Male Andfemale Research Articles

Measuring The Impact of Oral Health Behavior on Immediate Loading Cases and Mediating Role of Hybrid Prosthesis Using a Survey Based Clinical Research Technique

Objective: The objective of the current study was to measure the impact of health behavior on male and female immediate loadings. This study further tested the mediating impact of hybrid prostheses in the proposed research model. Methods: A cross-sectional method was used, and a sample of 207 doctors was collected to empirically measure the developed relationships. Pearson's correlation and regression analysis were conducted to achieve the results. Results: The study determined that health behavior was a significant predictor for immediate loading among male and female patients. Furthermore, the study also established that hybrid prosthesis is a positive mediator between health behavior and immediate loadings in both males and females. Conclusion: The study concluded that the health behavior of the patients was a critical factor for the development of their attitude toward getting immediate loading treatment. The study also confirmed that hybrid prosthesis improved patients' health with immediate loadings. Hence, the health behavior of patients should be improved with health awareness literacy and the help of doctors.

Effectiveness of Aerobic Exercise and Resistance Exercise on Improving Cognitive Function in Older Adults

Background: Every living thing ages, yet it seems that a person’s activities and interactions with their surroundingsmay slow down to the point where their performance begins to deteriorate. Since cognition is linked to corticaland subcortical regions, these regions’ deterioration is typically followed by a decline in cognition. Aging affectsa number of cognitive functions, including the ability to quickly process information, reason, and pay attention.Purpose: To compare the Effectiveness of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise on improving cognitive functionin older adults.Materials And Methods: The study type was a comparative pre-post type, and the study design was experimental.68 old persons with cognitive scores of less than 20 provided the data. The study lasted for around 8 weeks. Malesand females between the ages of 60 and 70 were selected. Study period : November 2022 to July 2023.Result: The Mini Mental Examination Test scale and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale, when comparedbetween Groups A and B, show a highly significant difference in Mean values at P 0.001.Conclusion: In this study the findings suggest that Aerobic exercise is more beneficial than resistance strengtheningexercise in increasing the cognitive function among the older people.

Nonconforming gender expression and associated problematic smartphone and internet use among Chinese adolescents.

Gender nonconformity (GNC), which refers to an individual's expression of gender that does not align with the socially prescribed norms for their biological sex, may be associated with adverse behavioral problems, such as problematic smartphone use (PSU) and problematic internet use (PIU). This study examined the associations between GNC and PSU and GNC and PIU among Chinese adolescents. This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2021 School-based Chinese Adolescents Health Survey, recruiting 23,054 eligible adolescents aged 11 to 21, with an average age of 14.9 (SD: 1.7) years from 504 classes in 84 public high schools across 7 cities in China. Gender nonconformity, PSU/PIU, and demographics were measured. Mixed-effect linear regression models were performed. Among the participants (51.0% male), 5.3% reported high GNC and 26.9% reported moderate GNC. After adjusting for covariates, high GNC was significantly and positively associated with PSU (Β = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.49-1.72) and PIU severity (Β = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.40-2.93). Stratified analyses indicated that the associations between GNC and PSU differed between males andfemales, with a significant association observed only among male students (Β = 1.91, 95% CI=0.97-2.86). GNC is positively associated with the severity of PSU and PIU among Chinese adolescents, with male gender-nonconforming adolescents being more vulnerable to PSU. These results highlight the importance of implementing education on gender expression diversityin schools to create an inclusive school environment, which may potentially help prevent PSU and PIU among gender-nonconforming adolescents.

Effects of Early Childhood Education on Students' Academic Achievement in Science at Elementary School Level

This study aimed to find the effects of Early Childhood Education (ECE)on students’ academic achievement in science at elementary school levelin district Haripur. The study's objectives were: 1) to investigate theimpacts of ECE on students’ academic achievements, 2) to compare theacademic achievement of students who have attended ECE with those whohave not attended ECE over the categories of male and female schools. Allstudents at the elementary school level were considered as the populationof the study. The study was delimited to grade 7th of the elementary schoollevel. Ten (10) schools (five male and female schools each) were randomlyselected as sample of the study. Four hundred (400) students (200 for ECEand Non ECE each) were randomly selected. Data were collected throughacademic achievement test having reliability coefficient 0.87. Data wereanalyzed by using SPSS software. ECE (Male) group was found superiorto Non ECE (male and female groups); ECE (Female) group was foundbetter than Non ECE (male and female groups). However, both the maleand female of Non ECE groups were equal; and both the male and femaleof ECE groups were equal in their science academic achievement.Government may encourage ECE by providing pre-primary educationalfacilities (classrooms, instructional materials, and equipment) and byorganizing in-service teachers’ trainings to enhance teaching skills and tomake it more successful

STRESS RELATED HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE HEPATOPANCREAS OF BOTH THE SEXES OF PALAEMONID PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM DAYANUM (HENDERSON) (CRUSTACEA : DECAPODA)

The palaemonid prawns Macrobrachium dayanum(Crustacea: Decapoda) are importantspecies found in river Gomti and are very good bioindicators. These prawns are ideal animals tostudy the histopathological impairments caused by the effect of heavy metals prominent in riverGomti. The test animals were exposed to LC50value (0.15 mg/l and 0.16 mg/l respectively)at acuteexposure for 24, 48,72 and 96h and at subacute exposure25% of 96hr LC50 values of CdCl2 for malesand females (0.0375mg/l & 0.04 mg/l) respectively for 10, 20 and 30 day exposure. Thehistopathological changes were studied in both the sexes in the animals.Marked histopathologicalchanges were noticed in hepatopancreas of M.dayanum after cadmium chloride exposure. At 96 hacute exposure, hepatopancreas showed vacuolization in epithelial cells, necrosis in tunica propria,increased number of migratory cells, granuloma in intertubular connective tissue alongwithkaryorrhexis and karyolysis in cells. Necrotic and degenerative changes in hepatopancreaticepithelium, which were mainly, noticed in R and B cells. Loss of histological architecture along withthe heavy influx of haemocytes was recorded at this stage. After sub-acute exposure large vacuoles,particularly R and B cells were observed along with hypertrophy, necrosis and degenerative changesat most of the places in hepatopancreatic epithelium. Karyorrhexis and pyknosis were common.Increased number of migratory cells in intertubular spaces was a peculiar feature at this stage. Almostcomplete loss of the architecture of hepatopancreas was noticed and about 90 % of thehepatopancreatic tubules were found non–fuctional. The histopathological alteration in males wasmore pronounced than in females, both at acute and sub-acute exposure.

Evaluation of the root canal morphology variations of maxillary premolars using cone-beam computed tomography

Introduction. Maxillary premolars often undergo endodontic treatment, which requires detailed knowledge of their canal morphology. The aim of this study was to determine the most common number of roots of maxillary premolars by analyzing CBCT images, as well as to determine the most common root canal configuration in maxillary premolars in the population of Southeast Serbia using the new system for classifying root canal morphology by Ahmed et al. Material and methods. 55 CBCT images of male and 63 CBCT images of female patients were analyzed, which included 223 maxillary first premolars and 207 maxillary second premolars. The analysis was performed in the program Galileos. The number of roots of these teeth was determined and the canal morphology was classified in relation to the gender and side of maxilla. Results. The maxillary first premolars most often had two roots and configuration type 2TNB1P1, while the most maxillary second premolars had one root and configuration type 1TNB1. No significant difference was observed in the number of roots and type of configuration between male and female, as well as between left and right sides. Conclusion. The classification of the tooth canal system according to Ahmed et al. emphasizes the advantage of simultaneous classification of the number of roots and the number of canals. Although most premolars do not pose a problem for treatment, there have been registered canal configurations of maxillary premolars that can be a challenge for endodontic treatment. A detailed analysis of the canal configuration can be performed using CBCT.

Some biological aspects of Mediterranean mud shrimp, Upogebia pusilla (Petagna, 1792) in the Boka Kotorska Bay, Southeastern Adriatic Sea

Biological aspects (length frequency distribution, length-weight ratio, sex ratio, allometric growth, Fulton?s condition factor) of Upogebia pusilla were studied in Tivat Saline (Tivatska solila), Boka Kotorska Bay in 2019. A total of 1,415 individuals were collected. The total length of all studied individuals ranged from 27 to 55 mm (8 and 20 mm CL), while the total weights ranged from 0.29 to 2.56 g (the total length of males ranged from 27 to 51 mm, non-ovigerous and ovigerous females ranged from 27 to 51 mm and 30 to 55 mm, respectively; the weights ranged from 0.29 to 2.52 g, 0.34 to 2.52 g and 0.47 to 2.56 g for males, non-ovigerous and ovoid females, respectively). The overall female:male ratio was 1.2:1. Ovigerous females were recorded from April (74.3%) to June (23.8%), with a peak in May (91.4% of all females). Males dominated in July (66.4%). The relationship between CL and W was negatively allometric in both males and females and in all sampled individuals. Fulton?s condition factor was higher only in females during the breeding season, while there were no significant differences between males and females during the rest of the year. Since this species is mainly used as live bait for commercial and sports fishermen, the results of this study would be useful for the sustainable management of this species.

Gross and Histopathological Study of Adrenal Glands from Routine Medico legal Autopsies

Background: Autopsies are important in clinical medicine as they can identify medical errors and assist incontinuous improvement. The role of a forensic pathologist is highly significant in determining the cause of deathas an undiagnosed case can contribute to the improvement of clinical or surgical management of such type ofpatients, and help prevent unexpected deaths in the future. In an era, where pathological autopsies are limited,the medico-legal autopsy will serve as supplement to document the incidental adrenal pathologies in the studypopulation.Material and Methods: The prospectivestudy was performed after getting proper approval from Institute ethicalcommittee. The adrenal glands were procured from medico-legal autopsies conducted from 2019 -2021, at themortuary of Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad. All the necessary details were noted from thepolice requisition, Inquest panchnama and clinical papers provided. All the important findings were noted downin the predesigned case record form.Result: A total of 128 adrenal glands were examined for gross and histopathological changes. The number of malesand females studied comprised of 38 males (59 %) and 26 females (41%). Majority of lesions were observed onhistopathology as compared to gross examination. Maximum number of the lesions were observed in the age groupbetween 21 to 30 years (29%). Gross adrenal lesions were noted in 62% males and 38% females. Histopathologylesions were noted in 63% males and 37% females. The study showed more of unnatural cases than natural cases.Majority of the lesions are seen in unnatural deaths than natural deaths except enlarged adrenals are found innatural deaths. Majority of the adrenal histopathology lesions were found in unnatural deaths except adrenalitis,hypertrophy and atrophy which is common in natural deaths. Majority of the lesions are found in unnaturaldeaths both on gross 73% as well as histopathological 67% examination.Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of Gross as well as Histopathological examination in medicolegalautopsies. In cases of negative autopsies, this necessitates to examine the adrenal glands, histopathologically whichmay give a clue about the cause of death.

Impact of Farm Households’ Adaptations to Climate Change on Food Security: Evidence from Different Agro-ecologies of Pakistan

The study used data from 3298 food crop growers in Pakistan. Potential outcome treatment effects model was applied to evaluate the impact of adaptations on household food security. A household Food Security Index (FSI) was constructed applying Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Adaptation strategies employed by the farmers in response to climate change were categorised into four groups namely: changes in sowing time (C1); input intensification (C2); water and soil conservation (C3); and changes in varieties (C4). Out of 15 mutually exclusive combinations constructed for evaluation, only 7 combinations were considered for estimating the treatment effects models because of limited number of observations in other cases. Results of only two of the 7 are discussed in the paper, as the other 5 had very small number of adapters and the impact measures shown either insignificant results or had opposite signs. The first (C1234) combined all the four, while the second (C234) combined the last three strategies. The results suggest that the households which adapted to climate changes were statistically significantly more food secure as compared to those who did not adapt. The results further show that education of the male and female heads, livestock ownership, the structure of house—both bricked and having electricity facility, crops diversification, and non-farm income are among the factors, which raise the food security of farm households and their impacts are statistically significant. The variables which are significantly negatively associated with the food security levels include age of the head of household, food expenditure management, households having less than 12.5 acres of land— defined as marginal (cultivate 6.25 to 12.5 acres). Farmers of cotton-wheat, rice-wheat, and rain-fed cropping systems are found to be more food secure as compared to the farmers working in the mixed cropping systems where farm holdings are relatively small and high use of tube-well water adding to salinity of soils. It is crucial to invest in the development of agricultural technological packages, addressing issues of climate change relevant to different ecologies and farming systems; improve research-extension-farmer linkages; enhance farmers‘ access to new technologies; improve rural infrastructure; development of weather information system linking meteorological department, extension and farmers; and establishment of targeted food safety nets as well as farm subsidy programs for marginal farm households.

ROLE OF MIDDLE EAR RISK INDEX SCORE, DIAGNOSTIC NASAL ENDOSCOPY AND EUSTACHIAN TUBE FUNCTION IN PREDICTING OUTCOME OF TYMPANOPLASTY

AIM To study the role of middle ear risk index (MERI) score, nasal pathology and Eustachian tube f u n c t i o n i n p r e d i c t i n g t h e o u t c o m e o f tympanoplasty. METHODOLOGY Patients of age group 5-60 years both male and female with diagnosis of CSOM, planned for tympanoplasty with or without mastoidectomy were taken in the study. Detailed history and examination of all patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria was done. Preop findings were observed and recorded. MERI scoring was obtained. The data collected pre operatively was assessed with surgical outcome based on graft uptake status and PTA. Post op follow up was done at 1.5 and 3 months. This data was evaluated and compared with pre op finding. RESULTS The overall success rate of tympanoplasty in the study was 86% based on graft uptake and 85% according to hearing benefit. The number of patients with graft up[take was higher among those with mild MERI score (87.5%) compared to those with moderate and severe MERI scores (83%). The graft uptake is lesser in patients with gross DNS & Eustachian tube dysfunction. Thus MERI is a helpful tool to ascertain the prognosis of tympanoplasty. CONCLUSION The study concludes that MERI score, DNE and ET function evaluation in patients with chronic otitis media are very useful methods in predicting the outcome of tympanoplasty. KEYWORDS Chronic otitis media, Middle ear risk index, Eustachian tube function, diagnostic nasal endoscopy, tympanoplasty outcome

Study of Prevalence of Depression among XIth and XIIth Class Students of Medical Stream from Urban Schools of Punjab

Background: Depression during the teen years comes at a time of great personal change when boys andgirls form their identity apart from their parents, grappling with gender issues and emerging sexuality,and make their own independent decisions for the first time in their lives. Purpose of this study wasto estimate the prevalence of depression among XIth and XIIth class students of medical stream inurban schools of Ludhiana, Punjab. Material and Methods: Present study was Cross-sectional study,conducted in in students. Class XI and XII students of medical stream were interviewed. Results:Among 253 students studied, majority (71.1%) of the students were females, and about half of the totalstudents were of 16 years of age. Out of total students 84.6% students were suffering from depressionwith 17.8% having severe depression. At 15 years of age students suffering from moderate to severedepression is 31% whereas at 18 years of age 57% students were suffering from moderate to severetype of depression. There was a significant difference of prevalence of depression in between malesand females , with females(89.4%) outnumbering males (72.6%). Almost equal number of studentsin medical stream were studying in class XI and class XII, with slight over-representation (52.9%)of students in class XI. Out of 134 students in Class XIth 81.3 % had depression while 88.2 % of 119students in class XIIth were depressed. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of depression in our studywas 84.6% and it is a prudent reminder of the extreme pressure the adolescent face in this particularage. There was a significant difference of prevalence of depression as females (89.4%) outnumberingmales (72.6%).

Gender Differences in the Use of Stimulated Chemistry Practicals at Secondary Level

The focus of this investigation was to see how simulated chemistry practicals affected the performance of male and female students at secondary level. The simulations of ten (10) chemistry practicals were developed. The researcher gave an orientation of three (03) days to the students and teachers about the use of simulation to conduct the chemistry practicals. After orientation, students performed chemistry practicals in the laboratory supplemented with simulations according to the time table in ten (10) weeks. The nature of the research was experimental. The quantitative data was collected and examined. Fifty eight (28 males and 30 female) students were selected as a sample. One(1) male and one female(1) secondary school was chosen to observe the effect of simulation on the performance of male and female students in three aspects i.e. written paper, oral viva and practical manual related to chemistry practicals. At the end practical examination i.e. post-test was taken on the pattern of Peshawar Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (PBISE). An Independent sample t- test was applied for the comparison of two groups. From the result of an independent t-test it was found that simulations and gender have no relationship. Therefore, null hypothesis was accepted on the basis of the result of an independent sample t- test. It is concluded that both male and female are equally benefited from simulated software.

Folie à deux - a case report

Introduction. Shared psychotic disorder, or folie ? deux, is a rare entity characterized by the transmission of psychotic symptoms from one patient (the inducer) to another (the induced). Delusional disorder is a type of mental illness (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification, diagnosis code F24; it was moved from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, to Other Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders). Only one person (the inducer) suffers from a real psychotic disorder, and the other/s is/ are induced, and most often recover/s after separation from the inducer. Case Report. Based on the medical records and available literature on this condition, we present a case of a mother and son with this disorder, where the son with a paranoid psychosis transfers it to his mother. They lived alone in the same household for years, socially isolated from the others. Conclusion. In general, the research has shown that there are no uniform opinions among authors regarding the incidence of the disorder in males and females, at younger and older age, as well as in relationships between partners, siblings, and between parents and children. Most agree that longterm social isolation is among the most common risk factors, as well as dominance and strong power of suggestion in one partner, and passivity and tendency to suggestion in the other.

Role of Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporter in the Rewarding Properties and Locomotor Sensitizing Effects of Amphetamine in Male andFemale Mice.

A lack of effective treatment and sex-based disparities in psychostimulant addiction and overdose warrant further investigation into mechanisms underlying the abuse-related effects of amphetamine-like stimulants. Uptake-2 transporters such as organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) and plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), lesser studied potential targets for the actions of stimulant drugs, are known to play a role in monoaminergic neurotransmission. Our goal was to examine the roles of OCT3 and PMAT in mediating amphetamine (1 mg/kg)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and sensitization to its locomotor stimulant effects, in males and females, using pharmacological, decynium-22 (D22; 0.1 mg/kg, a blocker of OCT3 and PMAT) and genetic (constitutive OCT3 and PMAT knockout (−/−) mice) approaches. Our results show that OCT3 is necessary for the development of CPP to amphetamine in males, whereas in females, PMAT is necessary for the ability of D22 to prevent the development of CPP to amphetamine. Both OCT3 and PMAT appear to be important for development of sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effect of amphetamine in females, and PMAT in males. Taken together, these findings support an important, sex-dependent role of OCT3 and PMAT in the rewarding and locomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine.

Maxillary Inter-canine Width at Three Stages of Dentition– A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: To determine the palatal intercanine width from deciduous dentition to permanent dentition in5years to 16 years old children.Materials and Methods: the study sample comprised of 168 children who fulfilled the inclusion andexclusion criteria were examined. Study models were constructed and maxillary intercanine width wasmeasured using Vernier digital caliper.Results: Statistically significant difference was found in upper intercanine width (UICW) between malesand females in primary dentition (p<0.034). Statistically non-significant difference was found in upperintercanine width (UICW) in mixed and permanent dentition. Data were analysed using SPSS 22 (SPSSInc., Chicago, IL, USA). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test and t- test were applied toverify the existence of significant differences between the groups.Conclusion: The present study found that there is significant increase in intercanine width in upper dentalarch from primary dentition to permanent dentition.

The extent of the impact of quality management on the performance of health services at Ahad Rafidah General Hospita

This study aimed to identify the extent of the impact of quality management on the performance of health services at Ahad Rufaida General Hospital by identifying (the culture of workers - credibility - support of senior management - the needs of clients) and the effect of these factors in raising the level of quality management and the extent to which this has improved on the performance of health services At Ahad Rufaida General Hospital, the study used the descriptive and analytical approach, and it was applied to a sample of the employees of Ahad Rufaida General Hospital, consisting of 196 male and female employees, who were surveyed through a survey questionnaire designed for the purposes of this study. The study found high levels of employee culture among the employees of Ahad Rafidah General Hospital. And the presence of very high levels of senior management support, while the levels of understanding the needs of clients in Ahad Rafidah General Hospital were high in Ahad Rafidah General Hospital, according to the viewpoint of the hospital staff. The study also found that there is a positive relationship with statistical significance between each of the study variables elements (employee culture - credibility - higher management support - understanding workers' needs) and the performance of health services at Ahad Rafidah General Hospital. The results also showed that the study variables combined explain 78.3% of the health services performance levels in Ahad Rafidah General Hospital, according to the current study model. With a high conviction among the employees that the most influencing variables of the study on the levels of health services performance in Ahad Rafidah General Hospital is the culture of the employees, followed by understanding the needs of the employees, then supporting the higher management and finally the reliability. Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which were: the need to achieve integration between the various governmental and private health institutions in order to distribute the burden of caring for patients to government hospitals to ensure the quality of health services provided to patients, and to support health research based on improving The work environment within health institutions in general and hospitals in particular due to their vital and important role, in addition to the interest in health and administrative training and training in the government sector, especially with regard to doctors and health staff, and their involvement in administrative processes until the doctor turns from a person not concerned with the quality of health services he provides to An administrator who exercises real control over the management of the existing resources.

The extent of the impact of quality management on the performance of health services at Ahad Rafidah General Hospita

This study aimed to identify the extent of the impact of quality management on the performance of health services at Ahad Rufaida General Hospital by identifying (the culture of workers - credibility - support of senior management - the needs of clients) and the effect of these factors in raising the level of quality management and the extent to which this has improved on the performance of health services At Ahad Rufaida General Hospital, the study used the descriptive and analytical approach, and it was applied to a sample of the employees of Ahad Rufaida General Hospital, consisting of 196 male and female employees, who were surveyed through a survey questionnaire designed for the purposes of this study. The study found high levels of employee culture among the employees of Ahad Rafidah General Hospital. And the presence of very high levels of senior management support, while the levels of understanding the needs of clients in Ahad Rafidah General Hospital were high in Ahad Rafidah General Hospital, according to the viewpoint of the hospital staff. The study also found that there is a positive relationship with statistical significance between each of the study variables elements (employee culture - credibility - higher management support - understanding workers' needs) and the performance of health services at Ahad Rafidah General Hospital. The results also showed that the study variables combined explain 78.3% of the health services performance levels in Ahad Rafidah General Hospital, according to the current study model. With a high conviction among the employees that the most influencing variables of the study on the levels of health services performance in Ahad Rafidah General Hospital is the culture of the employees, followed by understanding the needs of the employees, then supporting the higher management and finally the reliability. Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which were: the need to achieve integration between the various governmental and private health institutions in order to distribute the burden of caring for patients to government hospitals to ensure the quality of health services provided to patients, and to support health research based on improving The work environment within health institutions in general and hospitals in particular due to their vital and important role, in addition to the interest in health and administrative training and training in the government sector, especially with regard to doctors and health staff, and their involvement in administrative processes until the doctor turns from a person not concerned with the quality of health services he provides to An administrator who exercises real control over the management of the existing resources.

Gender and word elongation in Facebook-mediated communication in Palestinian Arabic

ABSTRACT This article examines the social and linguistic functions of word elongation in Palestinian Facebook-mediated communication. Drawing on Ochs’ social constructivism and Parrott’s classification of emotions, we analyse a 65-discourse corpus of personal interviews using a mixed methods approach. It finds, while there are many similarities in the conventions related to word elongation between male sand females, 75% of the female sample use this practice while 45% of the males said they hardly used it. Word elongation is clearly a feature that characterises female language although its use is not restricted to females. Forty percent of males would use it to indicate that they are angry whereas 45% of females would use abbreviations instead. While 60% of females use word elongation to express positive feelings, 40% of males would use it to communicate positive emotions. The researchers conclude that elongated words reflect a social change in Palestinian society with respect to gender and language.

OVERVIEW OF VITAMIN A

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for many bodily functions, includingproper vision, a strong immune system, reproduction and good skin health. There are two typesof vitamin A found in foods: preformed vitamin A and provitamin A. It is also known as retinoland commonly found in meat, fish, eggs and dairy products. Besides, body converts carotenoidsin plant foods, such as red, green, yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, into vitamin A.But, many people in developing countries do not get enough Vitamin A. The highest risk ofvitamin A deficiency is in pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, infants and children. Signsand symptoms of vitamin A deficiency could be dry skin, dry eyes, night blindness, male andfemale infertility and trouble conceiving, delayed growth, throat and chest infections, poorwound healing, acne and breakouts, cystic fibrosis and chronic diarrhea. However, hypervitaminosisA, excess vitamin A, or vitamin A toxicity causes serious vision changes, mouthulcers, confusion and birth defects.

Stature Determination from 3D Foot Impression among Telugus in Malaysia

Personal identification is the primary aim of anyforensic investigations. Foot impressions, either 2D or 3Dare used for person identification. Foot impression found on soft surfaces is three dimension in nature (3D),also namedfoot outline which shows the boundaries of the foot left by the offenders on soft surfaces. It is afact that 3D impressions can also be used to determine stature, body weight and gender. In the developingcountries, people are still walking barefooted. Earlier foot impression studies were conducted on mixedpopulation and currently researchers are insisting the importance of ethnicity consideration.MalaysianIndians are an important ethnic group living in Malaysia, with minor sub-ethnicgroups such as Malayali,Telugu, Sikh, Tamil, and others. Hence this study intends to examine the relationship between stature and 3Dfoot lengths among Malaysian Telugus, mostly living in peninsular Malaysia. The stature and foot outlines(3D) were collected from consented Telugu 140 subjects, comprising 73 males and 67 females, age rangingfrom 18 to 60 years old. The data obtained were analysed statistically using SPSS software version 21.0.There exists a strong positive correlation between stature and 3D foot impression lengths and the correlationcoefficient (R) values are found to be higher in unknown gender/pooled samplefollowed by males andfemales. This study developed regression formulae to determine stature from foot outline (3D) lengthsamong Malaysian Telugus for crime scene investigation. The equations are population specific and shouldnot be used for any other populations.