Human Body Research Articles

Leptospira infection of rodents captured at the slaughterhouses and their risk to public health in Unguja island, Tanzania

Background: Leptospira infection is an invasion of animal or human body with the pathogenic spirochete bacteria of the genus Leptospira resulting to a disease called leptospirosis. This study aimed to investigate Leptospira infection and the carrier status of rodents caught near slaughterhouses at Unguja Island, Tanzania. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2022 at Unguja Island to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in rodents captured in and around the slaughterhouse’s compounds. A total of 302 sera samples from four slaughterhouses were tested for anti-leptospiral antibodies using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with a panel of 5 Leptospira serovars: Pomona, Lora, Hebdomadis, Grippotyphosa and Sokoine; and were considered positive at MAT titer ≥1:20. Chi-square test and the Fisher exact test were used to assess the statistical association between variables at a p value of < 0.05. Results: The overall seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in rodents was 10.6% (32/302). Individual rodent species had seroprevalence of 8.5% for Mus musculus, 0.0% for Mastomys natalensis, 20.8% for Rattus norvegicus, 9.3% for Rattus rattus and Cricetomys gambianus at 12.5%. However, the apparent seroprevalence in the individual slaughter facilities was 15.0% (15/100) Kinyasini, 10.4% (5/48) Mfenesini, 9.3% (5/54) Kisakasaka, and 7.0% (7/100) Muwanda. Conclusion: With over ten percent of rodents testing positive for Leptospira infection, it is crucial to implement rodent control measures to prevent the spread of the disease to those working in or around the slaughterhouses in Unguja Island.

Insilico Simulation Studies for Tuberculosis Drug Discovery and its Response

From high treatment and with such precaution measures TB (Tuberculosis) came with leading cause of deaths in the world. For Tuberculosis it increasing drug resistance for different kind of TB like Multidrug-resistant TB and Extensively drug-resistant TB, increasing relapse and in efficiency of drug for TB pathogen.it take longer duration, it affect on human body with infection from HIV and other autoimmune disorder have pushed it to a lethal level and for this we need more effective drugs. With the help of CADD technology we can findout more viable drug molecules for the better treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis .Insilico drug design is a more efficient ,time saving and cost effective process. With the help of inslico drug design we can identify/Generate lead molecules that can inhibit the activity of TB. In inslico process we took 4GZR protein which is Crystal structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and lead(ligand) with the support of computer aided drug design (CADD) pipeline and bioinformatics software tools. Key words: Tuberculosis, Insilico Drug Design, Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD), Bioinformatics Tool and Technology.

The Relationship Between Body Image Dissatisfaction, Psychopathological Symptoms, Social Comparisons With Peers and Celebrities, and Self-Compassion in Men.

This study aimed to further understand body image among men by examining differences in body dissatisfaction and physical appearance-related comparisons with peers and celebrities, self-compassion, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and explore the relationship between male body image dissatisfaction, self-compassion, and depressive symptoms. The sample comprised 220 Portuguese men aged 18-66 years old, mostly single (78.2%) and with a mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.81. Participants completed online measures assessing depressive and anxiety symptoms, male body dissatisfaction, self-compassion, and social comparison disseminated through social media and online forums. No significant differences were found between the BMI groups regarding anxiety, depression, and self-compassion. Underweight and typical weight groups revealed significantly less male body dissatisfaction (body fat dimension). Participants in the obesity group revealed less positive social comparisons with peers and celebrities. Regression results showed that age, years of education, the muscularity dimension of the male body dissatisfaction, and self-compassion were significant predictors, accounting for 26% of depressive symptoms. Cultivating self-compassionate skills may be helpful for dealing with muscularity dissatisfaction, thus leading to less depressive symptoms.

Transport of perfluoroalkyl substances across human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells in comparison with primary human intestinal epithelial cells and Caco-2 cells.

Humans can be exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) via many exposure routes, including diet, which may lead to several adverse health effects. So far, little is known about PFAS transport across the human intestinal barrier. In the current study, we aimed to assess the transport of 5 PFASs (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and HFPO-DA) in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) model. This model was extensively characterized and compared with the widely applied human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 and a human primary IEC-based model, described to most closely resemble in vivo tissue. The hiPSC-derived IEC layers demonstrated polarized monolayers with tight junctions and a mucus layer. The monolayers consisted of enterocytes, stem cells, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells that are also present in native tissue. Transcriptomics analysis revealed distinct differences in gene expression profiles, where the hiPSC-derived IECs showed the highest expression of intestinal tissue-specific genes relative to the primary IEC-based modeland the Caco-2 cells clustered closer to the primary IEC-based model than the hiPSC-derived IECs. The order of PFAS transport was largely similar between the models and the apparent permeability (Papp) values of PFAS in apical to basolateral direction in the hiPSC-derived IEC model were in the following order: PFHxS > PFOA > HFPO-DA > PFNA > PFOS. In conclusion, the hiPSC-derived IEC model highly resembles human intestinal physiology and is therefore a promising novel in vitro model to study transport of chemicals across the intestinal barrier for risk assessment of chemicals.

Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Karakteristik Kimia Stik Pegagan

Gotu kola leaves contain active compounds which are beneficial for the human body. Gotu kola leaves can be added to processed foods, including sticks. This research added sticks with a concentration of 10%, 15%, and 20% of gotu kola leaves paste. Then, antioxidants activity, crude fiber content, water content, ash content, protein content, fat content, and carbohydrate content were analyzed. After that, gotu kola sticks were selected. Based on research results, the greater the addition of gotu kola leaves, the greater the antioxidant activity, water content, ash content, protein content, and crude fiber content. Gotu kola sticks were selected with the addition of 15% gotu kola leaves. The results of gotu kola chosen sticks had an antioxidant content of 53671.90 ppm, water content 1.32%, ash content 0.99%, protein content 7.75%, fat content 39.04%, carbohydrate content 50.91% and crude fiber 32.20%.

A Study on the Importance of Physical Education in the Modern ERA

Physical training is important in today's society. Only physical activity can help people live healthier and better lives. Today there are fresh and new illnesses that have caused great damage to the human body. The life of man has become medically reliant. E.g. digest medication, excretion medicine, sleep medicine, etc. As a result, man is now like a walking robot because of these medications. Is it acceptable to squander this kind of physique in such a condition? How terrible it is that people have a while to repair technology like as cars, freezes, TV, but they have no time to care for their precious bodies. Physical training allows people to properly live their daily lives. Physical education plays a major part in the development of the human being and helps to improve physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual life. Here the author wishes to convey to our contemporary lives the significance of physical education.

Recent Advances and Prospects in β-type Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants Applications.

Titanium and its alloys, especially Ti-6Al-4V, are widely studied in implantology for their favorable characteristics. However, challenges remain, such as the high modulus of elasticity and concerns about cytotoxicity. To resolve these issues, research focuses on β-type titanium alloys that incorporate elements such as Mo, Nb, Sn, and Ta to improve corrosion resistance and obtain a lower modulus of elasticity compatible with bone. This review comprehensively examines current β titanium alloys, evaluating their mechanical properties, in particular the modulus of elasticity, and corrosion resistance. To this end, a systematic literature search was carried out, where 81 articles were found to evaluate these outcomes. In addition, this review also covers the formation of the alloy, processing methods such as arc melting, and its physical, mechanical, electrochemical, tribological, and biological characteristics. Because β-Ti alloys have a modulus of elasticity closer to that of human bone compared to other metal alloys, they help reduce stress shielding. This is important because the alloy allows for a more even distribution of forces by having a modulus of elasticity more similar to that of bone. In addition, these alloys show good corrosion resistance due to the formation of a noble titanium oxide layer, facilitated by the incorporation of β stabilizers. These alloys also show significant improvements in mechanical strength and hardness. Finally, they also have lower cytotoxicity and bacterial adhesion, depending on the β stabilizer used. However, there are persistent challenges that require detailed research in critical areas, such as optimizing the composition of the alloy to achieve optimal properties in different clinical applications. In addition, it is crucial to study the long-term effects of implants on the human body and to advance the development of cutting-edge manufacturing techniques to guarantee the quality and biocompatibility of implants.

Titanium nanoparticles released from orthopedic implants induce muscle fibrosis via activation of SNAI2.

Titanium alloys represent the prevailing material employed in orthopedic implants, which are present in millions of patients worldwide. The prolonged presence of these implants in the human body has raised concerns about possible health effects. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of titanium implants and surrounding tissue samples obtained from patients who underwent revision surgery for therapeutic reasons. The surface of the implants exhibited nano-scale corrosion defects, and nanoparticles were deposited in adjacent samples. In addition, muscle in close proximity to the implant showed clear evidence of fibrotic proliferation, with titanium content in the muscle tissue increasing the closer it was to the implant. Transcriptomics analysis revealed SNAI2 upregulation and activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. In vivo rodent and zebrafish models validated that titanium implant or nanoparticles exposure provoked collagen deposition and disorganized muscle structure. Snai2 knockdown significantly reduced implant-associated fibrosis in both rodent and zebrafish models. Cellular experiments demonstrated that titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) induced fibrotic gene expression at sub-cytotoxic doses, whereas Snai2 knockdown significantly reduced TiO2 NPs-induced fibrotic gene expression. The in vivo and in vitro experiments collectively demonstrated that Snai2 plays a pivotal role in mediating titanium-induced fibrosis. Overall, these findings indicate a significant release of titanium nanoparticles from the implants into the surrounding tissues, resulting in muscular fibrosis, partially through Snai2-dependent signaling.

A bioswitchable delivery system for microRNA therapeutics based on a tetrahedral DNA nanostructure.

As microRNAs (miRNA) regulate almost all physiopathological activities in the human body, miRNA therapeutics that deliver miRNA regulators have attracted considerable attention in the field of nucleic acid drug development. The use of tetrahedral DNA nanostructures to deliver miRNA regulators is promising because of their simple fabrication, enhanced cell entry, effective tissue penetration, biocompatibility and functional editability. This protocol extension builds on our previous protocol for the use of tetrahedral DNA nanostructures and was designed to establish an updated bioswitchable delivery system (BDS) for achieving controlled cargo loading and release. A ribonuclease H-sensitive sequence is designed as a bioswitchable apparatus for the targeted release of the miRNA regulator. The functional sequence of the miRNA regulator and minimal secondary structure formation tendency during annealing are two key points in cargo design. We provide two BDS design strategies; BDS-A comprises an intact DNA tetrahedron with the RNA cargo hanging outside, offering the merits of lower cost, simplicity, and more direct structural design. In the BDS-B design, the RNA regulators are embedded into the DNA tetrahedron, which is beneficial for dermal tissue permeation applications. Following sequence design in Oligo 7 and Tiamat, the BDS assembly is completed and then ribonuclease H achieves controlled release of the miRNA regulator by triggering the bioswitchable apparatus. This is verified via polyacrylamide and agarose gel electrophoresis or fluorophore modifications. Both BDSs show promising cellular membrane permeability, tissue permeability and target inhibition in vitro and in vivo. The assembly and characterization of the BDS can be completed in 4 d, and the validation time for biostability and biological applications will depend on the specific use.

Pathway to industrial application of heterotrophic organisms in critical metals recycling from e-waste.

The transition to renewable energies and electric vehicles has triggered an unprecedented demand for metals. Sustainable development of these technologies relies on effectively managing the lifecycle of critical raw materials, including their responsible sourcing, efficient use, and recycling. Metal recycling from electronic waste (e-waste) is of paramount importance owing to ore exceeding amounts of critical elements and high toxicity of heavy metals and organic pollutants in e-waste to the natural ecosystem and human body. Heterotrophic microbes secrete numerous metal-binding biomolecules such as organic acids, amino acids, cyanide, siderophores, peptides, and biosurfactants which can be utilized for eco-friendly and profitable metal recycling. In this review paper, we presented a critical review of heterotrophic organisms in biomining, and current barriers hampering the industrial application of organic acid bioleaching and biocyanide leaching. We also discussed how these challenges can be surmounted with simple methods (e.g., culture media optimization, separation of microbial growth and metal extraction process) and state-of-the-art biological approaches (e.g., artificial microbial community, synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, advanced fermentation strategies, and biofilm engineering). Lastly, we showcased emerging technologies (e.g., artificially synthesized peptides, siderophores, and biosurfactants) derived from heterotrophs with the potential for inexpensive, low-impact, selective and advanced metal recovery from bioleaching solutions.

Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of coconut husk extract on various solvents

Coconut is known as the “wonder food” and is regarded as perfect diet because it contains almost all essential nutrients needed by the human body. Coconut husk is a by-product of the coconut that known contains phytochemical compounds and antimicrobial activities. This study aims to determine the phytochemical characteristics and the antimicrobial activity of coconut husk extracts. Completely Randomized Design was used in this study and the effect of coconut husk and the different solvent type were investigated. These are selected Five different solvents, they are polar solvent and non-polar i.e. Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol, Chloroform and Petroleum ether. The phytochemicals characteristic and antimicrobial activity of coconut husk extract were determined. The results of this study indicated that coconut husk extract containing Carbohydrates, Reducing sugar, Sugar, Proteins, Tannins, Saponin, Flavonoids, Steroids. and terpenoids. The coconut husk extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus cocci and E. coli and the microbes isolated from soil. The coconut husk extracted with Acetone show the highest antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus cocci bacteria with inhibition zone diameter of 10 mm, and the coconut husk extract with Ethanol show the lowest inhibition antimicrobial activity these are 04 mm against E. coli. The extract was observed to be more effective against Streptococcus cocci. Presence of tannins and other phenolic compound ds may responsible for antimicrobial activity.

Anatomy of the Achilles tendon-Apictorial review.

The Achilles tendon (AT) is the strongest tendon of the human body. The knowledge of AT anatomy is abasic prerequisite for the successful treatment of acute and chronic lesions. The structure of the AT results from acomplicated fusion of three parts: the tendons of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles. From proximal to distal, the tendon fibers twist in along spiral into aroughly 90° internal rotation. The tendon is narrowest approximately 5-7 cm above its calcaneal insertion and from there it expands again. The topography of the footprints of the individual AT components reflects the tendon origins. The anterior (deep) AT fibers insert into the middle third of the posterior aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity, the posterior (superficial) fibers pass over the calcaneal tuberosity and fuse with the plantar aponeurosis. Adeep calcaneal bursa is interposed between the calcaneal tuberosity and the AT anterior surface. The AT has no synovial sheath but is covered along its entire length with asliding connective tissue, the paratenon which is, however, absent on its anterior surface. The AT is supplied by the posterior tibial artery (PTA) and the peroneal artery (PA). Motor innervation of the triceps surae muscle is provided by fibers of the tibial nerve which also gives off sensitive fibers for the AT. Sensitive innervation is also provided via the sural nerve. The sural nerve crosses the AT approximately 11 cm proximal to the calcaneal tuberosity. The forces acting on the AT during exercise may be up to 12 times the body weight. Physiological stretching of AT collagen fibers ranges between 2% and 4% of its length. Stretching of the tendon over 4% results in microscopic failure and stretching beyond 8% in macroscopic failure.

Design of bioresorbable calcium phosphate cement with high porosity via the addition of bioresorbable polymers.

Novel calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) that can be resorbed into the human body need to be developed. One approach for improving bioresorbability is reducing the content of calcium phosphate in CPCs; however, this may induces difficulties in setting the cement and increases the risk of decay. Adding bioresorbable polymers to a liquid solution can shorten the setting time and inhibit decay during setting. A novel bioresorbable polymer, phosphorylated pullulan (PPL), was recently reported. The effect of adding PPL to α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP)-based CPCs was examined and compared to that of adding bioresorbable polymers such as collagen, chitosan, and alginate. Collagen did not significantly inhibit the conversion of α-TCP to hydroxyapatite (HA), and its combination with calcium phosphate decreased the setting time and suppressed decay; chitosan decreased the setting time when combined with calcium phosphate; and alginate inhibited the conversion of α-TCP to HA and contributed to suppressing the decay. In contrast, PPL slightly inhibited the conversion of α-TCP to HA; however, its combination with calcium phosphate decreased the setting time. Thus, selecting bioresorbable polymers can help effectively control the properties of CPCs.

Vitamin D3 formation in milk by UV treatment - Novel insights into a rediscovered process.

Vitamin D3 is essential for several functions in the human body and the demand is usually covered by natural reactions in skin with UV radiation delivered by the sun. But living beyond a latitude of 35° can lead to a lack of sufficient exposition to the deciding wavelength. Here, many countries fortify their milk prophylactically with artificial vitamin D3. However, the precursor molecule of vitamin D3 (7-deydrocholesterol) is already naturally located in the milk fat globule membrane. Thus, this study deals with the transformation of the naturally occurring 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3 through UV treatment of the milk - a mechanism that was observed a century ago only indirectly. Different parameters such as temperature (10 - 50°C), fluid flow regimen (turbulent vs. laminar thin film, i.e., 0.6 mm) and wavelength (254, 280 and 313 nm) were investigated in this study for their efficiencies. The UV dose of each experiment was measured with chemical actinometry delivering the actually applied dose reaching the milk. Thus, the connection between applied UV dose and generated vitamin D3 content in the milk measured quantitively with LC-MS/MS was evaluated here that both were not possible a hundred years ago. The experimental results revealed that temperature generally promotes the vitamin D3 formation at 254 nm. Further, a turbulent flow is not as efficiently treated as a laminar thin film flow that is as narrow as 0.6 mm. As expected from absorbance spectra of the precursor molecule 7-dehydrocholesterol, 280 nm turned out to be the most efficient wavelength, followed by intermediate success through irradiation with 254 nm and almost no effect by 313 nm. Generally, it was shown that vitamin D3 concentration of milk was easily increased by UV treatment with today's technologies and that adjustment of certain physical parameters have a significant effect on the efficiency.

Global 13C tracing and metabolic flux analysis of intact human liver tissue ex vivo.

Liver metabolism is central to human physiology and influences the pathogenesis of common metabolic diseases. Yet, our understanding of human liver metabolism remains incomplete, with much of current knowledge based on animal or cell culture models that do not fully recapitulate human physiology. Here, we perform in-depth measurement of metabolism in intact human liver tissue ex vivo using global 13C tracing, non-targeted mass spectrometry and model-based metabolic flux analysis. Isotope tracing allowed qualitative assessment of a wide range of metabolic pathways within a single experiment, confirming well-known features of liver metabolism but also revealing unexpected metabolic activities such as de novo creatine synthesis and branched-chain amino acid transamination, where human liver appears to differ from rodent models. Glucose production ex vivo correlated with donor plasma glucose, suggesting that cultured liver tissue retains individual metabolic phenotypes, and could be suppressed by postprandial levels of nutrients and insulin, and also by pharmacological inhibition of glycogen utilization. Isotope tracing ex vivo allows measuring human liver metabolism with great depth and resolution in an experimentally tractable system.

Prediction Model of Diabetes Complications Based on Genetic Engineering Improved Genetic Algorithm Optimized BP Neural Network

Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, people’s living standards have been greatly improved, and many chronic diseases have also been brought, including diabetes. The occurrence of diabetes not only poses a serious threat to human body, but also poses a threat to human life with its development. BP (Back Propagation) neural network model can well solve the logic regression problem of single factor and multiple factors, and also better solve the collinearity problem of multiple factors. BP neural network optimized based on improved genetic algorithm can reflect the influence mode and degree of various factors, and can be predicted from the perspective of patients’ diet, exercise, and doctors’ application of insulin. In this paper, the patients in a hospital were taken as the research object, and the BP neural network method was used to analyze the causes of the disease. The prediction model was used to screen out the high-risk groups of diabetes patients and reduce their incidence rate. Secondly, according to the collected data, the relationship between diabetes related complications was analyzed in depth by using genetic engineering technology, thus providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications. The prediction accuracy of BP neural network optimized by genetic algorithm can reach 94.1%. In the high-risk group of diabetes, taking appropriate diet and behavioral measures can reduce the probability of diabetes. The prediction scheme of diabetes complications proposed in this paper is simple and its cost is low, which can greatly reduce the cost of prevention and treatment of diabetes and the probability of diabetes.

The effect of the flipped row strategy on a number of kinematic variables in the Performance art and achievement of some basic skills in volleyball

This research aims at revealing the impact of flipped classroom strategy on a number of kinematic variables in the art of performance and achievement of some basic skills in volleyball; recognizing the differences between pre-tests and post-tests for both experimental and control groups، detecting the differences between both experimental and control groups in post hoc tests of the researched variables. Furthermore، the researchers applied the experimental curriculum in order to adapt it to the nature of the research. The research community consists of (160) students (males and females) from the Faculty of Physical Education، and the research sample reached (40) students of the second stage. The sample was then divided into experimental and control groups، randomly putting 20 students in each group; and the tested sample consists of (12) students due to the lack of commitment of some of them to apply the curriculum and the absence of many others. The two researchers then conducted the processes of homogenization and parity of the two groups، all of which show a value greater than 0.05. In addition، the sample ratio reached15%، and the two researchers in this study arrived at the conclusion that there was a difference in measuring skillful performance between accurate measurements (tests) and the measurement of art of performance by the residents. Moreover، the strategy of flipped classroom has the effect of improving some of the kinematic variables (working angles) of some of the basic skills in volleyball. Besides، there are kinematic variables of the human body that have much to do with the stage of learning skills (handling، receiving transmissions)، compared to variables that have little to do with the learning process when emphasized by the instructor.

Four-port dual-band textile MIMO antenna for biomedical health monitoring systems: on-body mutual coupling reduction characterization

The paper outlines a methodology to diminish mutual coupling in 4-port dual-band MIMO textile antenna for biomedical applications. This antenna leverages MIMO technology and Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) for operation in two distinct frequency bands at (3.5 & 2.45 GHz). The antenna is made up of four octagonal patch antennas, each having a bar and a split-ring (SR) slot with 47.2 × 31 mm2 dimensions for each patch. A hybrid mutual coupling (MC) approach was investigated with closely spaced patches (up to 0.05λ). Various bending setups have been selected along with flat case to examine the antennas’ resilience which demonstrate such agreement between measured and simulated findings. Furthermore, the MC is only −20 dB, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is 0.001, and maximum peak measured gain of 5.2 dBi is achieved with lowest peak specific absorption rate (SAR) value. Even when bent at a 60° angle along with y-axis and x-axis, the antenna retains a decent gain of 1.861 dBi in the low frequency region and 5.479 dBi at high frequency band. Surprisingly, the antenna outperforms the attenuation produced by the lossy effects of the human body, indicating a favorable alignment between the modelled and observed findings.

A New Approach to Peripheral Nerve Block Education with the Anatomage Table as a Learning Adjunct.

Human anatomy education serves as a gateway for entering the intricacies of health science. Human Cadavers have been the gold standard for learning regional and gross anatomy. However, increasing barriers in acquisition, maintenance, and longevity have pushed anatomy education towards technology-based alternatives such as the Anatomage Tableâ (AT), an interactive, life-sized virtual dissection table with many anatomy education centric features. The AT has found purchase in various contexts, such as clinical settings, research, outreach, and education. Studies into the efficacy of the AT in teaching settings have been generally positive but limited in its application, particularly in clinical procedure education. In this study, we conducted an informal workshop for second-year Certified Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) students to aid in being able to identify the important neuraxial landmarks for performing peripheral nerve blocks (PNB), an anesthetic technique often used before other procedures. In our workshop, we paired the AT with identifying the same neuraxial landmarks on volunteer models with an ultrasound probe to provide students with relevant tactile experience for the procedure. From our pre-/post- surveys of the participants (n = 29), we found that our workshop significantly increased student confidence in identifying the relevant neuraxial landmarks for and in performing PNBs. Our results support using the AT in clinical education as a supplement, particularly where other anatomic teaching tools, such as cadaver models, may be too difficult to implement.

Nursing student's perceptions, satisfaction, and knowledge toward utilizing immersive virtual reality application in human anatomy course: quasi-experimental.

A paradigm shift in nursing education is required to prepare Z generation of nursing students through integrated innovative technologies as teaching strategies such as immersive virtual reality in several bioscience and main courses to facilitate and enhance learning process. Examine the effect of utilizing an immersive virtual reality application on students' perceptions, knowledge, and satisfaction in an anatomy course. A quasi-experimental (pre-post test, one group) design was conducted among 1st year nursing students (N = 138) enrolled in an anatomy course in the spring semester of 2023-2024 in the nursing program in the health professions faculty at Al-Quds University. The technology acceptance model (TAM) was used for data collection. The results showed that 96% of participants were satisfied with using the VR application, and it retains their knowledge in the human anatomy course. 92% of the total, were under the age of twenty, and 84% were females. 80.1% (2.99 ± 0.58) of those students had more positive perspectives of VR applications in the nursing courses. Additionally, there were significant differences in students' satisfaction and knowledge toward using VR applications after the anatomy lecture (p = 0.029, p = 0.05, respectively). Virtual reality is a supplemental innovative tool for promoting learning. Nursing students perceive immersive virtual reality technologies positively and prefer using three-dimensional images in their anatomy courses, which helps them recall their knowledge, understand concepts of educational content, identify learning objectives, and improve learning outcomes. This study found that virtual reality can improve nursing students' understanding, satisfaction, and knowledge of anatomy.