Male Entrepreneurs Research Articles

Are women's entrepreneurial intentions and motivations influenced by financial skills?

PurposeThis study aims to determine the contribution of financial skills to entrepreneurial intentions among women involved in university education.Design/methodology/approachClustering and logistic regression analyses were used to infer the determinants and motivators of entrepreneurial intention in a sample of women students at a Spanish online university.FindingsFinancial and numerical skills could play a significant role in boosting entrepreneurial culture, overcoming reticence and increasing awareness of business opportunities, particularly when women are motivated to increase their autonomy and income. The study offers meaningful implications for policymakers.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research will be needed before these conclusions may be inferred to other settings and circumstances. Comparison with a similar sample of potential male entrepreneurs may also be necessary to deduce the influence of gender.Practical implicationsThe introduction of certain financial content into the education system by governments and policymakers would produce remarkable results on entrepreneurship intention among women.Social implicationsRelational capital and positive social influences also contribute to mitigating the effects of risk aversion, one of the main barriers for potential female entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThe role of financial literacy in entrepreneurial intention among women has scarcely been addressed in academic research. The literature also has paid little attention to the analysis of what motivates women into entrepreneurship, and whether women who decide to embark on a business venture show different profiles. The aim of this study is to contribute to closing these gaps, exploring the effect of cognitive skills, personality traits, contextual factors and motivations.

Гендерные различия предпринимателей, специализирующихся на торговле и информационных технологиях

The article is devoted to the assessment of the creation of new businesses in trade and information and communication sphere. Gender differences in entrepreneurial activity by country are considered. The study examined the specifics of the activities of entrepreneurs engaged in services in such sectors as trade and information and communication services for institutions and organizations, as well as private clients. At the same time, the principles and concepts of the existing development of the sectoral structure of entrepreneurship were taken into account. The implementation of the study consisted of five stages. The information base included the results of questionnaire surveys of respondents-entrepreneurs in 59 states when monitoring the activities of entrepreneurs in 2018. In the course of economic and mathematical modeling, six models were developed that reflect the distribution of the following indicators across the subjects of Russia: the proportion of women and men who have created businesses in trade, in the total number of women and men who have started entrepreneurial activity; the share of women and men who have created businesses in the information and communication sphere in the total number of women and men who have started entrepreneurial activities. In addition, the ratios of specific weights describing the provision of services by women entrepreneurs and men entrepreneurs in the trade sector and the information and communication sphere are calculated. For each of the 59 countries, it was determined whether there is an excess of the values of indicators that characterize the corresponding specific weights of male entrepreneurs and female entrepreneurs. For most countries, these values differed significantly, which indicates gender gaps. In addition, the States with the maximum and minimum values of the indices under consideration were identified. The analysis was carried out, which made it possible to compare the obtained average values with the data reflecting the indicators of Russian entrepreneurs. The share of female entrepreneurs in trade is higher than the share of male entrepreneurs. The share of male entrepreneurs in the field of information and communication services is twice as high as the share of female entrepreneurs. The results of the work can be applied in the development of forecasts for the development of trade and information and communication services in the future.

Gender role congruity and crowdfunding success

ABSTRACT Research on financial resource acquisition has indicated negative consequences for entrepreneurs that act feminine when trying to attract investors. Yet, does this remain true in crowdfunding, where there is a more diverse population of backers? To explore this, we take a gender role congruity perspective to see if gender roles align with crowdfunding success. More specifically, 2,071 entrepreneurs from Kickstarter were rated based on feminine (agreeableness and humility) and masculine (assertiveness and emotional stability) characteristics, and these characteristics were compared to whether or not the entrepreneur met the campaign goal. The results suggest that gender role congruity is a factor for successful crowdfunding, in that, for the most part, female entrepreneurs are rewarded for being more feminine and male entrepreneurs are rewarded for being more masculine. Only assertiveness was expected for both male and female entrepreneurs. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed from these findings.

The Effects of Male Entrepreneurs' Prototypical Masculine Attributes on Venture Evaluation Outcomes

While past research has unequivocally established that female entrepreneurs are penalized because they do not fit these prototypes, it has not examined how and why male entrepreneurs are advantaged by evaluators’ schema of ‘the successful entrepreneur’. Specifically, it is not known how various sub-facets of masculine prototypes are evaluated within the category of male entrepreneurs. I identify two sub-facets of prototypes in the context of technology-oriented entrepreneurship: a context-specific ‘nerd’ prototype, reflecting expectations to be a highly work-focused and intellectually stimulated male, and a cross-context ‘dominance’ prototype, reflecting stereotypic expectations that males are aggressive, forceful and confident. Drawing from male-role socialization research and prototype theory, I propose that male entrepreneurs are evaluated based upon the extent to which they possess attributes that fit both these prototypes. Testing these predictions, I use a video-metric approach to study a sample of 143 male entrepreneurs who participated in TechCrunch Battlefield San Francisco from 2012 to 2019. I examine the effects of the prototypes on two venture evaluation outcomes – selection as pitch finalists and a total amount of investment funds raised over a firm’s lifetime. The results showed that male entrepreneurs had a better chance to be selected as finalists and received greater amounts of funding when they possessed a higher level of context-specific nerd attributes; dominance among males did not have direct effects on outcomes. This main effect of nerd attributes was amplified by high levels of dominance attributes. The interaction was significant only for predicting investment funds.

Differential Effects of External Enablers on Entrepreneurship based on Gender

External enablers (EEs) are exogenous macro-environmental forces that influence the rate, extent, and substance of entrepreneurial activity. A steadily increasing body of empirical research has sought to identify, describe, and predict the aggregate impact of EEs, yet few studies have assessed whether EEs exert the same or different effects across societal groups, and none to date have sought to ascertain whether or not EEs function in a gender-neutral fashion. The issue is important to address since it is common for governmental entities to implement policies designed to leverage or mitigate the influence of EEs. Absent knowledge regarding the differential effects of EEs, policies may be enacted with an aggregate intent, but which may routinely disadvantage female entrepreneurs. To investigate the gender effects of EEs, we develop and test new theory in the context of internet access, employing a longitudinal research design. Our results suggest that increased internet access is, in the aggregate, associated with heightened entrepreneurial activity, but that the favorable effects for male entrepreneurs is markedly greater than for female entrepreneurs. The findings reveal that EEs can magnify the impact of underlying gender discrimination. We assert that gender-based disaggregation is critical to assessing the lasting influence of EEs.

Impact of Accelerators, as Education & Training Programs, on Female Entrepreneurs

Abstract Given the importance of entrepreneurship for economic development through social and economic transformation, entrepreneurship education and training (EET) is growing throughout the world. The research on EET is also expanding and there is a need to better understand the impact of EET on business performance and its differential effect in men and women. Accelerators are entrepreneurship EET programs. Based on human capital theory, the paper uses Accelerators to assess the impact of EET programs on startup business performance. Given that female entrepreneurs’ human capital attributes are different from those of men and that the various components of Accelerator programs have been found to produce a differential effect on women, the paper proposes that Accelerators have the potential to produce a more pronounced positive effect in startups founded by female founders. We test this conjecture by exploring the impact of Accelerators in startup fundraising, in which female entrepreneurs face a significant gap. Our results confirm that female entrepreneurs who go through Accelerators increase their chances of receiving Venture Capital financing and that the marginal effect is larger for female than for male entrepreneurs.

Everyday experiences of digital financial inclusion in India's ‘micro-entrepreneur’ paratransit services

Self-employed labour in transportation is a notoriously precarious form of employment that occurs throughout many developing countries. In order to offset high-cost and insecure vehicle procurement arrangements, paratransit fare structures are formulated on the basis of a set of logics designed to maximise revenues. Although entrepreneurial, when these logics occur in conflict with public fare legislation, they are undertaken illegally, or informally, and are perceived as undesirable by policy makers and transport users. However, the underlying structures that necessitate these practices are seldom examined despite their significant effect on mobilities and the livelihood experiences of male entrepreneurs. This paper engages with critical literatures on the financialisation of poverty reduction to present financialisation as a class-based mechanism that, with the rapid increase of digital payment and ‘alternative’ credit scoring, structures micro-entrepreneurship and precarity in the neoliberal context of India. The paper argues that digitally enhanced financial inclusion techniques may steer low-income workers toward mainstream finance institutions modelled on the global economy. They enable profit to be generated by investors and private microfinance companies. However, new financial technologies do not do little to reduce the risk and expense of microfinance, nor do they increase micro-entrepreneurs' profit margins. Moreover, they threaten the informal practices entrepreneurs use to self-manage their financial precarity.

The importance of capital in closing the entrepreneurial gender gap: A longitudinal study of lottery wins

Would improving women's access to capital reduce the gender entrepreneurial gap? We study this issue by exploiting longitudinal data on lottery winners. Comparing between large to small winners, we find that an increase in lottery win in period t − 1 significantly increases the likelihood of becoming self-employed in period t. This windfall effect is statistically the same in magnitude for men and women; the top 25% winners (an average win = £831.16) in year t − 1 report a significant increase in the probability of self-employment in year t by approximately 2 percentage points, which is approximately 20–30% of the gender entrepreneurial gap. These results suggest that we can causally reduce the gender entrepreneurial gap by improving women's access to capital that might not be as readily available to the aspiring female entrepreneurs as it is to male entrepreneurs.

THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPITAL WITH SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES PERFORMANCE

This paper examines the moderating effect of entrepreneurial education and experience on the relationship between capital and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) performance. The reason is that the relationship has been tested by researchers, but the results are inconsistent. For that purpose, 6 SMEs and their entrepreneurs were randomly selected to be the objects and subjects in this study. The data analysis used a linear regression model, and the results showed: (1) Capital is positively and significantly related to performance, but the performance of SMEs which are controlled by male entrepreneurs is superior to that of female entrepreneurs; (2) education and experience of entrepreneurs significantly strengthen the relationship between capital and performance. However, the full moderation effect is stronger than the partial moderation effect. This means that education and experience moderate the relationship together, and not separately. From the gender perspective, the moderation effect was also superior for SMEs controlled by male entrepreneurs than for female entrepreneurs.

Barriers and Mitigating Strategies of Entrepreneurial Business Growth: The Role of Entrepreneur Race and Gender

Abstract In this study, we investigate the obstacles to growth and the mitigating strategies of high-performing (over $1 million in revenues) entrepreneurial businesses, and how these differ between businesses owned by Black and White entrepreneurs and between female and male entrepreneurs. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and qualitatively analyzed using grounded theory and thematic analysis methods. Findings reveal that the lack of access to capital is faced by all groups of entrepreneurs, but that Black and female entrepreneurs additionally faced racial discrimination and gender bias obstacles to their business growth. While all entrepreneurs used social capital strategies to mitigate the barriers to growth that their businesses faced, Black and female entrepreneurs additionally employed faith and prayer as well as business engagement in governmental and corporate diversity initiatives as strategies to overcome the obstacles. Implications of the findings for the entrepreneurial business growth of racial/ethnic minority and female-owned firms are discussed.

Can unemployment be answered by Micro Small and Medium Enterprises? Evidences from Assam

PurposeGenerating meaningful employment has become a major concern for countries across the globe to break the vicious circle of poverty. Employment creation becomes more intricate in a developing economy like India where the population is at an incessant rise, without a simultaneous increase in the employment generation. In the event of situations of mounting unemployment, micro small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) being largely labour-intensive have been claimed as a significant contributor in an economy’s development to induce employment generation. The study at hand is an attempt to gauge the overall contributions of MSMEs in employment creation in Assam, a developing region of the Indian sub-continent. However, most importantly, the purpose of this paper is to determine if men and women are differently employed in the sample MSMEs and if the pattern of employment creation is different across male and female-owned sample MSMEs.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a uniquely large sample of 320 MSME entrepreneurs with an equal representation of 160 each from male and female entrepreneurs. Secondary data sources were also consulted. Study areas comprising Kamrup-Metropolitan and Kamrup-Rural, depicting both urban and rural Assam, respectively. The choice of activities undertaken by the entrepreneurs includes a wide variety of 12 activities pertaining to all the MSME entrepreneurs in general and certain gender-specific in particular. The two hypotheses (H01 and H02) formulated were tested using the Chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Furthermore, the growth rate of employment generation in Assam along with the growth rate of the number of MSMEs established and investment made by the MSMEs were computed.FindingsThe calculated growth rate of employment creation, capital investment and MSMEs established were found to be positive. Based on the results of the Chi-Square test and Cramer’s V test, this paper establishes a strong association between the MSMEs and the total employment generation by the sample entrepreneurs (H01). The primary data suggested that 320 MSMEs are Employing 2,766 people in the study area with an average of 8 people per unit. Employment in the service sector is higher than the manufacturing units with an average of 4 people per unit. Another vital finding of the study professed that the women-owned MSMEs have a relatively lesser number of people (32.2%) employed than their male counterparts (67.8%). The mean rank of male entrepreneurs is considerably higher (211.49) testifying a higher employment creation by the male-owned MSMEs than the women-owned (H02). Moreover, women (33.4%) are thinly employed than men (66.5%). Women entrepreneurs were seen to have mostly limited themselves in micro-units followed by small-units. In terms of the nature of employment, full-time employees (81.8%) supersede part-time employees (6.6%). The pattern of self-employment is equal (5.8%) across both male and women entrepreneurs. MSMEs have been well identified as an impeccable answer to mitigate the problem of mounting unemployment.Originality/valueThe novelty of the study lies in its meticulous and explicit understanding of the employment scenario in Assam by the MSMEs. Empirical works on employment creation by the MSMEs in Assam were fundamentally based on secondary data sources. The study fills in the gap by providing a holistic picture of employment creation based on both primary and secondary data, but prominently on the primary. The study accounts details about the nature of MSME employment, the gender of the MSME employees, employment creation by male and female MSME entrepreneurs, the growth rate of MSME employment and self-employment to name a few

Utilization of Social Media Marketing By Young Business Players in Binjai City in Developing Customer Equity

Various lines of business and marketing in all dimensions of the world have been digitized, the use of social media by business actors has had a major influence in introducing their products more effectively and efficiently, the role of social media in increasing sales and building communities is more targeted than conventional media use. This research study aims to analyze the use of social media by young entrepreneurs in the variable consumption, curation, creation and collaboration with customer equity in young entrepreneurs in Binjai City. The methods used were questionnaires and interviews as well as direct field surveys. The results obtained state that social media Instagram or Facebook is preferred compared to others as a means of promotion for business people, women entrepreneurs prefer Instagram. From male entrepreneurs. The results also show that the use of social media in marketing has a positive and significant effect on customer equity in young entrepreneurs in Binjai City.

ОЦЕНКА ГЕНДЕРНЫХ РАЗЛИЧИЙ, ХАРАКТЕРНЫХ ДЛЯ ЗАВЕРШИВШИХ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЕЙ

The aim of the study is to assess the current levels of termination of entrepreneurial activity by women and men in modern national economies. The study solved the problem of determining the values of indicators that characterize the termination of an entrepreneur's activity, as well as the impact on this process of such factors as unprofitability of production and lack of finance. The study used the results of surveys con-ducted in 59 countries during the implementation of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project as initial information. The results showed that in most countries there is a gender gap between the proportion of adult female entrepreneurs who have terminated their activities and the corresponding indicators for male entre-preneurs. It is proven that almost half of men and women in the countries under review have closed their business due to lack of profit or financial problems.

When owner, family, and community roles intertwine: Examining entrepreneurs’ persistence decisions and the gender effect

ABSTRACT Entrepreneurs play multiple roles in their daily lives, and these roles can influence their decisions. Yet we know little about how entrepreneurs respond to simultaneous influences from different domains. We examine how entrepreneurs’ persistence decisions are jointly influenced by owner role pressure, family role pressure, and community role pressure and whether female and male entrepreneurs make decisions differently. Results indicate that owner role pressure interacts with family role pressure to influence persistence decisions. Further, female entrepreneurs are influenced more by owner role pressure, but interestingly, male entrepreneurs are influenced more by community role pressure. Our research suggests that entrepreneurs should be aware of the role pressure driving their persistence with underperforming ventures. Educators and support organizations can direct entrepreneurs’ attention to the multiple roles they play in life and increase their awareness of how persistence decisions can be jointly influenced by those roles and the gender differences in the decisions.

Gender-Based Entrepreneurial Access to Bank Credit: Myth or Reality

The availability of and access to capital is very important to the growth and sustainability of an economy. Extending credit to women entrepreneurs will help them to start and run their business, thus creating employment and contribute to increasing the wealth of a nation. The objective of the study is to get the views of Credit/Marketing officers of deposit banks on the issue of access to credit by male and female entrepreneurs in order to either affirm or debunk the myth that men have better access to loans than women. Data was gathered from the primary source through a structured questionnaire. The sample was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The target respondents were Credit/Marketing officers with a minimum of 3 years of experience. Twenty were randomly selected from the 17 deposit banks. SPSS and Excel were used to analyze the data. 72.1% of the respondents were female. There are more loan applications from male entrepreneurs than from female, while governments are more disposed to funding men than women had one of the least means. There is no bank Credit product exclusive to men, whereas there are about 19 Credit products exclusive to women.

Conditioned to care: Gender differences in entrepreneurs’ socially responsible behaviors

ABSTRACT Relatively little research examines the microfoundations of social responsibility in the small business setting, despite the demonstrated importance of entrepreneurs’ socially responsible behavior to their communities. Prior research suggests that although men and women are similar in their propensities to engage in helping behaviors, gender remains an important consideration. We integrate the sorting model from the civic engagement literature and enlightened self-interest with gender role theory to examine why and how entrepreneurs vary in socially responsible behaviors. Our results demonstrate that male and female entrepreneurs are similarly motivated by enlightened self-interest, but the sorting model of education better explains male entrepreneurs’ social responsibility.

Competition and gender in the lab vs field: Experiments from off-grid renewable energy entrepreneurs in Rural Rwanda

We examine how gender attitudes and performance under competitive situations in the lab reflect microenterprise outcomes in the renewable energy sector of Rwanda – a country with progressive gender policies despite its traditional patriarchal setup. We adopt the standard Niederle and Vesterlund (2007) experimental design in addition to a unique dataset from off-grid microenterprises, managed by entrepreneurs who were working in mixed and single-sex teams prior to the lab experiments. After a piece-rate and a tournament compensation schemes, participants are offered to the opportunity to choose their compensation scheme between these two options in a third round. We find that female entrepreneurs are not less likely to compete and are not outperformed by male entrepreneurs. This stands in contrast to several studies, mostly conducted on university students of developed countries. Furthermore, we leverage administrative and self-reported business data to show that the female entrepreneurs who chose to compete in the lab perform as well as their male counterparts, providing some external validity to our lab results.

Entrepreneurship and gender: what do behavioural profiles have to do with it

The study investigates managerial profiles of men and women entrepreneurs in micro and small businesses in São Paulo City, Brazil, in light of the view that entrepreneurship is a gender-free phenomenon. A quantitative approach was applied to a sample of 1,099 respondents to assess their preferred behaviours in work situations through a validated self-administered questionnaire. Men more significantly base their behaviours on analytical (strategy) orientation while women do so on mediating (integration) and receptive (people) orientations. Men are producers, monitors and regulators, while women are articulators and considerators. The study reveals the need to segment the process of competency acquisition for male and female entrepreneurs. Male entrepreneurs should focus on enhancing soft skills while women entrepreneurs should be concerned with their technical abilities. The study provides a unique perspective of a Latin American developing country, offering insights regarding the behavioural challenges for improving entrepreneurship education in Brazil.

Entrepreneurship and gender: what do behavioural profiles got to do with it

The study investigates managerial profiles of men and women entrepreneurs in micro and small businesses in Sao Paulo City, Brazil, in light of the view that entrepreneurship is a gender-free phenomenon. A quantitative approach was applied to a sample of 1,099 respondents to assess their preferred behaviours in work situations through a validated self-administered questionnaire. Men more significantly base their behaviours on analytical (strategy) orientation while women do so on mediating (integration) and receptive (people) orientations. Men are producers, monitors and regulators, while women are articulators and considerators. The study reveals the need to segment the process of competency acquisition for male and female entrepreneurs. Male entrepreneurs should focus on enhancing soft skills while women entrepreneurs should be concerned with their technical abilities. The study provides a unique perspective of a Latin American developing country, offering insights regarding the behavioural challenges for improving entrepreneurship education in Brazil.

Role of SMEs in Oman: Perspectives of future Employment and Protection Policy Response

SMEs is consider as an important component of economic development, create job opportunities, and bring innovation and social welfare. Empirical evidence shows that SMEs plays a major role in creating employment in developed countries. In developing countries there are mixed results-- there is no direct relation between entrepreneurship and employment growth. However, there are very few studies investigates the links between the growth of SMEs and the growth of employment creation in oil dependent economy. Present study investigates the growth of future employment creation across the size of SMEs by using recent survey data conducted by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in Oman. Regression analysis was used to examine the association with future job creation and other factors influencing job creation. Study found that early stage entrepreneurs expecting to provide more than two times of current level of employment by next 5 years. However, established business (EB) entrepreneur’s expected employment growth is negative. This means that after 5 years’ job opportunity will be reduced in established SMEs. Our regression result shows that the male entrepreneur who have higher level of qualification and earning higher income from the business are more likely to create more jobs in next 5 years and so. The study also found that the self-perceived innovation and creativity have positive and significant relation with job creation in future. However, the skills, experience and optimism towards business environment have negative relation with future job creation.