Male Architects Research Articles

Women Architects and Social Housing in the Basque Country (1978-2008). An Approach from a Feminist Perspective

This article addresses the presence of women architects in social housing in the Basque Country between 1978 and 2008 from a feminist perspective. To this end, the first section of the paper is devoted to the figure of the architect Margarita Mendizábal, in order to display the unequal and male-dominated professional context that the Basque architect found after her graduation in 1956. In 1978, after two decades in the profession, Mendizábal designed a project to build a hundred social housing units in Madrid, in fact, the largest social housing project that she developed during her professional career. Until the early seventies there is no woman working as freelance architect in the Basque Country. In 1977, the School of Architecture of the UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) was created; this fact worked as an activating agent for the presence of women architects after the beginning of the nineties. In this regard, the last section of this article provides statistical data to quantify the presence of women architects in the Basque Country. This data gathers information related to women architects teaching at the School of Architecture of the UPV/EHU, in the professional sphere as freelance architects belonging to the Basque-Navarre Architects Association (COAVN) and, finally, in designing social housing developed by the Basque Government after taking over this area in 1981. The quantification of women out of total social housing developments shows that there are many fewer female than male architects working in this field. Furthermore, we provide a series of social housing cases authored or co-authored by women architects that show a relevant contribution to architecture and architectural culture in the Basque Country.

The Women of the Architects’ Small House Service Bureau: Contributions to the Well-Designed Single-Family House

Recently, scholars have highlighted the contributions of female designers to the careers of their better-known male counterparts. The role of women in architecture in the early 20th century is largely relegated to the residential sector for which they were believed to be “naturally suited.” Despite this, when working alongside male architects in the residential arena, their contributions were often overlooked. The goal of this research was to identify and highlight the women behind the Architects’ Small House Service Bureau (ASHSB) and their contributions to the enterprise. The methods used for this work included a systematic literature review of the published resources of the ASHSB, which comprised seven years of The Small Home monthly publication, five plan books published by the ASHSB with regional and reprinted variations, and an analysis of 53 banker boxes of ASHSB headquarter original documents (correspondence, membership lists, policies, and marketing materials). The outcomes of the research confirm that women were involved in all aspects of the residential designs marketed and sold by the ASHSB to consumers. Women contributors were featured with innovative designs for the interiors of the houses including kitchen designs with substantial interior detailing and built-ins, materials and furnishing selections, and advice to homeowners. Articles written by men were frequently credited while significantly fewer women received attributions, leaving the majority of articles and house design descriptions unattributed and anonymous. These women are an important part of the history of interior design in North America.

Team Effectiveness and Person-Environment Adaptation in an Analog Lunar Habitat.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining psychologically adaptive relationships among team members operating in an isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environment for an extended period continues to be a challenge, with relevance for long-duration missions to the Moon and beyond.METHODS: Two male architects were studied who lived and worked over a 60-d period in a polar ICE environment in a lunar analog habitat they designed and helped construct. Psychological measures were completed at different points of the mission, including a post-mission debriefing interview.RESULTS: Team members were highly different from each other on a number of personality traits, personal values, and stress and coping factors. Marked differences were noted on NEO-PI-3 Agreeableness and Extraversion personality traits, and Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) Stimulation, Power, and Achievement values. Team Effectiveness Questionnaire (TEQ) findings showed consistency between team members with high ratings on the Passion and Commitment and Purpose and Goals scales, and low ratings on the Roles scale. The leveling influence of decision authority and its deleterious effect on interpersonal interactions and work performance was evident. The interior design with attention to materials that made it more Earth-like and the circadian lighting system were associated with ease of work performance and promotion of relaxation and privacy.DISCUSSION: The study findings demonstrated the impact of incompatibility in personality traits and values on team performance, challenges regarding decision authority in a long-term dyadic relationship, and highlighted the human factors components of the habitat that facilitated effective individual and team functioning.Kjærgaard A, Leon GR, Chterev K. Team effectiveness and person-environment adaptation in an analog lunar habitat. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(2):70-78.

GENDER EQUALITY ISSUES IN THE ARCHITECTURE PROFESSION

This article discusses gender equality in the architectural profession. A number of studies that have been conducted by previous researchers show that architects are a profession that is famous for its macho culture which is dominated by men. Women who are involved in this profession still experience discrimination and barriers to work. This article discusses gender equality in the architectural profession, both in a narrative and in the world of practice. This article uses a qualitative descriptive method by referring to a literature review through several online references, one of which is Google Scholar, which was published from 2015 to 2022. The results of the literature review, it can be concluded that there is still a gender gap in the architectural profession. Nevertheless, several female architectural figures who can prove that women have produced architectural works that are not inferior to male architects. Of course, in the process of gender equality, female architects are faced with several obstacles and problems that occur in the world of practice such as inappropriate work wages, the occurrence of sexism, and inappropriate working hours. Keywords:Gender Equality, Architect

Review: The Architectural Model: Histories of the Miniature and the Prototype, the Exemplar and the Muse

Review: <i>The Architectural Model: Histories of the Miniature and the Prototype, the Exemplar and the Muse</i>

‘Les douceurs de l’intimité’: Men and the Making of Domesticity in Belgian Architecture Magazines (1890-1914)

ABSTRACT This article uses intimacy and architecture as a way to tell the lesser-known story of men and the domestic in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Belgium. Drawing upon little-known interior design and architecture magazines, domestic manuals and photographs, I highlight how male architects and critics of architecture contributed to the making of domesticity. I show how ‘intimacy’ was used as a deceptive concept to frame the home as a restful refuge, as well as a catalyst for creative experimentation.

Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration –Agrammatic Primary Progressive Aphasia:Case Report

We present a case of a 57-year-old male architect with a master’s degree in economics who ran his own business and gave lectures until 2016, with a clynical picture of 16 years of evolution which began with anxiety symptoms, excessive concern about trivial events, as well as difficulty in planning and decision making. In the last 3 years, there is evidence of social isolation, difficulty in finding words and decreased verbal fluency; he omits connectors in the grammatical composition in association with ritualistic, stereotyped and perseverative behavior (makes several paintings from the same photograph). &#x0D;

ПРОБЛЕМА ЖЕНСКОЙ ТЕЛЕСНОСТИ В ТЕОРИИ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ КОНЦА XX ВЕКА

This article is devoted to the phenomenon of female body in the foreign theory of architecture in the 1980‑s–90‑s. The works of D. Agrest, E. Grosz, D. Bloomer and D. Fausch are examined in the present paper. There are two perspectives on the problem of female corporeality: poststructuralist and phenomenological. Jennifer Bloomer and Diane Agrest adopt a poststructuralist critical strategy in which the notion of the feminine is considered as the “Other” of the logocentric architectural discourse. Elisabeth Gross notes that women have always been displaced from the realm of architecture. This is indicated not only by the absence of female architects, but also by the fact that the inherent attributes of female corporeality have been completely disregarded. Diane Agrest suggests that these attributes were appropriated by male architects. The phenomenological perspective on the female corporeality is reflected in Deborah Fausch's concept of “feminist architecture”. “Feminist architecture” brings back the value of concrete, sensual bodily experience in the perception of architecture. The subject's perceptual experience through the body allows the semantic dimension to unfold in the building.

Women and the Making of the University of Alicante Campus: Critical Reappraisals of Modern Architecture (1982–1999)

A stroll around the University of Alicante campus is like a journey through the history of Spanish architecture of the last 40 years, as many of its buildings exemplify the best production of the period. This legacy also tells a story about the role played by female architects within the profession. In fact, a gender reading reveals that only two women, Pilar Vázquez Carrasco, the architect of the Faculty of Sciences (FS, 1982) and the Social Club I (1987), and Dolores Alonso Vera, responsible for the Higher Polytechnic School IV (HPS, 1999), have designed structures on the campus over almost four decades and out of a total of more than 50 buildings. The FS is an example of structural sincerity whose brick and concrete materials and externalisation of services provide Brutalist echoes. The HPS IV is a design exercise consisting of a series of elegant, inviting volumes and open spaces intertwined with the campus garden. This essay focuses on the comparative analysis of these two award-winning works to unveil those contributions that female authorship has brought to their solutions by relating them to comparable buildings in space, time and type, but designed by male architects.

Social and feminist design in emergency contexts: the Women’s Social Architecture Project, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

ABSTRACTThe rapid influx of Rohingya refugees into Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, has led to the formation of huge camps, built on difficult terrain, short of space and with high population density. All these factors present numerous challenges to agencies seeking to provide latrines, water points, and bathing facilities. Feedback gathered from women and girls highlighted significant challenges around access, safety, privacy, and dignity, including management of personal hygiene and menstruation. Within the humanitarian community, site planning and WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure planning/design processes have mainly been dominated by male architects and engineers, often with gendered assumptions about the user. Acknowledging these challenges, Oxfam implemented the Women’s Social Architecture Project to work with women and adolescent girls, and female architects with a background or interest in social or feminist design and architecture, to add a different perspective into the design and siting of WASH facilities. The project has consisted of formative research with Rohingya women and girls, and design workshops with architects in which Rohingya women have co-created designs that tackle the issues they face regarding WASH facilities. This article provides an account of the progress to date, together with feedback from women and girls and the WASH Sector in Cox's Bazar ahead of the final completion of the project in June 2019.

Retention factors of experienced Malay male Architects in Malaysian architectural design consultant firms in the Klang Valley, Malaysia

The Malaysian construction industry suffers from a high rate of talent attrition within architecture design consultant firms which hinders these firms from competing locally and globally. This talent attrition hinders strategic nurturing of employees needed to sustain the firms’ involvement in the global market. This paper reports the findings of an investigation into the factors that contribute to employee retention of a purposive sample of ten male professional Malay Architects in Malaysian architecture consulting firms in the Klang Valley. It explored the reasons for respondents remaining with their employers through data collected from qualitative interviews. The data in the form of interview transcripts, interview memos and analysis memos were analyzed using category coding to generate meaning units and categories of employment retention. The analysis was based upon Alderfer’s ERG motivation theory and intrinsic motivations. It was found that existence needs (convenience, physiological needs, material security), relatedness needs (group belongingness, social needs, family obligation, friendship obligation, employment group obligation, social obligation, and social esteem), growth needs (self esteem and self-actualization) and intrinsic motives (choices, progress, competence and meaningfulness) underlie the employment retention of the respondents. The research findings provide insights about Malay male Architects employment retention factors in Malaysian architecture consulting firms.

Withdrawn Article: Retention factors of Malay male Architects in Malaysian architectural design consultant firms in the Klang Valley, Malaysia

The article "Retention factors of Malay male Architects in Malaysian architectural design consultant firms in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, by Hafiszah Ismail and Shazwan Mohamed Shaari", was accidently published twice in the same volume as a result of the Guest Editors error. Therefore, it was decided to remove this paper from publication.

Pacific Northwest Cheese: A History by Tami Parr

 OHQ vol. 116, no. 4 admittedly receiving help from commune members, particularly the male architects and carpenters). She purchased a truck, and she learned automobile mechanics. Grundstein had staked her ground intending to remain. That choice, however, was not, in the end, hers to make. Another commune member, whose family had purchased the land, decided to end experiment.“The universal laws of capital still held sway; if you had cash you had say, over your life as well as the lives of others” (p. 81). Grundstein left for California and a new life as an independent woman. Memoirs of “Sixties” commune life are not abundant, although that may change as participants grow older and decide to leave their accounts. But those who have written them, including Grundstein, are often clear-eyed in their assessments. They do not shy away from the contradictions, excesses, and naivete, but neither do they dismiss these experiments in utopian living. For Grundstein, while the commune fell short of its ideals,it nevertheless helped her find herself. Evelyn Hess is a woman of a different generation ,the one that fell between World War II and theVietnam era.Grundstein’s story begins on the cusp of adulthood. Hess is at the cusp of old age when she and her husband, in their early 70s,decided to build a home at the southern end of Oregon’s Coast Range foothills. They wanted to live simply, responsibly, and sustainably. Hess chronicles the literal process of constructing the house while offering some family history as well as meditations on how to live a satisfying life.She determines to give back as much as she took from the earth; “to be a healthy and functioning strand in the network of the natural system” (p. 70). Hess,too,receives a good deal of help.Family , friends, and neighbors — a “community” if not a commune — provided essential aid along the way.When she urges readers to“look into the more compassionate and cooperative aspect of our nature and find another mode” one hears the echoes Grundstein’s counterculture still alive and well — at least in the Pacific Northwest (p. 175). Sherry L. Smith Southern Methodist University PACIFIC NORTHWEST CHEESE: A HISTORY by Tami Parr Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 2013. Photographs, notes, index. 208 pages. $22.95, paper. It has been a somewhat circular route, cheese’s path from fur traders’ships and the deft hands arriving on prairie schooners, to the multifarm , mega-factory cheese cooperatives, and back to small family operations. Tami Parr’s Pacific Northwest Cheese: A History takes readers on that journey, telling all the interesting stories that happened along the way. Parr introduces her subject by examining the ways the Northwest’s earliest European and Russian explorers depended on dairy products. “One of the less-discussed aspects of this era of exploration is that most of these far-flung oceangoing expeditions regularly carried a variety of livestock including cattle,sheep,and goats,” she explains (p. 13). Shortly after the white-headed eagle John McLoughlin took up residence at FortVancouver in1824,the fort had accumulated hundreds of head of cattle that it rented out to freshly arrived settlers. The book proceeds chronologically, introducing readers to the major players who helped put the Northwest on the map as a major cheese-producing region, churning out products to rival much-lauded English cheeses. Before Oregon was even a state, its  Reviews pioneer residents were producing tens of thousands of pounds of cheese.Parr notes that in the 1860s, after Gregor Mendel’s discoveries of the principles of heredity in his garden’s pea plants and the subsequent establishment of agricultural colleges in the region, bovine breeding programs began in earnest as a specialized science. Parr recounts how, with streamlined dairy production thanks to better cattle and the quality-control methods set in place, dairying in the region, especially in Tillamook, Oregon, rapidly grew to such size that dairy cooperatives began to form. She tells the story of Tillamook’s eponymous cheese cooperative , operating with fourteen creameries and cheese factories by the turn of the twentieth century,and how the Pacific Northwest’s dairy prowess caught the attention of cheese giant Kraft...

Testing trust scale measurement invariance in project teams

Purpose – An important assumption in testing theoretical models is measurement invariance. However, little research in construction project management investigates the issue of measurement invariance. To bridge the gap, the current paper aims at: first, testing trust measurement invariance in project teams across gender; second, delineating various measurement invariance tests and demonstrating them with Amos; and last but not least, increasing researchers' awareness about measurement invariance issue in the construction project management field. Design/methodology/approach – The measurement invariance of trust across gender is investigated using survey data collected from architects in project design teams of A-level architectural design institutes in China. Multisample confirmatory factor analysis is conducted with Amos to test configural invariance, metric invariance, scalar invariance, factor covariance and variance invariance, error variance invariance, latent mean invariance of the Chinese version of McAllister's two-dimension trust scale. Findings – All the test results of the above invariances are supportive. Goodness-of-fit indexes such as CFI deserve more empirical studies to verify. Research limitations/implications – The results imply that the trust structure of male and female architects is equivalent. In other words, male and female architect data of trust research in construction project management could be aggregated. Practical implications – It is recommended that test of measurement invariance should be conducted while new measurement scales are under construction. Originality/value – Since all the invariance tests are rarely conducted within a single study, the current research is the first paper to investigate the measurement invariance issue in the construction industry.

Zaha: An Image of “The Woman Architect”

Using as a departure point Bridget Fowler and Fiona M. Wilson's sociological reflections on the slow progress of women architects towards achieving equality within the profession, as published in their essay, “Women Architects and Their Discontents”, the aim of this article is to examine the image of Zaha Hadid in relation to Despina Stratigakos' arguments about what “a woman architect” looks like today. By referring to the feminist theories of Simone de Beauvoir, Stratigakos and Rochelle Martin, this article uses the image of Hadid to examine, firstly, the relationship women architects have with work and mothering; secondly, the image of the woman architect in relation to that of the male architect; and thirdly, the effects that the image of “the architect” has on gender traits and the practices of women architects.

Review: Women Building History: Public Art at the 1893 Columbian Exposition by Wanda M. Corn

Wanda M. Corn. Women Building History: Public Art at the 1893 Columbian Exposition . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011, xi + 266 pages, 9 color and 144 b/w illus. $49.95, ISBN 9780520241114 The 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition requires little introduction for readers of this journal. What Wanda Corn accomplishes with her marvelous study is to shift the emphasis away from Daniel Burnham, the exposition’s formidable Director of Works, to the women who designed and decorated its Woman’s Building. The result is an important reinterpretation of the fair and of the importance of gender for understanding public art and architecture. Women Building History is divided into four parts that address the history of the exposition, the history of the Woman’s Building, the history and content of the mural decorations, and the critical responses to the design and decorations of the building. Two additional features of this book are notable. First, it includes short biographical entries about the women who contributed to designing the Woman’s Building. Second, it includes sidebars to tell parallel and alternative stories about topics ranging from “the feminization of the banjo” to the “skirt dance,” subjects that shed light on the content of the building’s decorations where, Corn contends, there is more to the story than meets the eye. Designed by Sophia Hayden, the Woman’s Building was situated at the intersection of the forces …

Modern Architecture and Complaints about the Weather, or, ‘Dear Monsieur Le Corbusier, It is still raining in our garage….’

Historians of Modern Architecture have cultivated the image of the architect as a temperamental genius, unconcerned by issues of politeness or pragmatics. Despite their indisputable place within the architectural canon, many of the most important works of Modern Architecture were heavily contested on pragmatic grounds, such as cost, briefs and particularly concerning issues of suitability and effectiveness in relation to climate and weather. This paper will discuss a number of famed instances in the history of Modern Architecture where climatic conditions have become a contested issue in the reception of ‘the masterpiece’.

Has a Male Architect Been Able to Incorporate a Gender Perspective into Space?: A Case Study of a Social Housing Project, the South Block of Haitaun Kitagata in Japan

Within interdisciplinary space studies (geography, urban sociology, architecture, etc.) in Japan, since the mid-1990s men have increasingly recognized that gender perspectives are important. It is, however, questionable whether men sufficiently recognize their gender positionality, the recognition of which is indispensable to a gender perspective. In this paper, I highlight this problem by taking the example of a social housing project, the South Block of Haitaun Kitagata in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. The South Block of Haitaun Kitagata is a large-scale social housing estate designed by a male architect, Arata Isozaki, in the latter half of the 1990s. He tried to raise the quality of amenities by adopting a gender perspective and to this end appointed exclusively female designers (four Japanese and three non-Japanese). I have examined to what extent he was able to incorporate successfully a gender perspective into this housing project from four standpointsU the architect himself, the residents, the female designers, and the prefectural government of Gifu. First, I examined Isozaki's perception of gender issues as expressed in Japanese architecture journals. It became obvious that for him a gender perspective was simply a female one. Hence, he merely expected the female architects to incorporate a gender perspective into the building design, without thinking about his own gender positionality. There was, however, no critical discussion pointing out this problem, even though the building exterior and the concept's uniqueness were commented upon with keen interest in Japanese architectural circles. Second, through a questionnaire and interviews targeting the residents, it became clear that this housing project had some problems in relation to its amenities. The residents expressed disappointment at the quality of the amenities and attributed this to a lack of feminity in the female designers. This is because they had expected that female architects would place greater importance on amenities for daily living than male architects, due to their feminity. Third, I examined the ideas of the female designers as articulated through their discourses in Japanese architectural journals. I found that the female designers placed heavy emphasis on the building exterior instead of on amenities for the residents. This means that they had not played the female gender role expected by the male architect. Fourth, I explored how the prefectural government of Gifu, which is in charge of the management of this housing project, contributed to its construction. It became clear that the male governor of the prefecture had accepted the gender plan of the male architect on the basis of public building policy, rather than on the basis of gender-affirmative policies. In conclusion, the South Block of Haitaun Kitagata failed to incorporate a design based on a gender perspective and thus ended up being built based upon a design with the conventional male logic. This was because men tend simply to think of gender perspectives as only female concepts and thus are likely to neglect the issue of male positionality when incorporating gender perspectives into space. Thus it becomes obvious that gender perspectives are still not fully understood by men in Japanese space studies.

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Architects: gender-role and hiring decisions.

To examine architects' judgments of male and female applicants represented by the information in resumés, 204 architects, 156 men and 48 women, licensed in the state of Connecticut participated in a 2(job level) by 2(sex) between-subjects study. Architects were asked how they would rate applicants' potential (including the decision to hire) and gender-role characteristics judged on the basis of one-page resumés. Architects randomly assigned resumés for one of four evaluation conditions (intern or senior architect; male or female), rated the applicant on seven job-related characteristics, e.g., technical skill, potential for advancement, and completed the Bem Sex-role Inventory as they thought items applied to the applicant. Analysis indicated that male architect respondents were more likely to hire male applicants than female applicants as senior architects and that female applicants were judged to be as masculine-typed as were male applicants.