Male Baby Research Articles

Technical Feasibility of Renal Artery Embolization on a Transplanted Kidney Due to Intractable Unilateral Hydronephrosis After En Bloc Kidney Transplantation: Case Report.

En bloc kidney transplantation (EBKT) is a technique used to transplant pediatric kidneys to adult recipients, but can lead to certain complications seldom found in single-kidney transplantation. We report a case of renal artery embolization after EBKT due to intractable unilateral hydronephrosis and highlight the technical details and challenges of the procedure. An 18-year-old female with MELAS syndrome underwent EBKT from a 10-month-old male baby. Two months later, the patient developed unilateral hydronephrosis and recurrent urinary tract infections, which was intractable to conventional therapy. Therefore, we underwent embolization of the problematic transplanted left kidney. Owing to the complicated anatomy and multiple angulations, multiple microcatheters, wires and support catheters were needed to select the renal arteries. Repeated procedures were required due to remnant flow from small branches and accessory renal arteries that were not easily visualized by conventional angiography, which were eventually detected by adjunctive use of 3-dimensional rotational angiography. Selective renal artery embolization after EBKT is challenging due to the short renal artery length and multiple angulations, yet it can still be performed safely and effectively by use of meticulous catheter-wire interactions and adjunctive intraoperative imaging techniques to delineate the precise anatomy of the target arteries. Selective renal artery embolization, which is less invasive than nephrectomy, can be considered if the culprit kidney must inevitably be sacrificed in en bloc kidney transplantation.

Implementasi Kaidah al-‘Ādah Muḥakkamah terhadap Potodenako (Adat Kawin Lari) pada Masyarakat Wakatobi

This study aims to find out the problems of shaving hair for babies at the time of aqeekah among the scholars, as well as to find out the views of the Imam Aḥmad bin Hanbal school and its legal isntinbat method in the issue of shaving hair for baby girls in aqeekah. This research is a type of descriptive literature research, which focuses on the study of text manuscripts, using a normative juridical approach. As for the results of the research that scholars have different opinions regarding the law of aqeekah, some say that it is sunnah muakkadah and some say that it is obligatory, in the implementation of aqeekah it is sunnah to perform all rituals of aqeekah. As for the wisdom, it is prescribed for aqikah that there are many benefits, as a form of gratitude to Allah swt, the conditions for akikah are the same as those for qurban and there is no difference of opinion on this matter. In the istinbat method, Imām Aḥmad bin anbāl from the prophet's hadith as well as the opinion of scholars, it is seen that shaving the hair on babies is only for male babies, so that female babies are not included in the order, so they are judged differently from the law for male babies. Regarding this, the opinion of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal views that it is makruh to shave a baby girl's hair

Prenatal Sex Role Stereotypes: Gendered Expectations and Perceptions of (Expectant) Parents

People assign attributes to a different degree to other persons depending on whether these are male or female (sex role stereotypes). Such stereotypes continue to exist even in countries with lower gender inequality. The present research tested the idea that parents develop sex role consistent expectations of their babies’ attributes based on fetal sex (by ultrasound diagnostic), as well as gendered perceptions of their recently newborn babies. A total of 304 dyads of predominantly White expecting parents from Germany were followed over the course of pregnancy until after the birth and completed a sex role inventory on their babies’ expected (before birth) as well as perceived traits (after birth). Specifically, they rated to what extent they expected their babies to have normatively feminine traits (e.g., soft-spoken and warm) and normatively masculine traits (e.g., independent and assertive) twice before birth (first half of pregnancy, six weeks before due date) and to what extent they perceived their baby to have these traits eight weeks after birth. The results suggested that fathers held gendered expectations and perceptions, whereas mothers did not. These results suggest that male and female babies are likely to encounter sex role stereotypes about their alleged attributes as soon as their birth.

How do the skin barrier and microbiome adapt to the extra-uterine environment after birth? Implications for the clinical practice.

The multiple protective functions of the skin derive from the interactions between epithelial skin and immune cells as well as the commensal microbiota. Developed in the last trimester of intra-uterine life, the skin barrier adapts dynamically after birth. Specific differences in the structure and physiology have been disclosed between infant and adult skin. The stratum corneum of infants is thinner and structured by thicker corneocytes with a more anisotropic surface in comparison to adult skin. Lower levels of the natural moisturizing factor and its constituents, together with the increased protease activity in the epidermis result in dry baby skin and ongoing adaptation of the desquamation to the extra-uterine environment. Infant epidermis is characterized by an accelerated proliferation rate and clinically competent permeability barrier in term neonates, despite the higher baseline values of transepidermal water loss in infants. The skin surface of newborns is less acidic, which could increase susceptibility to diaper and atopic dermatitis. Immediately after birth, skin is colonized by commensal bacteria-a process dependent on the mode of delivery and of major importance for the maturation of the immune system. Skin bacterial diversity and dysbiosis have been related to different pathology such as atopic and seborrheic dermatitis. This paper focuses on the ongoing structural, functional and biochemical adaptation of the human skin barrier after birth. We discuss the interactions on the 'skin barrier/ microbiota/ immune system' axis and their role in the development of competent functional integrity of the epidermal barrier.

Ayurvedic Management of Primary Infertility Associated with PCOS - A Case Report

Poly cystic ovarian syndrome is a condition characterised by a wide range of signs and symptoms including menstrual irregularities, obesity, acne, hirsutism and is causing adverse effects on metabolic and endocrinal system. Exact etiology and pathophysiology is still unclear but it’s having a strong familial predisposition. This is a case report on an anovulatory infertility caused by PCOS. A 27-year-old female patient presented to the Streeroga OPD at ITRA On December 29, 2020, complaining of infertility, irregular and delayed menstruation, and weight gain over the past three years. She has been taking allopathic medicine for the same for the last two years. During her initial opd visit, she received a thorough medical history as well as all relevant clinical, physical, and laboratory tests. Bulky ovaries with polycystic morphology were discovered on sonography. Anovulatory factor infertility owing to PCOS was determined based on clinical symptoms and sonography. Pathadi choorna and Arogyavardhini rasa were chosen as medications and Samana oushadha was chosen as the line of management. The patient was counselled on lifestyle changes, the need of exercise, and correction of food habits. Patient was under medication for a period of 5 months. Patient got conceived after that and on 8th February 2022 she gave birth to a healthy male baby per vaginally with a baby weight of 3.2 kg.

Obstetric rectal buttonhole tear and a successful three-layer repair: A case report

An obstetric rectal buttonhole tear (ORBT) is a rare obstetric complication with only 21 cases reported in the literature. The choice of two- or three-layer repair of ORBT is controversial. In this case, the author describes (with high-quality images) an ORBT repaired in three layers in order to provide clinical lessons to healthcare professionals involved in obstetrical care. The patient was a 26-year-old pregnant woman with a previous vertex delivery and 4 previous first-trimester miscarriages. In the index pregnancy, she had a spontaneous vertex vaginal birth of a 3095g male baby at 39weeks of gestation. During childbirth, she sustained an ORBT and a third-degree perineal tear involving <50% of the external anal sphincter. The ORBT was repaired in three layers using continuous 2-0 Vicryl to the rectal mucosa, and interrupted polydioxanone (PDS) 3-0 to the adjoining vagino-rectal fascia. Subsequently, the external anal sphincter was repaired end-to-end with interrupted PDS 3-0. Thereafter, the vagina was repaired with continuous Vicryl 2-0. The wound healed with no complications over the 12weeks of postnatal clinic visits. A three-layer repair is arguably preferable given that closure of the fascia between the rectal and vaginal mucosae (vagino-rectal fascia) may improve the tensile strength at the injury site. However, a two-layer repair may be undertaken in rare cases where the vagino-rectal fascia is not identifiable.

Differences in birth weight between immigrants’ and natives’ children in Europe and Australia: a LifeCycle comparative observational cohort study

ObjectiveResearch on adults has identified an immigrant health advantage, known as the ‘immigrant health paradox’, by which migrants exhibit better health outcomes than natives. Is this health advantage transferred from...

A CASE REPORT OF PLACENTA SUCCENTURIATA

Placenta succenturiate is a morphological abnormality of the placenta where one or more of the lobes are present outside the placental body. These can have different sizes and are connected by blood vessels to the main placenta. The accessory lobe develops from the chorionic villi that did not involute from the mild chorion. The estimated incidence worldwide is 1.04%. This entity has been associated with two main risk factors, advanced maternal age and women who have undergone in vitro fertilization. case report: Herein, we report a case of pregnancy with an incidental nding of succenturiate lobe of placenta in a 30-year G2P1L1 at 38 weeks +6 days' gestation presented to our emergency with pain in lower abdomen. she was admitted in the labor room where she delivered a healthy male baby. The placenta was delivered out along with membranes intoto by controlled cord traction. It had a small accessory lobe, a size of two cotyledons in the membranes at a distance from the main placenta. This accessory lobe had vascular connections with the main placenta. Conclusion: the succenturiate placenta is a morphological abnormality, and is generally diagnosed in the postpartum period, but the ultrasonography guided recognition of which in the antenatal period is important. This variety of placenta carries many risks that can compromise the health and life of both the fetus and the mother

ANAESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF A 26 YEARS OLD PREGNANT WOMEN WITH A KNOWN CASE OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE PLANNED FOR EMERGENCY CESAREAN SECTION

A26 years old pregnant women who is a known case sickle cell disease (ss) presented with respiratory distress and severe anemia planned for emergency cesarean section . After preoperative optimisation with 4 units of blood transfusion and oxygenation via facemask operative intervention was carried out under combine spinal epidural anaesthesia . A sensory block level of T6 is achieved with intrathecal injection 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine with 25 microgram of injection fentanyl .Intraoperatively 1 units of blood transfusion was done under regular ABG monitoring to prevent acid -base inbalance, hypoxia, acidosis , hypothermia and hypercarbia . Postoperative analgesia was provided through the epidural catheter with 6 ml of ( inj 0.125% of bupivacaine + 25 microgram of inj fentanyl) every 12 hourly for 3 days. She was discharged from the postnatal ward on 5 th day following surgery with a healthy male baby . Pregnancy associated with sickle cell disease carries a high risk of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. It provide a great challenge to anaesthesiologist during perioperative management. The uneventful course of anaesthesia in this case is managed with systemic evaluation and careful anaesthetic strategy

Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 3 secondary to phosphatidylinositol glycan class T mutation: a neonatal case report

Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 3 (MCAHS3) is caused by genetic defects in glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol transamidase complex synthesis due to mutations in the PIGT gene. The disease encompasses dysmorphism, cardiac, genito-urinary and skeletal anomalies, developmental delay and epilepsy in variable severity. Only 39 such cases have been reported till date in literature. We reported the first Indian case with neonatal presentation and overall the sixth case of MCAHS3 to present in neonatal age. The pro-band was a male baby born to non-consanguineous parents. He had perinatal depression, craniofacial dysmorphism, epileptic encephalopathy, left radio-ulnar congenital fractures and respiratory failure managed with multiple anti-epileptics, invasive ventilation and limb splinting. Clinical exome sequencing revealed an autosomal recessive homozygous PIGT gene mutation on exon 6 of chromosome 20 with a variant nomenclature of C.709G&gt;C with heterozygous parents confirming MCAHS3. This report expands the range of information available on MCAHS3. It highlights the need to elaborately investigate dysmorphic newborns with severe hypotonia along with the described neurological symptoms, so as to pin point this potentially diagnosable entity.

20α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Expression in the Human Myometrium at Term and Preterm Birth: Relationships to Fetal Sex and Maternal Body Mass Index

The mechanism by which human labor is initiated in the presence of elevated circulating progesterone levels remains unknown. Recent evidence indicates that the progesterone-metabolizing enzyme, 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD), encoded by the gene AKR1C1, may contribute to functional progesterone withdrawal. We found that AKR1C1 expression significantly increased with labor onset in term myometrium, but not in preterm myometrium. Among preterm laboring deliveries, clinically diagnosed chorioamnionitis was associated with significantly elevated AKR1C1 expression. AKR1C1 expression positively correlated with BMI before labor and negatively correlated with BMI during labor. Analysis by fetal sex showed that AKR1C1 expression was significantly higher in women who delivered male babies compared to women who delivered female babies at term, but not preterm. Further, in pregnancies where the fetus was female, AKR1C1 expression positively correlated with the mother’s age and BMI at the time of delivery. In conclusion, the increase in myometrial AKR1C1 expression with term labor is consistent with 20α-HSD playing a role in local progesterone metabolism to promote birth. Interestingly, this role appears to be specific to term pregnancies where the fetus is male. Upregulated AKR1C1 expression in the myometrium at preterm in-labor with clinical chorioamnionitis suggests that increased 20α-HSD activity is a mechanism through which inflammation drives progesterone withdrawal in preterm labor. The link between AKR1C1 expression and maternal BMI may provide insight into why maternal obesity is often associated with dysfunctional labor. Higher myometrial AKR1C1 expression in male pregnancies may indicate fetal sex-related differences in the mechanisms that precipitate labor onset at term.

A STUDY OF RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN NEWBORN IN A TERTIARY CARE MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL IN EASTERN INDIA

Background:Respiratory distress is one of the commonest disorder encountered leading to hospital admission in neonates.Clinical presentation of respiratory distress in neonates include 2 or more of the following features- respiratory rate &gt;=60/min, chest retractions, grunting, nasal aring, cyanosis. Early recognition and appropriate specic therapy of neonatal respiratory distress has impressive results. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to record risk factors for respiratory distress in neonates admitted in SNCU and NICU in a tertiary care medical college hospital. Material and Methods: The observational descriptive study included one hundred (100) newborns admitted in NICU and SNCU with clinical features of respiratory distress during 1 year study period in Malda Medical College and Hospital. Results: 68% neonates presented within 24 hrs of age. The occurrence of respiratory distress was high in male babies, 64% compared with female 36%.Several risk factors were associated with neonatal respiratory distress. Teenage pregnancy(44%), maternal anemia(73%), PIH (17%), antenatal fever(5%), APH (4%), GDM(8%), Thyroid disorders(11%) are present in varying degrees in mothers.RDS was the most common etiology, 32% followed by MAS(17%), TTNB(15%), CHD(15%), pneumonia(9%), birth asphyxia (7%), syndromic(2%).8 ELBWand 9 VLBWnewborns were all suffered from RDS.21 neonates born to teenage pregnancy developed RDS. Among preterm babies, RDS was the most common etiology, among term babies, TTNB was the commonest. Conclusion: Respiratory distress is one of the commonest cause of SNCU and NICU admission. RDS is common in preterm babies whereas TTNB is more common in term babies.Male gender, teenage pregnancy, low birth weight, gestational age, antenatal illness like PIH,GDM, thyroid disorders are the risk factors for neonatal respiratory distress.

Unexpected neonatal death due to medium-chain acyl-CoA deficiency

Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) is the most common fatty acid oxidation disorder, with an incidence of 1:19,000 live births in Australia.1 The typical presentation of MCADD is between 3 and 24 months of age and include hypoglycaemia, hepatomegaly and sudden death.2 Our case is a full term well grown male baby who was born in good condition. He became lethargic and had long periods without feeds on day 2 of life. On day 3 of life, he developed tachypnoea and grunting and was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at The Royal Children’s Hospital.

Infantile colic patients' rates of urinary tract infections at Khyber Teaching Hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs), which impact 8% of girls and 2% of boys by age seven and have a repeat rate of 10% to 30%, are common in infants and young children. Infantile colic is a very difficult condition for parents to manage. Objective: To discover the prevalence of uti among patients who appear with neonatal distress Study design: A Prospective observational cohort study. Place and duration of study. Department of Paediatrics, Khyber teaching Hospital, Peshawar, from 01 January to 01 august 2019 Material And Methods: 126 male and female painful babies participated in the research. Khyber Teaching Hospital's paediatrics division, Peshawar. Duration: from January 1, 2020, to August 1, 2019, inclusive. Each infant had two clear middle pee samples collected two hours apart to be tested for UTIs. The UTI was considered positive if the child had a history of temperature &gt;99 °F, dysuria, and more than five WBC per HPF or &gt;10 4 CFU/HPF on pee culture. Results: Children in this research ranged in age from 6 weeks to 6 months, with a mean age, weight, and height of 3.1501.42 months, 4.9790.82 kg, and 56.6503.08 cm, respectively. Men made up the overwhelming bulk of the cases. (69.8 per cent). 61.1 per cent of mothers breastfed their babies, while 38.9 per cent used bottles to nurse them. The prevalence of urinary tract infections among individuals was 8.7%. Conclusion: The frequency of UTI among babies who appear with diarrhoea is 8.7%, it can be inferred. This research emphasises the value of early newborn UTI detection and therapy and the requirement for preventative steps to lower the risk of UTI in this group. Keywords: frequency, Infantile colic, urinary tract infection

A twelve days' male baby with clinodactyly: a rare clinical image.

A twelve days' male baby with clinodactyly: a rare clinical image.

Prevalence of Stillbirths during COVID-19 Pandemic at a Tertiary Referral Centre in Central Kerala, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Stillbirth is defined as a baby born with no signs of life after a given threshold. It is a sensitive indicator of quality of care received by the mother during antepartum and intrapartum period. There has been a renewed focus on stillbirth in the backdrop of COVID-19 pandemic, as pregnant women are at an increased risk for severe form of COVID-19 and are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of stillbirths and its characteristics during the pandemic and also, to classify the causes of stillbirths according to the International Classification of Diseases for use in Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM) classification. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India, during the COVID-19 pandemic from 1st August 2021 to 30th July 2022. A total of 106 mothers, who gave birth to stillbirths after 28 weeks of gestation were included in the study. When gestational age was not sure, stillbirth weighing more than 500 grams was considered as the inclusion criteria. Foetus, placenta, cord and membranes were examined after the delivery. The parameters studied were age, domicile, income, gestational age, order of pregnancy, mode of delivery, timing of foetal death, baby weight, gender, presence of anomalies and maternal medical complications. The causes were classified according to International Classification of Diseases-10-to Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM) classification system. Categorical variables were assessed by Chi-square test and continuous variables were assessed by unpaired Student’s t-test. Results: There were 106 stillbirths with a Stillbirth Rate (SBR) of 38.78 per 1000 births. Major proportions of stillbirths were antepartum. Mean maternal age was 28.7±4.7 years. There were 73 (68.86) rural women and 33 (31.1%) urban women with stillbirths. A total of 90 (84.9%) cases were referral, while 16 (15.1%) were registered in the Institute for antenatal care. A total of 67 (63.2%) stillborns were male babies, but there was no significant difference in SBR, according to the order of pregnancy. Causes were classified according to the ICDPM classification system. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (36.79%) and the foetal growth restriction (39.62%) were the common maternal and foetal condition identified among the cases. There were 22 COVID-19 positive cases, but they were also having hypertension as co-morbidity. Conclusion: In present study, antepartum stillbirth was the commonest type and occurred mostly in referral cases from periphery. Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy and foetal growth restriction were the leading causes. Early detection of high-risk conditions and timely referral, may reduce the rate of stillbirth.

Association of Maternal Factors with hyperbilirubinaemia in Newborns at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Navi Mumbai, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns is a common and serious condition, and it is also one of the most common causes of neonatal readmission to the hospital. It is challenging to diagnose or predict the onset of hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns. Therefore, identifying neonates with maternal risk factors is useful for early prediction of hyperbilirubinaemia, enabling effective management and prevention of complications such as acute bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and its association with various maternal risk factors such as parity, maternal diseases, blood group incompatibility, mode of delivery, etc. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, from December 2021 to December 2022. A total of 500 healthy full-term neonates and their mothers were screened. Neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia during follow-up were evaluated. Data on maternal factors (e.g., parity, maternal diseases, polyhydramnios, premature rupture of membranes, ABO and Rh incompatibility) were collected, and their association with neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia was assessed. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Chi-square test to determine prevalence and significance. Results: Out of the 500 babies studied, 95 had serum total bilirubin levels beyond the acceptable normal level of 13 mg/dL at 72 hours of life. The prevalence of hyperbilirubinaemia was 19%. Among the 95 babies, 40 (42.1%) were born to primigravida mothers, while 55 (57.9%) were born to multigravida mothers. In the present study, the authors observed that out of the 26 mothers suffering from hypothyroidism, 14 babies developed hyperbilirubinaemia. Similarly, out of the 24 mothers with preeclampsia, eight babies developed hyperbilirubinaemia. Furthermore, out of the 15 mothers with diabetes mellitus, six babies developed hyperbilirubinaemia. Additionally, out of the 11 mothers with polyhydramnios, two babies developed hyperbilirubinaemia, and out of the 10 mothers with Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM), one baby developed hyperbilirubinaemia. Among the 208 male neonates, 58 developed hyperbilirubinaemia, while among the 292 female neonates, 37 developed hyperbilirubinaemia. ABO incompatibility was seen in 23 (24.2%) neonates, and Rh incompatibility was seen in 3 (3.2%) neonates, both of which were identified as important risk factors. A higher incidence of hyperbilirubinaemia was observed in neonates born via Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) compared to normal vaginal delivery. Conclusion: In the present study, the prevalence of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia was 19%. Male babies, babies born via LSCS, those with ABO incompatibility, and mothers with hypothyroidism were significantly more prone to develop hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates.

Troubleshooting of Unusual and Challenging Presentation in Pediatric Airway Emergency: A Case Series

Abstract This case series explores three distinct pediatric airway complications and their successful management through innovative on-table procedures. The first case involves a 10-month-old male baby who presented with a broken tracheostomy tube lodged within the trachea as a foreign body. The second case features a 5‐year‐old boy with left main bronchus stenosis, while the third case highlights an 8‐year‐old girl with subglottic and mid‐tracheal stenosis. In each case, conventional treatment options posed significant challenges due to the unique nature of the airway obstructions. However, the medical teams demonstrated remarkable ingenuity by implementing on-table innovations to address these critical situations. The cases were approached with a combination of advanced imaging, real-time decision-making, and tailored interventions. This case series underscores the importance of adaptability and creative problem-solving in pediatric airway emergencies. Through these cases, we showcase the potential for successful outcomes when health-care professionals utilize on-table innovation, enabling them to swiftly and effectively manage complex pediatric airway complications, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life. These experiences offer valuable insights for medical practitioners facing similar challenging scenarios in their clinical practice.

Neonatal Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism through Dried Blood Spots: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as the partial or complete loss of thyroid gland function present at birth. During the first 2-3 years of life, thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in brain development. If a baby is born with a deficiency of thyroid hormone (CH) and is not diagnosed and treated appropriately, it can lead to intellectual disability and growth retardation in the affected child. Aim: To screen newborns for CH using Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sampling. Additionally, the study aimed to compare mean TSH values between two comparison groups based on gender, birth weight, gestational age, and type of delivery. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, from November 2021 to October 2022. A total of 250 live-birth newborns delivered either by Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery (SVD) or Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent from their parents. Blood samples were obtained on DBS cards through heel prick in all newborns. TSH levels were assessed using a neonatal TSH sandwich ELISA kit. The cut-off value of TSH to label as screen positive was set at &gt;20 mIU/L. A two-tailed Independent t-test was performed to compare mean TSH values between the two comparison groups based on gender, birth weight, gestational age, and type of delivery. Results: Out of the 250 babies, 137 (54.8%) were male and 113 (45.2%) were female. The gestational age ranged from a minimum of 29 weeks to a maximum of 41 weeks in both male and female babies. TSH levels in male babies ranged from 0.16 mIU/L to 10.27 mIU/L, with a mean value of 3.98±2.16 mIU/L. TSH levels were below 20 mIU/L in all 250 newborns, indicating negative screening results for CH in all the neonates. Conclusion: The results concluded that the serum levels of TSH obtained through heel prick were not statistically significant in both term and preterm newborns, as well as in Normal Birth Weight (NBW) and Low Birth Weight (LBW) newborns. Furthermore, there was no significant difference based on the type of delivery (SVD/LSCS) or the gender of the newborn (male or female).

Varied Aetiologies and Outcome of Neonatal Cholestasis: A Series of Four Cases

Neonatal cholestasis is a significant cause of chronic liver disease in infants. However, lack of awareness among parents and primary care physicians often leads to delayed diagnosis and management of these children. In this series, the authors discussed four cases of neonatal cholestasis (48 days term female, 3 months term male, 73 days old female, 33 days old term male) that presented in the outpatient department with the chief complaint of yellowish discolouration of the eyes and pale-coloured stools. Clinical and histochemical findings in all cases were suggestive of neonatal cholestasis. The neonates were treated with Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA), vitamin ADEK, and followed up. Fortunately, in all the babies, symptoms resolved after management, except for a three-month-old male baby who unfortunately succumbed to liver failure after two weeks of hospitalisation. Early identification of Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis (PFIC) disorders is crucial as it enables effective management and potential definitive therapy. Additionally, prompt implementation of a galactose-free diet is critical for preventing acute toxicity and minimising tissue damage in galactosemia. Late presentation of biliary atresia can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is crucial to include stool and urine charts in the discharge summary of every newborn and provide parental education on recognizing the signs of cholestasis in the Paediatric Outpatient department.