often inaccurate yet can lead to dire outcomes. Across four studies, adult participants underwent a counterstereotype training to reduce their reliance on facial appearance in consequential social judgments of White male faces. In Studies 1 and 2, trustworthiness and sentencing judgments among control participants predicted whether real-world inmates were sentenced to death versus life in prison, but these relationships were diminished among trained participants. In Study 3, a sequential priming paradigm demonstrated that the training was able to abolish the relationship between even automatically and implicitly perceived trustworthiness and the inmates’ life-or-death sentences. Study 4 extended these results to realistic decision-making, showing that training reduced the impact of facial trustworthiness on sentencing decisions even in the presence of decision-relevant information. Overall, our findings suggest that a counterstereotype intervention can mitigate the potentially harmful effects of relying on facial appearance in consequential social judgments.

Toddlers’ sensitivity to dominance traits from faces

In adults, seeing individual faces is sufficient to trigger dominance evaluations, even when conflict is absent. From early on, infants represent dyadic dominance relations and they can infer conflict outcomes based on a variety of cues. To date, it is unclear if toddlers also make automatic dominance trait evaluations of individual faces. Here we asked if toddlers are sensitive to dominance traits from faces, and whether their sensitivity depends on their face experience. We employed a visual preference paradigm to study 18- and 24-month-old toddlers’ sensitivity to dominance traits from three types of faces: artificial, male, female. When presented with artificial faces (Experiment 1), 18- and 24-month-olds attended longer to the non-dominant faces, but only when they were in upright orientation. For real male faces (Experiment 2), toddlers showed equivalent looking durations to the dominant and non-dominant upright faces. However, when looking at female faces (Experiment 3), toddlers displayed a visual preference for the upright non-dominant faces at 24 months. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that toddlers already display sensitivity to facial cues of dominance from 18 months of age, at least for artificial face stimuli.

Professional Threats and Self-Censorship in Lithuanian Journalism


 
 
 The article examines the professional threats experienced by journalists working in Lithuanian newsrooms. The analysis is based on a representative survey of Lithuanian journalists conducted from October 2022 to February 2023 (N = 302). The study revealed that physical attacks against Lithuanian journalists are quite rare, but psychological threats related to the profession are relatively common. The results of the study show that male journalists face different threats more often than female journalists, and journalists working in regional or local media experience more various forms of insecurity compared to those working in national media. However, no differences were found between private commercial and public media regarding the frequency of professional threats among journalists. The results show a statistically significant correlation between the insecurity experienced by journalists and the stress they experience when performing journalistic work. Additionally, the research results indicate a significant correlation between experienced insecurity and journalists’ concerns about their psychological and physical well-being. Finally, the analysis identified a statistically significant relationship between the use of self-censorship by journalists and the frequency and intensity of professional threats experienced. The article was prepared as part of Project No. S-MIP-22-19 ‘Lithuanian Journalism in the Contexts of Political, Economic and Social Risks’ (2022–2024) funded by the Research Council of Lithuania.
 
 

“The Authors” Make Me Think Equally of Women and Men: Exploring Mixed-Gender Representations in a Visual Categorisation Task

Abstract A common goal for gender-fair language policies is to promote terms that elicit balanced activation of gender categories. Expanding previous research on the activation of feminine versus masculine categories through person nouns, we used a word-picture response priming design with gendered human faces as target stimuli, to explore whether a simultaneous activation of more than one gender category can be captured empirically. Focusing on Norwegian (Bokmål), we tested whether reading stereotypical (i.e. role nouns, e.g. “care givers”) and categorical gendered person nouns (i.e. name pairs, e.g. “Elin and Sandra”) facilitates the categorisation of face pairs that match the gender of the designated people. In Experiment 1 (N = 32), gender-specific (feminine or masculine) word primes were tested, before gender-balanced word primes (non-stereotyped role nouns; pairs of a female and a male name) were added in Experiment 2 (N = 39). In both experiments, the visual targets were pairs of faces (two female faces, two male faces, or one male and one female face). Consistent with previous results for English, we found gender-specific priming effects, supporting the notion that gender categories activated by linguistic stimuli may also exert influence outside of language processing. Most importantly, mixed-gender faces were successfully primed by non-stereotypical role nouns providing initial support for the idea of a balanced activation of gender categories.

Women are expected to smile: Preliminary evidence for the role of gender in the neurophysiological processing of adult emotional faces in 3-year-old children.

Children form stereotyped expectations about the appropriateness of certain emotions for men versus women during the preschool years, based on cues from their social environments. Although ample research has examined the development of gender stereotypes in children, little is known about the neural responses that underlie the processing of gender-stereotyped emotions in children. Therefore, the current study examined whether 3-year-olds differ in the neural processing of emotional stimuli that violate gender stereotypes (i.e., male faces with fearful or happy expressions) or confirm gender stereotypes (i.e., female faces with fearful or happy expressions), and whether boys and girls differ in their neural processing of the violation and confirmation of gender stereotypes. Data from 72 3-year-olds (±6 months, 43% boy) were obtained from the YOUth Cohort Study. Electroencephalography data were obtained when children passively viewed male and female faces displaying neutral, happy, or fearful facial expressions. This study provided first indications that happy male faces elicited larger P1 amplitudes than happy female faces in preschool children, which might reflect increased attentional processing of stimuli that violate gender stereotypes. Moreover, there was preliminary evidence that girls had larger negative central (Nc) responses, associated with salience processing, toward female happy faces than male happy faces, whereas boys had larger Nc responses toward male happy faces than female happy faces. No gender differences were found in the processing of neutral and fearful facial expressions. Our results indicate that electroencephalography measurements can provide insights into preschoolers' gender-stereotype knowledge about emotions, potentially by looking at the early occipital and late fronto-central responses.

Attractiveness of Facial Symmetry in the Context of the Dominant Visual Field

One of the key features of an attractive face is symmetry. The presence of symmetry in living organisms reflects their ability to cope with various adverse environmental or genetic factors, thus a symmetrical face signals the hidden qualities of the organism. Despite the evolutionary basis for the attractiveness of facial symmetry, studies that have examined it have yielded diverse results. One reason may lie in the fact that the symmetrical stimulus faces are often composites that are created by using the mirror image of one, which can lead to contradictory outcomes. When evaluating human faces, the dominance of the left visual field (as a reflection of brain lateralisation functions) comes into play, which may modify the attractiveness of the composite depending on whether it was created as a left-sided mirror image (using the left half of the face) or a right-sided mirror image (using the right half of the face). The study aims to evaluate the attractiveness of left-sided and right-sided symmetrical facial composites and how the evaluator's visual field dominance affects the assessed attractiveness. The research was conducted on a sample of 1,921 participants aged from 15 to 77 (M = 23.57; SD = 9.52); 60.7% women using computerised facial composites in quasi-experimental research design. The results show that left-sided facial composites are significantly (p<0.001) more attractive than right-sided, for both female and male faces. Furthermore, it is noted that visual field dominance is not related to the type (left-sided vs. right-sided) of symmetry or the evaluation of its attractiveness – individuals with dominant left visual fields as well as those with dominant right visual fields universally rate the left-sided composite as significantly more attractive than the right-sided composite.

Abstract B123: A descriptive study of substance use and cardiovascular issues among Nigerian men with prostate cancer

Abstract Introduction: Black males face a higher incidence of prostate cancer compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension and metabolic syndrome, are more frequently observed in black men with prostate cancer, significantly impacting their quality of life, treatment outcomes, and related challenges. Socioeconomic disparities and stress also pose significant challenges for black men who engage in substance use, such as tobacco or alcohol. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of cardiovascular issues and substance abuse specifically among black males diagnosed with prostate cancer. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study examined associations between substance abuse, cardiovascular co-morbidities, and diagnoses of prostate cancer in men in Nigeria, Africa. It utilized data collected from the Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) Familial Cohort Study, an ongoing longitudinal cohort study initiated in 2018 which explores risk factors of prostate cancer among African Black men in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the United States (U.S.). Descriptive statistics generated association tables for variables captured. Results: From 708 participants who resided in Nigeria, 117 reported prostate cancer diagnoses compared to 580 who denied any cancer diagnoses. Median age of participants was 50, most were married (98.1%), Christian (65.8%), college educated (29.4%), with professional occupations (29.4%) and an average household income of 1,000,000 + Naira (24.2%). Marijuana use and alcohol consumption were identified to have statistically significant associations with prostate cancer diagnoses (p=0.003, p<0.001, respectively), while smoking (p=0.13), weight (p=0.22), and annual physicals (p=0.39) were not found to be significant predictors of prostate cancer diagnoses. Conclusion: Both marijuana and alcohol use were found to have significant associations with prostate cancer diagnoses in Nigerian men. Further research is directed to explore similar associations in Black men of other locations to confirm. This study provides a glimpse of associations of substance use and cardiovascular concerns in black males with prostate cancer. It is crucial for interventions to identify and understand the role of substance dependence and cardiovascular disorders in black males with prostate cancer to effectively address all risk factors, implementing lifestyle modifications, and providing culturally appropriate care, ultimately improving outcomes and reducing health disparities. Citation Format: Brittany M. Norris, Marvin Fullwood, Daniel Lee, Folakemi Odedina. A descriptive study of substance use and cardiovascular issues among Nigerian men with prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B123.

Workplace Discrimination and Strain Theory: A Case of District Okara Police Force

This study investigates the impact of workplace discrimination on gender job satisfaction, with a particular focus on police officers in District Okara including DepalPur, Renala Khurd, and Okara. Additionally, we examine how work environment, police culture, thread, and harassment contribute to gender job satisfaction and the adoption of strain theory. The research is based on a sample of 440 District Okara police officers, and primary data was collected through a questionnaire survey. Descriptive statistics, Correlation Coefficient, regression analysis, F-test, multivariate Generalized Linear Model (GLM), and two-way ANOVA were employed for data analysis using SPSS and R software. Minitab, Amos used for graphical representation. The study aims to shed light on the relationship between workplace discrimination and gender job satisfaction among District Okara police officers, especially considering the experiences of female officers. It was observed that both female and male officers face workplace discrimination. Notably, female officers exhibited higher levels of job dissatisfaction compared to their male counterparts. These findings are crucial for promoting gender equality and creating a supportive work environment in the District Okara police force.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Face Transformation in Patient Seizure Videos for Privacy Protection

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility and accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) methods of facial deidentification in hospital-recorded epileptic seizure videos, for improved patient privacy protection while preserving clinically important features of seizure semiology. Patients and MethodsVideos of epileptic seizures displaying seizure-related involuntary facial changes were selected from recordings at Taipei Veterans General Hospital Epilepsy Unit (between August 1, 2020 and February 28, 2023), and a single representative video frame was prepared per seizure. We tested 3 AI transformation models: (1) morphing the original facial image with a different male face; (2) substitution with a female face; and (3) cartoonization. Facial deidentification and preservation of clinically relevant facial detail were calculated based on: (1) scoring by 5 independent expert clinicians and (2) objective computation. ResultsAccording to the clinician scoring of 26 facial frames in 16 patients, the best compromise between deidentification and preservation of facial semiology was the cartoonization model. A male facial morphing model was superior to the cartoonization model for deidentification, but clinical detail was sacrificed. Objective similarity testing of video data reported deidentification scores in agreement with the clinicians’ scores; however, preservation of semiology gave mixed results likely due to inadequate existing comparative databases. ConclusionArtificial intelligence-based face transformation of medical seizure videos is feasible and may be useful for patient privacy protection. In our study, the cartoonization approach provided the best compromise between deidentification and preservation of seizure semiology.

Sex differences in the rapid detection of neutral faces associated with emotional value

BackgroundRapid detection of faces with emotional meaning is essential for understanding the emotions of others, possibly promoting successful interpersonal relationships. Although few studies have examined sex differences in the ability to detect emotional faces, it remains unclear whether faces with emotional meaning capture the attention of females and males differently, because emotional faces have visual saliency that modulates visual attention. To overcome this issue, we tested the rapid detection of the neutral faces associated with and without learned emotional value, which are all regarded as free from visual saliency. We examined sex differences in the rapid detection of the neutral female and male faces associated with emotional value.MethodsFirst, young adult female and male participants completed an associative learning task in which neutral faces were associated with either monetary rewards, monetary punishments, or no monetary outcomes, such that the neutral faces acquired positive, negative, and no emotional value, respectively. Then, they engaged in a visual search task in which previously learned neutral faces were presented as discrepant faces among newly presented neutral distractor faces. During the visual search task, the participants were required to rapidly identify discrepant faces.ResultsFemale and male participants exhibited comparable learning abilities. The visual search results demonstrated that female participants achieved rapid detection of neutral faces associated with emotional value irrespective of the sex of the faces presented, whereas male participants showed this ability only for male faces.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that sex differences in the ability to rapidly detect neutral faces with emotional value were modulated by the sex of those faces. The results suggest greater sensitivity to faces with emotional significance in females, which might enrich interpersonal communication, regardless of sex.

Trust in the police and affective evaluation of police faces: a preliminary study.

A study was conducted to investigate if an individual's trust in law enforcement affects their perception of the emotional facial expressions displayed by police officers. The study invited 77 participants to rate the valence of 360 face images. Images featured individuals without headgear (condition 1), or with a baseball cap (condition 2) or police hat (condition 3) digitally added to the original photograph. The images were balanced across sex, race/ethnicity (Asian, African American, Latine, and Caucasian), and facial expression (Happy, Neutral, and Angry). After rating the facial expressions, respondents completed a survey about their attitudes toward the police. The results showed that, on average, valence ratings for "Angry" faces were similar across all experimental conditions. However, a closer examination revealed that faces with police hats were perceived as angrier compared to the control conditions (those with no hat and those with a baseball cap) by individuals who held negative views of the police. Conversely, participants with positive attitudes toward the police perceived faces with police hats as less angry compared to the control condition. This correlation was highly significant for angry faces (p < 0.01), and stronger in response to male faces compared to female faces but was not significant for neutral or happy faces. The study emphasizes the substantial role of attitudes in shaping social perception, particularly within the context of law enforcement.

The gendered lens of AI: examining news imagery across digital spaces

Abstract This study investigates gender representation in artificial intelligence (AI)-related images across various digital spaces to understand potential biases and visual narratives in the AI domain. We analyzed a dataset of 28,199 images from news media, technology news websites, social media, knowledge-sharing platforms, and other digital spaces. Our findings revealed the prevalence of male faces and the consistent underrepresentation of women across digital spaces. We also found distinct patterns in the visual framing of men and women, with women often portrayed as being disempowered and adhering to traditional gender stereotypes. Furthermore, our cluster analysis demonstrated consistent patterns of gender representation across various visual themes, reinforcing the pervasive nature of gender biases in AI news imagery. In conclusion, our study underscores the need for conscious efforts to promote a more balanced and inclusive portrayal of gender in AI news reporting, calling for a broad societal effort toward advancing gender equality and diversity.

A distinct neurogenomic response to a trade-off between social challenge and opportunity in male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

Animals frequently make adaptive decisions about what to prioritize when faced with multiple, competing demands simultaneously. However, the proximate mechanisms of decision-making in the face of competing demands are not well understood. We explored this question using brain transcriptomics in a classic model system: threespined sticklebacks, where males face conflict between courtship and territorial defence. We characterized the behaviour and brain gene expression profiles of males confronted by a trade-off between courtship and territorial defence by comparing them to males not confronted by this trade-off. When faced with the trade-off, males behaviourally prioritized defence over courtship, and this decision was reflected in their brain gene expression profiles. A distinct set of genes and biological processes was recruited in the brain when males faced a trade-off and these responses were largely non-overlapping across two brain regions. Combined, these results raise new questions about the interplay between the neural and molecular mechanisms involved in decision-making.

Presumed Patriarchy: How a CEO's Masculine Appearance Affects Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in Organizations

Workplace sexual harassment remains an insidious yet pervasive component of organizational life. Building on research that has established that leaders play an important role in condoning or revoking sexual harassment, we theorize that a CEO's appearance—specifically, the extent to which their face is prototypically masculine—can influence employee assumptions about the patriarchal nature of organizational hierarchy, which, in turn, influences their perceptions of the degree to which sexual harassment will be tolerated. We test these ideas in three complementary studies. Study 1 observes that employees in large organizations headed by a CEO with a more masculine face report more instances of sexual harassment in online reviews. Study 2 uses an experiment to show that CEO facial masculinity drives followers’ perceptions that sexual harassment is tolerated in an organization by increasing the presumption that the organization is patriarchal. Study 3 affirms these results with a sample of new employees both before and after their first day on the job. Together, these studies provide evidence that a presumption of patriarchy increases the perceived tolerance for sexual harassment, which yields more observations of sexual harassment in the workplace.

Perception of masculinized or feminized men’s faces and its relation to the menstrual cycle phase of women: Electrophysiological evidence

ABSTRACT Facial perception involves several brain areas: occipital to process visual stimuli, temporal to regulate emotions, and frontal and parietal to activate attention. Emotional processing relates to theta and delta bands in the temporal and frontal areas. We used a longitudinal design with twelve women to investigate whether the absolute power (AP) of areas involved in face perception changed in response to masculinized and feminized men’s faces during the LFP and LP. Results show that the perception of masculinized faces, when compared with feminized faces, modified the AP of delta in the occipital area; the AP of delta, theta, and alpha in the temporal area; and the AP of delta, alpha, and beta in the frontal and parietal areas during the LFP, but not the LP. Furthermore, AP was greater for masculinized faces during the LFP than during the LP. These findings provide new insights into the cortical activity underlying facial masculinity perception during the LFP and LP.