Male Emigration Research Articles

Escaping Nazi Germany: Jewish refugee dentists and their post-emigration careers in the United States of America

This study is the first to examine the collective of dental lecturers and scientists who emigrated from Nazi Germany to the United States of America. We pay special attention to the socio-demographic characteristics, emigration journeys, and further professional development of these individuals in the country of immigration. The paper is based on primary sources from various German, Austrian, and United States archives and a systematic evaluation of the secondary literature on the persons concerned. We identified a total of eighteen male emigrants. The majority of these dentists left the “Greater” German Reich between 1938 and 1941. Thirteen of the eighteen lecturers were able to find a position in American academia, mainly as full professors. Two-thirds of them settled in New York and Illinois. The study concludes that most of the emigrated dentists studied here succeeded in continuing or even expanding their academic careers in the USA, although they usually had to retake their final dental examinations. No other destination country for immigration offered similarly favorable conditions. Not a single dentist decided to remigrate after 1945.

Drivers and consequences of female reproductive competition in an egalitarian, sexually monomorphic primate

Even after the 150th anniversary of sexual selection theory, the drivers and mechanisms of female sexual selection remain poorly studied. To understand demographic circumstances favoring female-female competition, trade-offs with kin selection and interactions with male reproductive strategies, we investigated female evictions in redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons). Based on 24 years of demographic data of known individuals, we show that female redfronted lemurs target close female kin for forcible, permanent, and presumably lethal eviction, even though groups contain multiple unrelated males whose voluntary emigration actually mitigated the probability of future female evictions. Female eviction and male emigration were predicted by group size, but male emigration was primarily driven by a proportional increase of male rivals. Female evictions were more likely than male emigrations when there were more juvenile females in a group, but the identity of evicted females was not predicted by any intrinsic traits. While birth rates were reduced by the number of juvenile females, they were higher when there were more adult females in a group and in years with more rainfall. Early infant survival was reduced with increasing numbers of juvenile females, but variation in female lifetime reproductive success was not related to any of the predictors examined here. Thus, there seems to be a limit on female group size in this lemur species. More generally, our study demonstrates a balanced interplay between female reproductive competition, competition over group membership between both sexes, and kin selection, contributing new insights into the causes and consequences of female competition in animal societies.Significance statementThe evolutionary causes of female competition in vertebrate societies remain poorly known. Evictions represent an extreme form of female competition because even close kin are evicted when same-sized unrelated males are theoretically also available as victims. We studied drivers and consequences of evictions in redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons) using 24 years of demographic data from multiple groups. We show that while voluntary male emigration mitigates the probability of future female evictions, females nonetheless appear to accept the fitness costs of evicting female kin. While group size seems to be the main driver of departures by either sex, the number of juvenile females present in groups is the key variable triggering eviction events as well as physiological responses that could be interpreted as female reproductive restraint. Our study therefore revealed that competition does trump cooperation under some circumstances in the intricate interplay between sexual selection and kin selection on females.

Remarriage and Stepfamilies in the ‘Western Islands’ of Europe: the rural Azores of Portugal in the 18th and 19th centuries

ABSTRACT This article uses parish registers, libri status animarum, and notarial records from the 18th and 19th centuries to assess the extent to which the rates of remarriage of widows and widowers in the Azores were similar to those of mainland Portugal. We consider that, despite the clear obstacles to marriage on the islands (due especially to male emigration) remarriage was in fact frequent and created stepfamilies. Factors such as social tolerance, sexuality outside of marriage and the lack of stigmatization of remarriage may provide part of the explanation. The article shows that a high proportion of widows gave birth to children during their widowhood and out of wedlock. Further, widows frequently attracted men of a much younger age as spouses, which again was socially tolerated. After remarriage by a widowed parent, the general pattern was to raise stepchildren in the family home. Remarriage rarely led to the departure of a stepchild under 16 from the household. The article considers the life trajectories of children who suffered parental loss and the half-orphans whose parents subsequently remarried. Moreover, a significant number of stepfamilies were formed by single mothers, who later married a man who was not the biological father of their child(ren). Beyond the qualitative analysis of parental loss and remarriage, the article outlines the motives of the widowed parents who sought to remarry quickly and follows some stepfamily experiences to detail the moments of transition and living arrangements of stepfamilies. The parish records combined with documents from notaries allow a qualitative understanding of some of the remarried spousal partnerships as well as the stepparent-stepchild relationships developed over decades.

Our land of adoption: seeking home in a gold rush landscape

This article investigates the relationship between domesticity and colonisation on the Victorian goldfields. Emigrants to mid-nineteenth-century gold rush Victoria often sought to recreate the comforts of home within an unfamiliar landscape, with the intention of adopting the land as their own. By drawing on memories of home to make the unknown familiar, gold rush settlers attempted to produce stability and comfort in the shifting gold rush landscape. This process often started, however, with mostly male emigrants co-opting local Indigenous techniques for making home. This article argues that many gold rush settlers arrived on the goldfields seeking home as well as gold, and, as a consequence, enacted domesticity and domestication in ways that solidified dispossession and colonisation.

Emigration and Feminization in Nepalese Agriculture: Implications for Food Security


 Nepalese labor industry of agriculture sector is dominated by female and has direct and indirect effect on food security. This paper has attempted to find and analyze consequences of male emigration and feminization in agriculture, and implication on food security. The study revealed foreign employment as major reason for international migration of Nepalese people. Higher male emigration 91.3% with large remittance inflow has ensured food secure condition in short run but there is long run food insecurity threats due to lower domestic production and higher investment on consumption. Further extra work burden in female due to absence of active male labor and limited agriculture knowledge and skills in agri-business has resulted land abandonment and underutilization of agricultural resources. The study suggested to develop female friendly agricultural practices, investment on productive enterprises and attract youth and female in agriculture to ensure sustainable food security

Inter-sexual and inter-generation differences in dispersal of a bivoltine butterfly

In organisms with discrete generations such as most insects, life-history traits including dispersal abilities often vary between generations. In particular, density-dependent differences in dispersal of bi- and multivoltine species may be expected because subsequent generations are usually characterized by a drastic increase in individual abundance. We investigated the inter-sexual and inter-generation differences in dispersal of a bivoltine butterfly, Lycaena helle, testing the following hypotheses: (1) male emigration is higher in spring generation, as males are prone to leave their natal habitat patches when the density of mating partners is low; (2) female emigration is higher in summer generation, when it helps to reduce intraspecific competition between offspring. The outcome of our analyses of dispersal parameters showed that females of the summer generation emigrated from their natal patches considerably more often than those of the spring generation, whereas an opposite trend was detected in males. These findings offer a novel perspective for our understanding of the advantages of voltinism for metapopulation functioning. The spring generation dispersal mainly improves the random mating opportunities favoured by the increase in male emigration. In turn, the dispersal of females of the summer generation appears the key to long-term metapopulation persistence.

Coming back and moving backwards: return migration and gender norms in Egypt

ABSTRACT This study examines how gender norms and household gender dynamics are modified in Egypt as a result of male return migration from other Arab Countries. Data come from the 2006 and 2012 Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey. For 7,314 married couples in 2006 and 8,992 married couples in 2012, treatment effects regression models of gender norms and household decision-making and return migration are estimated. Egyptian women with spouses who have migrated to an Arab country and returned value more traditional gender norms. Women in households with a spouse who returned also make fewer household decisions compared to women in non-migrant households. Women with spouses who have migrated multiple times also make fewer household decisions compared to women who had a spouse migrate before 2006. The findings suggest transformation of household gender dynamics and reinforcement of traditional gender ideologies by male emigration to and immigration from other Arab countries.

The Morally Fraught <em>Harga</em>

The Tunisian coastal town of Zarzis is known for its generations of male emigrants to France and for initiating post-revolutionary harga – the ‘burning’ of the border via undocumented sea crossings to ‘Europe’. Despite migration being central to life in Zarzis, the harga is fraught with anxieties and moral accusations. While older generations accuse younger ones of chasing after easy money and causing jealousies, thereby fuelling the harga, young men reckon that risking the crossing is a matter of escaping social death. Men of all ages also agree that the harga is often women’s fault. This article explores how the desire of making a living in Europe is evaluated in a departure town, and what the accusations and negative emotions it conjures up might reveal about people’s understandings of their economic and moral lives in times of political and social change.

Can Labor Emigration Affect the Education of Girls? Evidence from Tajikistan

ABSTRACTThis study examines how large-scale, predominantly male emigration affects the education of girls staying in Tajikistan, the poorest post-Soviet state and one of the most remittance-dependent economies in the world. Using data from a three-wave household panel survey conducted in 2007, 2009, and 2011, this study finds that the net effect of migration on girls’ schooling turns from positive to negative with girls’ age. These results lend support to various conceptual channels through which the emigration of household members may affect girls’ education, including the relaxation of budget constraints, a change of the household head, and an increase in household work. At the practical level, the results imply that migration can be detrimental to women’s empowerment and cast doubt on whether emigration is an appropriate long-term development strategy for Tajikistan.

Unraveling the dispersal patterns and the social drivers of natal emigration of a cooperative breeding mammal, the golden lion tamarin.

The study of the social drivers of animal dispersal is key to understanding the evolution of social systems. Among the social drivers of natal emigration, the conspecific attraction, aggressive eviction, and reduced social integration hypotheses predict that sexually mature individuals who receive more aggressive behavior and are engaged in less affiliative interactions are more likely to disperse. Few reports have explored these proximate factors affecting emigration in cooperatively breeding species, particularly of Neotropical primates. In this study, we investigated the dispersal patterns and tested the social drivers of natal emigration in the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)-an endangered species inhabiting Atlantic rainforests fragments in Brazil. We used behavioral and demographic data collected during 7 years from 68 groups of tamarins inhabiting 20 forest fragments. Our analyses from the 160 dispersing individuals showed that dispersal success is higher for males and for those engaged in parallel dispersal, but that males and females use different strategies to enhance their dispersal success, males immigrate into established groups while females form new groups. We did not find high levels of agonistic behavior among group members before natal emigration. Instead we found that conspecific attraction drives natal emigration in both sexes, while additionally the low level of affiliative interactions within the natal group triggers male emigration. We discuss natal emigration in the broader perspective of the cooperative breeding system and the implications of these findings for the conservation of the species.

Leaving Work Behind? The Impact of Emigration on Female Labor Force Participation in Morocco

Based on a mixed-methods approach using the 2006–2007 Morocco Living Standards Measurement Survey and qualitative interviews, this article examines the distinct roles that international migration and remittances play in female labor force participation (FLFP) in origin-country households and discusses the implications in terms of women’s empowerment. We find that having an emigrant among household members increases FLFP for a given household, while receiving remittances decreases it. However, these effects are significant only for unpaid family work, that is, a category of work unlikely to lead to any form of economic empowerment. Although previous studies sometimes hypothesized that emigration could drive gender-sensitive development at origin, the quantitative and fieldwork findings suggest that, while paid work remains a route to female empowerment, predominantly male emigration is unlikely to play a positive role in supporting women’s access to income-generating activities in a society characterized by strong patriarchal gender norms and poor job opportunities.

The influence of demographic variation on social network stability in wild vervet monkeys

From a cognitive point of view, management and knowledge of social relationships is thought to be very challenging. Because of ecological and demographic constraints, relationships are likely to be prone to variation and hence need constant updating. Social network analysis is a potential tool to quantify the information that needs to be processed. However, despite the growing number of studies on social networks, few have focused on their dynamics and how they evolve across time. Here we present one of the rare studies that tests the influence of demographic variation on social relationships' stability through temporal analysis. Using field data collected on three wild groups of vervet monkeys, Chlorocebus aethiops, we first analysed the relationships' stability by running correlations between 3-month periods. Then, we investigated how natural demographic variation changed individual centralities (eigenvector) and strength of dyadic relationships within both grooming and proximity networks over a period of 2 years. In vervets, females are philopatric, while males emigrate from their natal group. Thus, we tested whether changes in demography had more influence on network centrality measures and relationship strength in females and their juveniles than in males. Correlations between periods yielded no evidence that predictability of future relationship quality declined with time from current relationship quality. In addition, male immigration was mostly responsible for increases in the core group members' centrality while male emigration had the opposite effect. Regarding dyadic relationships, we found inconsistent patterns that varied with respect to how age/sex and immigration/disappearance affected the network studied (grooming versus proximity). Our findings support the idea that social networks are dynamic structures that vary through time. Similar analyses on other species are needed to investigate which network features emerge as candidates responsible for variation in the complexity with which individuals keep track of relationships.

Women ‘like parched earth in need of rain’ and who relax by working: gossip and the surveillance of Filipino seafarer wives’ morality and mobility

Research on the impact of male emigration on stay-behind wives shows that gossip, which transnational migration intensifies, surveils the women’s morality and constricts their mobility. Based on semi-structured interviews supplemented by field observations, this article examines the impact of gossip on the lives and experiences of stay-behind Filipino seafarer wives. First, it looks into how the women negotiated an environment in which their morality became dominated by the need to keep their reputation as faithful wives intact. As women whose husbands were away for long periods of time, they were seen as being ‘like parched earth in need of rain’ and therefore susceptible to temptation and seduction. Second, it examines how through dibersyon – activities that translated work into recreation – they counteracted the constricting effects of gossip on their mobility without compromising their perceived morality. The article concludes with a reflection on the contradiction the women’s negotiation of gossip creates: they inadvertently help to maintain gendered conceptions of morality and mobility while simultaneously working around the gender ideological and normative boundaries gossip enforces.

The “three ages” of left‐behind Moroccan wives: Status, decision‐making power, and access to resources

AbstractThe migration and development literature increasingly interrogates the effects of emigration on sociocultural change in the countries of origin, especially in relation to gender relations. Various studies conducted in the context of patriarchal societies have posited that male emigration may result in an empowerment of the women staying behind, with very mixed conclusions. Analysing in‐depth interviews with 12 women living in a southwestern Moroccan town in a region of historic emigration to France, this contribution seeks to further this investigation by considering how migration and remittances impact women's bargaining and decision‐making power within the household left behind. It examines how migration affects what is generally regarded as an enabling factor of women's empowerment, that is, the process of household nuclearisation through which migrants' wives can emancipate themselves from the control of their in‐laws and gain more control over finances. It shows how women's power and status change over time, following the important stages of the domestic cycle and the migratory trajectory of their husbands. This paper distinguishes three “ages” for wives left behind, corresponding to different power configurations in the local and transnational households. In contrast with the empowerment hypothesis, the interviews suggest that migration may actually contribute to the resilience of the traditional extended household structure rather than its demise. Overall, this contribution argues that migration systems predicated on a patriarchal social and family order are unlikely to bring about sustainable women's empowerment in the origin household and community.

The Albanian Family Characteristics (Socio-Geographic) during the Transition Period (in the Southest Region of Albania)

The evolution of the Albanian family, has had a direct impact not only on the reproductive potential of the population. For this reason its study is necessary. The situation of employment (possibilities or impossibilities for employment), income levels, economical structure and the development, education level, the level of urbanization, gender and age composition of the population the birth rate, family planning, mortality general and specific, emigration, the force of tradition, etc., are the main factors that have determined the socio-geographical characteristic features of Albanian society, during the transition political, economic and demographic period in Albania. -The substitution of the centrally planned socialist economy with the free market. -Economic crisis at the beginning of 1990. -The increase of the unemployment. -The reduction of income. -The family planning policy. -The flow of rural population to the cities. -The abandonment of the villages. -The emigration, -The aging demographic -The change of gender ratio (because of male emigration). -The traditional psychology, -The economic insecurity. These are the main factors that brought evident change in the Albanian family performance and characteristics, marriage, divorce rate and civil structure of the population too, in the south of Albania. This region is distinguished too for a clear profile emigration, because of the positioning of the neighboring country, Greece, and the presence of the Greek minority. The reduction of the total number of the families, marriages too, after 1990 in this area, has been analyzed under the influence of economical changes, which have been an important impact on the creation of new families; meanwhile, the index of divorce rate per 1000 inhabitants is increased, compared to 1989. At the end the Albanian families’ trend will depend on the performance of economic, social and demographic development in Albania. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3s1p487

Mulheres na "fornadja". Tecendo caminhos (im)possíveis para a emigração

Resumo: A emigração transnacional masculina é um fenómeno antigo em Cabo Verde. Nos anos mais recentes observam-se, nas pequenas comunidades rurais, mudanças em relação às atividades e à posição social das mulheres remanescentes no que toca à ocupação dos espaços tradicionalmente masculinos. As mulheres ocupam este espaço como um meio para prover o respectivo agregado familiar, mas também é uma estratégia para alcançarem os caminhos da emigração. O presente artigo procura analisar as mudanças sociais e familiares nas relações de género que ocorrem simultaneamente nos espaços de produção e nos espaços domésticos da Ribeira de Principal, ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde, no âmbito das estratégias de emigração para a Europa.

Population recovery highlights spatial organization dynamics in adult leopards

AbstractPolygynous species follow sex‐specific spacing patterns to maximize reproductive success, and changes in population density under otherwise stable environmental conditions likely provoke sex‐specific responses in spacing patterns. A classical dual reproductive strategy hypothesis posits that female home range size and overlap are set by habitat productivity and remain stable under increasing population density, whereas male home range size and overlap decrease with increased mate competition. An alternative dispersal‐regulated strategy predicts that females relinquish part of their home range to philopatric daughters and form matrilineal clusters, while adult male spacing is stable with density‐dependent subadult male emigration rates. We used 11 years of telemetry data to assess the response of adult leopard Panthera pardus spacing following the release of harvest pressure. Female annual home ranges and core areas were smaller than in males. Intersexual overlap was larger than intra‐sexual overlap in males or in females. As leopard density increased, female home range size and inter‐annual fidelity in home range use decreased, and females formed matrilineal kin clusters. In contrast, male leopards maintained large home ranges, and did not track female home range contraction. Spacing dynamics in adult leopards was consistent with dispersal‐regulated strategies, and did not support a classical dual reproductive strategy. Our study suggests possible hidden lag effects of harvest disturbance on spacing dynamics that are not necessarily apparent when only assessing demographic recovery of harvested populations.

Gender, Migration, and Labor Share

While globalization is viewed by existing literature as aiding to inequality by allowing greater capital mobility, the question I ask in this paper is: what is the relationship between inequality and labor mobility, also a globalization process. To investigate the relationship I employ a panel of data for up to 93 countries in 3 time periods: 1980, 1990, and 2000. I study immigration and emigration female and male stock separately as women make up about half of the cross-country migration flows and are commonly viewed as having less bargaining power than men. I find that higher female and lower male emigration and immigration stock are associated with higher labor share for OECD countries, while for non-OECD countries, it is higher female emigration and immigration stock and lower male immigration stock that are associated with higher labor share.

SELF-MADE MAIDS: BRITISH EMIGRATION TO THE PACIFIC RIM AND SELF-HELP NARRATIVES

The victorian discourse of self-help, popularized by Samuel Smiles in the mid-nineteenth century, was integral to the success of mid-Victorian British emigration and colonialism. As Robert Hogg notes in his study of British colonial violence in British Columbia and Queensland, Samuel Smiles's notion of character, which embraced the virtues of hard work, perseverance, self-reliance, and energetic action, helped sanction masculine colonial violence and governance in these regions (23–24). According to Robert Grant in his examination of mid-Victorian emigration to Canada and Australia, one's desire “to better him or herself” was closely entwined with Smiles's self-help philosophy and the rhetoric of colonial promotion permeating British self-help texts “in the projection of the laborer's progress from tenant to smallholder to successful landowner through hard work” (178–79). Francine Tolron similarly observes the pervasiveness of the success narrative in emigrant accounts of New Zealand, noting that this story often constitutes “yet another tale of the British march of Progress” (169) with the yeoman, John Bull, as the hero at its centre, who adopts the imperialist impetus to subdue the wilderness and recreate an ideal England in which a man can earn gentility through hard work and uprightness of character (169–70). She extends accounts by male emigrants to New Zealand to the “collective psyche” of all New Zealanders “whose stuff is made up of earth, so to speak, the inheritors of the old archetypal Englishman who worked on the land before the dawn of the industrial era” (173). These studies contribute significantly to a growing body of scholarship that considers the connections between self-help literature and British emigration and colonialism. Yet, occasionally such analyses apply the meaning of self-help rhetoric universally across British male and female emigrant groups when the rise from tenant to landowner was typically a male, not a female, prerogative. Building on this important body of work, this paper considers how domestic concerns, rather than a sole focus on controlling foreign lands and people, informed versions of success penned by a particular group of mid-Victorian middle-class female emigrants and these women's understanding of their positioning within the colonies.

Dispersal, Group Formation and Kinship in the Black-Faced Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara)

We report on (i) new group formation, (ii) sex differences in dispersal and (iii) dispersal distance over 6 years for 3 social groups of the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara) in the vicinity of Ariri, São Paulo state, Brazil. The groups were: Bina (monitored for 74 months), BM5 (52 months) and Teca (13 months). Each group was censused once a week and monitored for 3 days each month. Mating opportunities were found to be the incentive for young adult black-faced lion tamarins to either disperse or remain in their kin group. Young adults show delayed dispersal that is related to the cooperative breeding system characteristic of the Callitrichidae and to a low population density which hinders the formation of new breeding pairs. Our findings suggest that in L. caissara (i) both sexes disperse, (ii) successful immigration is related to breeding opportunities in an existing group, (iii) female immigration motivates male emigration and the formation of new groups, and (iv) emigrants tend to form new groups close to their natal groups. These patterns of dispersal and formation of new groups are efficient because the species has been able to avoid loss of genetic diversity despite their small population size.