Male-dominated Groups Research Articles

Peer Support for Individuals with Major Limb Loss: a Scoping Review.

Major limb loss can have profound physical and psychosocial implications for individuals, impacting their quality of life and well-being. Despite the effectiveness of peer support in improving outcomes for various chronic conditions, its impact on individuals with major limb loss remains understudied. This review aims to explore the existing literature on peer support for individuals with major limb loss. Specifically, exploring how the literature defines peer support; examining its implementation, identifying outcomes measured in peer support interventions, assessing the benefits for individuals with major limb loss, and identifying barriers associated with peer support provision. This review followed Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework, analysing relevant literature to identify evidence, definitions, and key factors related to peer support for individuals with major limb loss. A comprehensive search in January 2023 utilized databases: MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Embase, and CINAHL. After a two-phase screening process, articles meeting specific criteria were included. Thematic and descriptive numerical analyses were applied to the extracted data. Twenty-two articles were reviewed. Peer support was described as an opportunity to provide education, advice, and encouragement between individuals with lived experiences. Across the two intervention-based studies investigating peer support programs, outcome measures included physical, psychological, social, and quality of life. Qualitative studies described perceived benefits as improved psychosocial well-being and the opportunity to exchange knowledge. Perceived barriers included a lack of formal training and male-dominated groups, which deterred individuals with amputation from participating. The evidence from the findings of the review sheds light on the current understanding of peer support for individuals with amputation. Due to the limited number of studies available, future research is necessary to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of peer support interventions tailored to this population.

Behind the Blackpill: Self-Verification and Identity Fusion Predict Endorsement of Violence Against Women Among Self-Identified Incels.

Incels (involuntary celibates) have advocated for and even enacted violence against women. We explored two mechanisms that may underly incels' actions: identity fusion and self-verification. Study 1 (n = 155) revealed stronger identity fusion (deep alignment) with the ingroup among men active in online incel communities compared to men active in other male-dominated groups. Study 2 (n = 113) showed that feeling self-verified by other incels predicted fusion with incels; fusion, in turn, predicted endorsement of past and future violence toward women. Study 3 (n = 283; preregistered) replicated the indirect effects from Study 2 and extended them by linking fusion to online harassment of women. All indirect effects were particularly strong among self-identified incels high in narcissism. We discuss the synergistic links between self-verification and identity fusion in fostering extreme behaviors and identify directions for future research.

Systems of Male Privilege: The Industrial Relations Policies of the Ford Motor Company in the 1940s

This article examines the industrial relations systems constructed by Ford and United Automobile Workers (UAW) leaders for the Ford Motor Company in the 1940s. Ford’s industrial relations systems extended privileges to men and male-dominated groups to the detriment of their female counterparts and women seeking employment and advancement. Systemic male privilege was integral to Ford’s operations throughout conversion to military production for World War II and reconversion back to civilian production.

Leadership by Gender Stereotypes: Systematic Examinations of Culture and Gender of Leaders

We investigate how leadership behaviors are contingent on the cultural context and the gender of leaders and followers. Drawing on the theoretical lens provided by the gender stereotype literature, we propose that cultural tightness may shape leaders’ perception that their groups have negative attitudes toward stereotypically feminine leadership behavior, which in turn leads them to counter the stereotype by displaying more directive and less empowering leadership behavior. Counterintuitively, these mediated relationships may be stronger for female leaders than for male leaders, as female leaders may feel a higher threat caused by such stereotypes and thus attempt to counter this threat by engaging in even more directive and less empowering leadership behavior than male leaders. Lastly, the counterintuitive behavior predicted for female leaders in tight groups may be further strengthened when they lead male-dominated groups than when they lead female-dominated groups (three-way interaction). We test these hypotheses in a multi-source and multi-wave field study with 159 middle managers in 159 bank branches, and the results supported our hypotheses.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Videoconferencing, and Gender

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Videoconferencing, and Gender

Fix the Game, Not the Dame: Restoring Equity in Leadership Evaluations

Female leaders continue to face bias in the workplace compared to male leaders. When employees are evaluated differently because of who they are rather than how they perform, an ethical dilemma arises for leaders and organizations. Thus, bridging role congruity and social identity leadership theories, we propose that gender biases in leadership evaluations can be overcome by manipulating diversity at the team level. Across two multiple-source, multiple-wave, and randomized field experiments, we test whether team gender composition restores gender equity in leadership evaluations. In Study 1, we find that male leaders are rated as more prototypical in male-dominated groups, an advantage that is eliminated in gender-balanced groups. In Study 2, we replicate and extend this finding by showing that leader gender and team gender composition interact to predict trust in the leader via perceptions of leader prototypicality. The results show causal support for the social identity model of organizational leadership and a boundary condition of role congruity theory. Beyond moral arguments of fairness, our findings also show how, in the case of gender, team diversity can create a more level playing field for leaders. Finally, we outline the implications of our results for leaders, organizations, business ethics, and society.

Labour Market Segregation and Gender Differences in Sickness Absence: Trends in 2005-2013 in Finland.

Women have higher sickness absence rate than men, but less is known of changes in this difference over time. We examined gender differences in sickness absence trends focusing on gender segregation in the labour market. We used large nationwide register data on Finnish wage earners aged 25-59 and generalized estimation equations based on repeated logistic regression to estimate the annual risk of sickness absence lasting at least 2 weeks. Between 2005 and 2013, the age-adjusted proportion (%) of employees with all-cause sickness absence decreased from the initial levels of 10.6 among men and 15.1 among women by 16.7 and 13.6%, respectively. Among both genders, the largest decrease in sickness absence coincided with the peak of the economic recession in 2009. In sickness absence due to all causes and musculoskeletal diseases, also the excess decrease among men mainly occurred in 2009, and in sickness absence due to mental disorders 2 years later. In sickness absence due to all causes and musculoskeletal diseases, the increasing gender difference was mainly attributable to a larger decrease in sickness absence at the time of the recession in male-dominated groups, such as in manual and manufacturing work, than in other sectors and occupational classes. In mental disorders, the increasing gender difference was partly attributable to a later smaller decrease in sickness absence among female-dominated lower non-manual and lower income employment groups. The increasing gender differences did not result from differential distributional changes in employment or sociodemographic factors among the employed male and female populations. In fact, widening of the gender gap in sickness absence due to all causes and musculoskeletal diseases would have been even larger without faster increase among women in the educational level and in non-manual employment. Sickness absence decreased especially in male-dominated employment groups, resulting in a larger decrease in absences among men compared with women. More research is needed to ascertain whether these differential changes are attributable, for example, to reduced willingness to seek medical advice or increased presenteeism in male-dominated groups, or to increased work pressures in female-dominated groups. Selection mechanisms, i.e. men's increased ill-health-related exit from work through other routes than sickness absence, also cannot be ruled out.

Labour market segregation and gender differences in sickness absence: trends in 2005–2013 in Finland

Objectives Women have higher sickness absence rate than men, but less is known of changes in this difference over time. We examined gender differences in sickness absence trends focusing on gender segregation in the labour market. Methods We used large nationwide register data on Finnish wage earners aged 25-59 and generalized estimation equations based on repeated logistic regression to estimate the annual risk of sickness absence lasting at least 2 weeks. Results Between 2005 and 2013, the age-adjusted proportion (%) of employees with all-cause sickness absence decreased from the initial levels of 10.6 among men and 15.1 among women by 16.7 and 13.6%, respectively. Among both genders, the largest decrease in sickness absence coincided with the peak of the economic recession in 2009. In sickness absence due to all causes and musculoskeletal diseases, also the excess decrease among men mainly occurred in 2009, and in sickness absence due to mental disorders 2 years later. In sickness absence due to all causes and musculoskeletal diseases, the increasing gender difference was mainly attributable to a larger decrease in sickness absence at the time of the recession in male-dominated groups, such as in manual and manufacturing work, than in other sectors and occupational classes. In mental disorders, the increasing gender difference was partly attributable to a later smaller decrease in sickness absence among female-dominated lower non-manual and lower income employment groups. The increasing gender differences did not result from differential distributional changes in employment or sociodemographic factors among the employed male and female populations. In fact, widening of the gender gap in sickness absence due to all causes and musculoskeletal diseases would have been even larger without faster increase among women in the educational level and in non-manual employment. Conclusions Sickness absence decreased especially in male-dominated employment groups, resulting in a larger decrease in absences among men compared with women. More research is needed to ascertain whether these differential changes are attributable, for example, to reduced willingness to seek medical advice or increased presenteeism in male-dominated groups, or to increased work pressures in female-dominated groups. Selection mechanisms, i.e. men's increased ill-health-related exit from work through other routes than sickness absence, also cannot be ruled out.

Lessons from Management Interventions: Consequences for Lion-Buffalo Interactions

Management interventions in small (<30 000 ha) to medium-sized (<100 000 ha) fenced reserves require careful planning to minimize alterations to predator-prey dynamics. However, when interventions result in severe changes to predator prey dynamics, learning from these outcomes can assist in informing future interventions. In small to medium-sized ventions. We used lion (Panthera leo) and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) interventions (lion introduction and buffalo translocation) in the Addo Elephant National Park to investigate the response of the buffalo—lion dynamic in the park. Responses did not conform to our expectations for either lions or buffalo. Rather than dominate the remaining solitary male lion, the introduced coalition split, with one of the introduced male lions (known to hunt buffalo successfully where it originated) joining with the remaining solitary male. Following fragmentation as a result of the buffalo translocation, previously large buffalo herds failed to re-form. These two outcomes resulted in a significant increase in buffalo predation primarily by the newly formed coalition of males, with the majority of buffalo killed originating from splintered herds rather than male-dominated groups as is conventionally found in large ecosystems. Ultimately, management actions can enable us to learn by monitoring the consequences of interventions, allowing us to implement what we have learned in an adaptive management framework.

Collective action initiatives to improve marketing performance: Lessons from farmer groups in Tanzania

This study aims to examine the extent to which certain characteristics and asset endowments of smallholder farmer groups facilitate collective action initiatives to improve group marketing performance. This is approached through an evaluation of a government-led programme in Tanzania, which is attempting to increase smallholder farmers’ incomes and food security through a market-oriented intervention. Findings suggest that more mature groups with strong internal institutions, functioning group activities, and a good asset base of natural capital are more likely to improve their market situation. Gender composition of groups also affects group marketing performance, as an enabling factor for male-dominated groups. Structural social capital in the form of membership in other groups and ties to external service providers, and cognitive social capital in the form of intra-group trust and altruistic behaviour are not significant factors in a group’s ability to improve its market situation.

Manly Traditions: The Folk Roots of American Masculinity (review)

Reviewed by: Manly Traditions: The Folk Roots of American Masculinity Pauline Greenhill Manly Traditions: The Folk Roots of American Masculinity. Edited by Simon Bronner . 2005. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 392 pages. ISBN: 0-253-34613-4 (hard cover), 0-253-21781-4 (soft cover). I took on this book because I hoped it would provide a text for a women's and gender studies course I teach on gender and folklore. But, although there is a wealth of fine work in this collection, it has significant flaws that make it less useful than it might be for courses in gender studies, men's studies, or folklore. Its problems lie in the introductory and opening materials by Simon J. Bronner, which betray a singular lack of sophistication with respect to current work on gender, and in the first essay. I'm genuinely gobsmacked that an author introducing this subject could not only frame it on a fairly limited quasi-Freudian perspective, but could also apparently ignore the work of the two people who have arguably made the most significant contributions to late twentieth and early twenty-first century studies of gender—Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and Judith Butler. I didn't initially argue with the book's claim to be "the first to focus on the problem of the construction of manliness in American folklife" (p. xvi), and yet when I read through the essays, example after example of the inaccuracy of this evaluation came to mind. To mention only a few of the best known American authors, the works of Roger Abrahams, Dick Bauman, Michael Bell, Alan Dundes, Joe Goodwin, Jay Mechling, and Américo Paredes do just that. [End Page 197] Further, the editor's contention that men's culture isn't "well documented or understood" (p. xvi) is simply wrong on the former point and misleading on the latter. The feminist truism that we need women's studies because the rest of the academy is men's studies applies as much to studies of culture as it does to any other area. Men's culture has been taken simply as culture, unmarked, but it has been extensively and very well documented. And while the analysis hasn't for the most part taken (men's) culture as men's culture (with many exceptions including those mentioned above), when read and understood through a gender lens, the material is clearly understandable as just that. The equation of "this new men's studies, [and] what some might call post-feminist studies" (p. xvii) and the implication that feminist studies have created a "universe of exclusion and ideological bias" (p. xviii) are profound misconceptions about a range of ideological, empirical, and political practices that are much less exclusionary and biased than the blindly androcentric scholarship that preceded them. Bronner's assertion that men are biologically "different" and the catalogue of physiological traits that follows (p. 1) completely discount transgendered and transsexual men. Essentialist in the worst possible way—apparently presuming that men are violent and women sensitive (pp. 9–10), for example—his "Menfolk" chapter goes through the same old sexist notions—that men are afraid of women's reproductive power, that women are really in charge and keep men in line by a combination of whining and nagging, and so on. The raced privilege implicated—in the chapter's photographs, pictures of African-American men are identified as to race/ethnicity (p. 33), while the rest are just "hunters," "soldiers," etc.—disappears the extent to which hegemonic masculinity isn't only unmarked, but also white. The glaring oversight that ignores female masculinity and female to male transgender and transsex continues throughout the entire work. The first essay in the body of the work, by Gary Alan Fine, similarly exemplifies white male privilege and ignorance about it. The presumption that there were "domains that were exclusively male" (p. 61) ignores the fact that most such locations were served and maintained in America by women, often women of color. The assertion that "whether females are accepted in the folk culture of male-dominated groups depends upon their willingness to accept and engage with the sexualized masculine culture of the group" (p. 61) discounts both...

Training for work: domestic service as a route out of long-stay institutions before 1959

The preponderance of women patients in long-stay institutions has long interested historians. Examination of the path to the asylum has drawn attention to the control exercised by male-dominated professional groups over dependent and vulnerable females. Within the institutions the focus has been on the limitations of the care provided and the essentially dehumanising regimes of the total institution. Recently the historiography has started to reassess the provision of care to re-emphasise the problems experienced by patients prior to admission, the asylum offered by mental health and mental deficiency facilities, and the possibility of discharge. Gendered policies of reform and rehabilitation have been part of this analysis but to date little attention has been paid to opportunities for earning and learning. This article suggests that specialised institutional training coupled with a demand for domestic servants worked to the advantage of female patients, whose licence and discharge from institutional care was supported by emerging groups of lady social workers.

Gender, Perceived Competence, and Power Displays

This study examined sources of influence on power displays in mixed-gender work groups. The participants for this study included 216 university students who were randomly assigned to 36 mixed-gender groups for the purpose of case discussions. Measures of individual verbal interruption behavior were used as indicators of power displays among group members. The findings support the assertion that the proportional representation of men and women in a group will influence patterns of interruption behavior, with both men and women exhibiting higher levels of interruption behavior in male-dominated groups. In addition, the results indicate that perceived member competence based on congruence or incongruence with the gender orientation of the group’s task has a greater impact on power displays among women compared to men. The use of such power displays was also shown to be negatively correlated with leadership rankings in the group for both men and women.

The Influence of Social Status on Token Women Leaders' Expectations About Leading Male-Dominated Groups

Prior research has shown that women report mostly negative expectations about being a gender-token in male-dominated work groups. We speculate that this is partially caused by the socially ascribed status devaluation of women. In this study we investigated the degree to which elevated social status may lessen negative expectations of gender-token women assigned to leadership positions. Sixty-three undergraduate women participated in 1 of 3 tokenism conditions: (1) nontoken, (2) gender-token, and (3) high-status gender-token. In all conditions participants were led to believe that they would be leading a group of men in a decision-making exercise. Leader expectations were then assessed. The results suggest that increased social status may help prevent gender-token women from developing negative expectations about interactions with male-dominated work groups.

The Politics of Implants for Breast Cancer Survivors

This article addressed the growing concerns of women surviving breast cancer who choose to be reconstructed through implantation of a silicone device. The political nature of the implanted survivor's personal choice has been presented from a feminist perspective, correlating U.S. culture's policy of women's wholeness as a physical phenomenon with profitably-invested, male-dominated groups in control. Implications for feminist counsel and action were assessed in conclusion.

Partitioning behavior and intra- and interspecific interactions: a comparison between male and female groupers, Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Pisces: Serranidae: Epinephelinae)

Behavior of male and female groupers, Cephalopholis spiloparaea, observed, between 1990 and 1991 in Sasanhaya Bay, Rota, Northern Mariana Islands, was compared to detect differences in proportional use between sexes, and between daylight and pre-courtship time periods. This species has male-dominated haremic groups. Time partitioning could not be measured exactly. Instead, the numbers of intra-and interspecific interactions, foraging, resting, swimming, and maintenance behaviors of each sex were measured during the observation periods. The proportion of acts in each category out of the total number of acts, termed effort, was used in comparisons. Males were predicted to devote more effort toward intra-and interspecific interactions compared to females and to maximize reproductive success. Females were predicted to devote more effort towards foraging, compared to males. This behavior maximizes reproductive effort. Both were predicted to engage in greater intra-and interspecific interactions during the pre-courtship period, corresponding both to the approaching time of courtship and to increases in the numbers of potential spatial and trophic competitors. Intra-and interspecific interactions of both males and females were greater during the pre-courtship period. Differences in all classes of behavior between sexes were only weakly significant for two, however. Males had greater effort in intra-and interspecific interactions. Females had greater effort only in maintenance behavior. Both differences were evident only during the pre-courtship period. Foraging behavior by both sexes was virtually absent during daylight and pre-courtship periods. Fish sought shelter and were not incidentally observed foraging after dusk, suggesting that this species actively forages later at night or during early morning hours, just prior to and during sunrise.

Epidemiology of sickness absence in a Swedish county in 1985, 1986 and 1987. A three year longitudinal study with focus on gender, age and occupation.

In order to get a better epidemiological base for preventive intervention in the county of Ostergötland, Sweden, a comprehensive study of sickness absence was done. During the years 1985, 1986 and 1987, all new periods of sick-leave exceeding seven days were registered with demographic variables. This information was related to data about the total population of Ostergötland. Each year approx. 45,000 persons had approx. 61,000 sickness spells. These figures were stable over the years while the number of sick-leave days increased. Blue-collar occupations had the highest sick-leave rates and the female sick-leave rate was higher in general and much higher in most male-dominated occupations. The male rate was lower within female-dominated areas, except among secretaries and textile workers. Females in extremely male-dominated groups had the highest rates, while both male and female sick-leave rates were lower in more gender-integrated occupations.

Not one of the guys: The female researcher in a male-dominated setting

An important, but frequently overlooked, issue in qualitative research is how the status characteristics of the researcher affect the process of gaining access to, establishing, and maintaining rapport with respondents or informants in a setting. Some researchers may never succeed in achieving more than superficial acceptance from their respondents because of the status each researcher occupies. Female researchers studying male-dominated groups frequently find themselves in just such a position or do not attempt to gain entry in certain male-dominated settings. Sex-role expectations may hamper women's work in the field. Until recently, little attention was given to these issues. This paper discusses the dilemmas faced by female researchers in male-dominated settings. It begins by examining how the instructional fieldwork literature addresses this issue and finds that it generally does not. In addition, the literature's advice to novice fieldworkers, while perhaps appropriate for males, may be inappropriate for females, given stereotypical sex-role expectations. Novice female researchers must turn to accounts of experienced female researchers for discussions of problems they may encounter in field settings. The paper then turns to my study of a prosecutor's office. Similarities between my experiences and those of other female researchers are noted, and suggestions are made about how women in the field can manage and even overcome these problems.

Field and laboratory observations of spawning periodicity and behavior of a northern population of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia (Pisces: Atherinidae)

The spawning periodicity and mating behavior of a northern population of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, was studied both in the field (Salem Harbor, Massachusetts) and in laboratory experiments. Spawning in the field coincided with new and full moons. Under conditions of unlimited food availability in artificial outdoor pools that received natural celestial illumination or in indoor aquaria receiving no evening illumination, spawning occurred every 1–3 days rather than fortnightly. These results suggest that tidal influences are a primary factor that synchronizes spawning in M. menidia. Published reports of diel time of spawning in both marine and freshwater species of Menidia indicate a generic tendency to spawn during mid-morning. This pattern coupled with high tides that cover suitable spawning substrates during mid-morning only at fortnightly intervals could account for the semilunar spawning cycle in marine populations of Menidia. Although general characteristics of the reproductive ecology of M. menidia in Massachusetts were similar to a thoroughly studied population in South Carolina, several differences were evident. The breeding season was shorter in Massachusetts (late; April–June), and occurred over a much lower range of temperatures (9–21°C). Intensity and frequency of spawning was correlated with the height of high tide. Eggs were deposited only on mats of intertidal, filamentous algae rather than on roots or stems of Spartina alterniflora or other intertidal vegetation. Promiscuous spawning occurred in small, highly male-dominated groups of fish, primarily after the tide had begun to recede, and often at the water's edge. No predation on spawning adults was observed but the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, fed daily on developing embryos during high tide.

Career plans of men and women in gender-dominant professions

This research investigated sex differences in the career plans of 557 men and women completing graduate training in the male-dominated professions of business, law, and medicine and the female-dominated professions of education, nursing, and social work. Content analysis was performed to determine the continuity, specificity, ambition, and accomodation of family responsibilities reflected in plans for 2-, 5-, 10- and 20-year points. Chi square analyses showed clear patterns of sex differences in the feminine professions. Except for child care, the plans of women in male-dominated groups were not significantly different from those of male colleagues. The findings are discussed from the perspective of role theory.