Male Acquaintance Research Articles

“They don’t mean to hurt”: Female gamers’ reluctance in recognizing and confronting sexism in gaming as an online-offline juxtaposition

Female gamers have long suffered from gender-based online abuse in the gaming community. Apart from commonly observed quitting and gender-masking behaviors from female gamers, this study explores what female gamers understand as sexism, how female gamers react to it, and why they choose certain reactions instead of others. Findings show that female gamers are keenly conscious of normalized sexism in gaming culture, and thus often prioritize preventing personal interaction with strangers online, resulting in their shared preference for gaming with trusted acquaintances, which makes gaming an online-offline juxtaposition. Shouldering gender norms in doubled dimensions of gaming and specific real-life relationships, female gamers thus become reluctant to recognize and confront less violent sexism from male acquaintances. Female gamers’ strategic self-protection, although gaining them relatively safer gaming spaces, also consolidates sexism in gaming, and further suggests gaming as a critical social space for reproducing broader gender inequalities.

The Social Implication of Stigma on Divorcees in Sasak Society

Women who identify as divorcees are frequently marginalized and treated as second-class citizens within society. Preliminary findings from this study reveal that divorcees encounter significant hardships resulting from stigmatization post-divorce. This stigmatization not only leads to social contempt but also exposes divorcees to verbal and even sexual violence from individuals around them. This research employs a qualitative phenomenological approach to explore (1) the manifestations of stigma against divorcees and (2) the social consequences of divorcee stigma within the Sasak community in Kec. Kopang, Kab. Lombok Tengah. The findings indicate that (1) divorcees face stigma from their communities, experiencing social contempt and ridicule due to their status. Additionally, some participants reported instances of sexual harassment, including receiving inappropriate images via chat from several male acquaintances, one of whom was a relative. Catcalling was also identified as a form of harassment. (2) The presence of this stigma has notable social implications by developing mechanisms of social distancing. The divorcees tend to distance themselves from others through two main strategies: reducing social interactions and by developing a resilient mentality towards the stigma, especially for those who must engage with others for professional reasons.

Women’s Articulates towards Career Advancement

Purpose: Professional engagement among women is growing at the same rate as that of men. The shortage of women in key governance roles and decision-making positions has been the most controversial issue. Based on this statement the foremost aim of the study is to explore how managerial women feel about their career advancement and compare their views on career advancement with those of respondents with nuclear or joint families. Design/Methodology/Approach: The present study adopted a quantitative research methodology including managerial level women as participants. Findings/Result: The findings reveal that women in public organizations are optimistic about their career advancement; that their organizations have strong policies and procedures in place to help women rise to higher levels of employment. However, men's networks, the low number of women in higher-level positions in organizations, and the necessity to do better work than male acquaintances to be promoted were barriers to their professional empowerment. In addition, when it comes to career advancement, singles and joint families have opposing viewpoints. Originality/Value: The study contributes by examining female managerial personnel' perceptions of their career advancement in Nepal's public sector. The results of the study show that there are considerable differences in family types when it comes to job advancement. Paper Type: Research paper

Impossible Desire and the Limits of Knowledge in Renaissance Poetry. By Wendy Beth Hyman

When Thomas Carew’s speaker urges Celia to “reap our joys / Ere time such goodly fruit destroys,” it’s not hard to guess what this poem is up to. That’s because Carew was working with a script so formulaic it could be the subject of a quiz entitled “How to tell if you’re in a carpe diem lyric”: (1) You’re a virgin; (2) A male acquaintance is urging you to pick flowers; (3) Time’s wingèd chariot is purring in the background. The astonishing achievement of Wendy Beth Hyman’s Impossible Desire and the Limits of Knowledge in Renaissance Poetry, then, is to undo everything we thought we knew about the carpe diem genre. Without denying its scriptedness, Hyman argues that lyrics like Carew’s “Persuasion to Enjoy” or Marvell’s notorious “To His Coy Mistress” are more than witty pickup lines with a classical pedigree. Instead, their injunctions to “make much of time”...

The Predisposing, Precipitating, Perpetuating and Protective (4Ps) Factors of Sexually Transmitted Infection in the Young: A Single Case Study

This research is a single case study of a 17-year-old male diagnosed twice with sexually transmitted infection (STI) as an outpatient at the health facility. Objectives: The study analyzed the circumstances of a young adolescent diagnosed with STI using the Predisposing, Precipitating, Perpetuating, and Protective Factor (4Ps) Model in case formulation. Methods: The qualitative research design of a descriptive single case study was used. The content analysis using the (4Ps) Model in case formulation was the framework and guide for the data analysis in the study. Results: The situations that led to the acquisition of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) of the participant constitute the predisposing factors such as age and poverty. Precipitating factors include the influence of peers, persuasion of older male acquaintances, unprotected sexual intercourse, and intoxication of alcohol. Perpetuating factors were also identified, such as a series of multiple unprotected sexual intercourses, lack of cognition and awareness of the infection, fear of being scolded, and stigmatization. Protective factors include medical consultation, diagnosis, treatment, counseling, getting away with peers, fear of death, dream of having a better future, and mother's support. Conclusion: The study highlights biological, psychological, and social factors of a young adolescent that is are being linked to the 4Ps factors (predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective) as the precursors in acquiring the sexually transmitted infection. Hence, the study posits the following recommendations: (1) The Philippine Government through the Department of Health (DOH) should improve the reporting and efficiency of social safety and protection of both young boys and girls; (2) The advancement and enactment of plans, programs, projects, and activities in response to STIs, HIV/AIDs should be strengthened by the local government; (3) A family intervention specifically aimed at empowering parents and enhancing the need for family interaction by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD); (4) The study may aid in the design of project proposals to mainstream and support the advocacy of the Center for Gender and Development (GAD) of academic institutions for a gendered activity and the need for gender-informed interventions that cater to prevent risky sexual behaviors and child welfare.

An Evaluation of Strategies Used to Maximize Intervention Fidelity in a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women

In this paper, we describe and evaluate the strategies used to maximize intervention fidelity in a randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of a sexual assault resistance intervention. The EAAA program was based on the best available theory and evidence on how women can successfully resist sexual coercion from male acquaintances. Extensive protocols for hiring, training, and supervising facilitators were established a priori. Detailed intervention manuals were developed that clearly described program goals, learning objectives, core elements, troubleshooting tips, sections that must be delivered verbatim, adaptations that could be made if necessary, and the ideal and minimum dose. Program sessions were audio-recorded, and a subsample of recordings were scored for adherence to the manuals using detailed Intervention Fidelity Checklists (IFC) developed specifically for this research. The Gearing et al. (2011) Comprehensive Intervention Fidelity Guide (CFIG) was employed retrospectively to provide objectivity to our analysis and help identify what we did well and what we could have done better. The SARE (Sexual Assault Resistance Education) Trial received high scores (38 out of 44 (86%) from each of the first two authors on the CFIG, suggesting a high level of intervention fidelity. Although a potential for bias on the part of the two raters was an obvious limitation, as was our neglection to include measures of implementation receipt, which Gearing et al. (2011) recommended, our analysis underscores the utility in employing methods recommended to enhance intervention fidelity when developing and evaluating evidence-based interventions.

Shyamoli and the unknown male: the city’s violent margins

ABSTRACT This article explores the spectrum of violence inflicted and endured by marginalized young people in Kolkata. An unknown youth (possibly a male acquaintance encountered in the first research site in the bustees, or slum communities of Kolkata) and a young girl Shyamoli (the central character in the fictional piece set in a small town or moforshol on the outskirts of Kolkata) present a picture of the ordinary and everyday gendered and class violence experienced by girls and young women in a rapidly changing Kolkata. Collectively the two papers remind us of the aspirational politics, practices, and affective states that lead to violent outcomes in patriarchal and increasingly middle-class nationalist spaces. As fieldworkers we advocate for reflexive sensitivity and nuanced commitment to embracing contradictions and ambiguity wholeheartedly as we think through the aspirations, practices, and experiences of our interlocutors in Kolkata’s shadow zones.

Embodied Subjects of Victimization: The Year in Korea

Embodied Subjects of VictimizationThe Year in Korea Heui-Yung Park (bio) On December 5, 2014, right before takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, Korean Air Flight 86 suddenly taxied back to its gate. Leaving chief crewmember Pak Ch'ang-jin1 behind, it then departed for the Incheon International Airport in South Korea. Commonly referred to in Korea as the "ttangk'ong hoehang sakŏn" [nut-fly-back incident], it resulted from a temper tantrum by Cho Hyŏn-a (Heather Cho), vice president of Korean Air and the oldest daughter of its CEO, Cho Yang-ho. Because macadamia nuts were served to her in a bag instead of on a plate, she became furious with the flight attendant, accusing her of not following the in-flight service manual correctly. Though she soon learned that she had been wrong about how the nuts should be served, Cho blamed Pak—the team leader for the entire crew—for not providing her immediately with the manual and therefore causing her trouble. She then ordered Pak off the plane. In early 2009, five years before the Korean Air incident, actor Chang Cha-yeŏn committed suicide at the age of twenty-seven. She had been suffering from severe depression for some time, largely because of abuse by Kim Chong-sŭng (also known as Kim Sŏng-hun or Jason Kim), the CEO of her entertainment management agency. Kim often had Chang entertain his male acquaintances or business partners, ordered her to have sexual relations with some of them, and beat her when she rejected his requests or for other unknown reasons. At Kim's birthday party in August 2008, Chang was also reportedly sexually harassed by Chosŏn ilbo journalist Cho Hŭi-ch'an. Despite the horrific crimes by Kim, journalist Cho, and several other men, which in all probability led to Chang's suicide, Kim was sentenced to only four months in prison and one year of probation. Cho and the remaining suspects were released, due to insufficient evidence. Pak's forced removal from the flight and Chang's suicide resulted from kapchil culture in South Korea, which stems from the unequal relationship between the privileged and the "other." Borrowed from a contractual term, kap indicates an individual or group who has the upper hand over the disadvantaged ŭl in society, and [End Page 114] chil is a derogatory word for bad conduct. Kapchil therefore refers to the offensive behavior of those with economic, social, and/or political power toward the less privileged. As an employee, and as a lesser-known actor, Pak and Chang were the ŭl, and therefore vulnerable due to their unequal relationship with their superiors. As a woman, Chang was especially susceptible to Kim's abuse in Korea's male-dominant culture. Though occurring less frequently in recent years, women are often treated as objects in workplaces and can be ordered to entertain their male associates, superiors, or business partners. Life writing published in South Korea from 2018 to 2019 displays the varying ways that people present their own stories and/or those of others. Chosain ŭiro salda: Pak Mu-ik hoegorok (2018), Irŏk'e sarado twae (2019), and Usŏn Kim Myŏng-jun chasŏjŏn (2019) record the writers' personal and/or professional achievements during their careers. In Yi Myŏng-ok hoegorok: Nae ga kiŏk hanŭn abŏji wa na (2018), Yi weaves together stories of her father and herself, foregrounding their father-daughter relationship. Pak Mang-nye, idaero chukŭl sun ŏptta (2019) is a collaborative work, in which Pak Mang-nye2—who was diagnosed with dementia—and her granddaughter document their adventures when visiting several parts of the world, including Australia, Japan, France, and the US. All of these works testify to the wide range of Korean life narratives operating on a personal level. Works such as Pak Ch'ang-jin's P'ŭllai paek: kapchil ro ŏgŭnnan sam ŭi kwedo rŭl paro chapta (2019) and Yun Chi-o's 13-bŏntchae chŭngŏn: 2009-nyŏn 3-wŏl 7-il (2019), however, not only...

POLICIES AND PREVENTION OF U.S. WOMEN’S VIOLENT DEATH ACROSS AGES

U.S. violent death rates (homicide and suicide) are the highest in the developed world. Of all female murders (femicide), the majority are male perpetrated, intimate partner violence (IPV- 55-63%). Men are more often killed and by other male acquaintances, with only 2.8% IPV. Proportionally, older women (50+) have the top homicide victim rate (26%) among women. The baby boom cohort has been suicidal and aging has exacerbated the problem. Women are less likely to kill themselves, and the methods differ. We ask are mid and later life women’s lethal victimization similar to younger women? What are policy implications for prevention? Our research uses national level data from news surveillance of 728 intimate partner homicide suicide (IPHS) events and the State Firearm Law Database (SFLD) to improve our understanding of violent cause mortality by sex, age, method and location. IPHS patterns show 90% of events used firearm and 90% were male perpetrated. Results of multivariate analyses show young women had greater awareness and fear before IPHS. Evidence finds older men sometimes decided to kill their IP as part of their own suicide, without a history of known domestic violence. Older women have disproportionately low use of shelters, police and protective orders. SFLD shows population adjusted states with more DV firearms laws have significantly fewer IPHS events. Firearm culture has restricted research, blocked law enforcement and has done little to reduce gun access in households with vulnerable populations (e.g., suicidal husbands). Lethality Assessment Protocols could be modified for elder women’s unique situation.

“Should Have Known Better than to Fraternize with a Black Man”: Structural Racism Intersects Rape Culture to Intensify Attributions of Acquaintance Rape Victim Culpability

Rape culture is characterized by prevalent rape of women by male acquaintances, which is exacerbated in the aftermath by negative social responses including attributions of victim culpability. In prior research, collaborators and I found that, consistent with norm theory, perceiving sociolegal context as unclear and ineffective in expressing that rape of women is a crime (vs. perceiving that law clearly and effectively expresses that rape is a crime) paradoxically intensified negative reactions and culpability attributions toward a woman raped by a male acquaintance. In the current research, I tested the hypothesis that, amidst rape culture, structural racism—in particular, disparate hypersexuality stereotyping of Black men—paradoxically would intensify attributions of victim culpability toward a woman raped by a Black male acquaintance. In Study 1, 268 students at a university in the Southern United States stereotyped Black men and Black women as more hypersexual than same-gender counterparts of other races/ethnicities. In Study 2, 238 students from the same university attributed more culpability to an acquaintance rape victim whose perpetrator was Black (vs. perpetrators of other races/ethnicities), and this effect resulted in part from rape-propensity stereotyping that was disparately activated by the Black perpetrator. Taken together, the present research highlights that intersectional dynamics do not work exclusively within members of particular groups, where marginalized identities coincide, but also in the contextual space that invisibly but undeniably affects people’s lives. Suggestions for combatting rape culture, structural racism, and their intersections are discussed.

Susan B. Anthony by Teri Kanefield

Reviewed by: Susan B. Anthony by Teri Kanefield Elizabeth Bush Kanefield, Teri Susan B. Anthony. Abrams, 2019 [240p] illus. with photographs (The Making of America) Trade ed. ISBN 978-1-4197-3401-4 $16.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-1-68335-474-1 $15.29 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 5-8 When the name Susan B. Anthony resonates with middle-school readers, it’s generally in connection with women’s suffrage and collectible U.S. dollar coins. Here Kanefield presents the entire package of her activism over a remarkably lengthy career, from temperance to voting rights to abolition to child labor, with particular attention to the indefatigable zeal with which Anthony conducted her crusades, often to the annoyance of her allies and possible detriment of her causes. The fracture among progressives over prioritizing voting rights for black men or all women after the Civil War is clearly explained, as are the legal and political ploys wielded by Anthony’s foes to keep women pure, innocent, and domesticated. Readers will be caught between amusement and outrage over the disparaging barbs heedlessly thrown by Anthony’s male acquaintances and relations that goaded her into action (a cousin’s husband lectured his dying wife, “Mine is the real headache, genuine pain, yours is sort of a natural consequence”). Photographs and period illustrations embellish the text, and notes, a timeline, a bibliography, and an index are included, as well as excerpts from three of Anthony’s addresses. Copyright © 2019 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Understanding Sexually Abusive Clergy as a Unique Offender Subgroup: Risk-based Comparisons Across the Course of Offending

ABSTRACTThe current study compares offending trends of sexually abusive clergy (n = 1,428) to general sex offenders (n = 2,842) on risk measure items coded across the course of offending. Results suggest significant differences on most risk-relevant variables. Clergy were particularly more likely to have male victims, V = .62, 95% CI [.58, .65], and less likely to be married, V = .59, 95% CI [.56, .63], or use force, V = .76, 95% CI [.73, .79]. The magnitude of differences remained when matched on offense factors (e.g., male child acquaintance victims). Findings suggest sexually abusive clergy are a unique subgroup differing from general sex offenders on factors associated with recidivism.

Acquaintance Rape: Applying Crime Scene Analysis to the Prediction of Sexual Recidivism.

The aim of the current study was to enhance the assessment and predictive accuracy of risk assessments for sexual offenders by utilizing detailed crime scene analysis (CSA). CSA was conducted on a sample of 247 male acquaintance rapists from Berlin (Germany) using a nonmetric, multidimensional scaling (MDS) Behavioral Thematic Analysis (BTA) approach. The age of the offenders at the time of the index offense ranged from 14 to 64 years (M = 32.3; SD = 11.4). The BTA procedure revealed three behavioral themes of hostility, criminality, and pseudo-intimacy, consistent with previous CSA research on stranger rape. The construct validity of the three themes was demonstrated through correlational analyses with known sexual offending measures and criminal histories. The themes of hostility and pseudo-intimacy were significant predictors of sexual recidivism. In addition, the pseudo-intimacy theme led to a significant increase in the incremental validity of the Static-99 actuarial risk assessment instrument for the prediction of sexual recidivism. The results indicate the potential utility and validity of crime scene behaviors in the applied risk assessment of sexual offenders.

Bystander Responses to Risk for Rape Perpetrated by a Friend, Acquaintance, or Stranger

ABSTRACTThis study explored bystander responses to risk for an alcohol-facilitated rape perpetrated by a friend, acquaintance, or stranger. Undergraduates (N = 331) were randomly assigned to read 1 of 3 scenarios in which an apparently sober male friend, acquaintance, or stranger leads an intoxicated woman into a bedroom. Participants completed self-report measures of intent to directly intervene and barriers to intervention. Compared to men, women reported greater intent to help the potential victim and fewer barriers to intervention. Participant gender moderated the effect of the bystander’s relationship with the potential perpetrator on intent to confront and responsibility to intervene. Men reported more confrontation and more responsibility to intervene when perpetrators were identified as either friends or acquaintances than strangers. In contrast, women reported more confrontation when perpetrators were identified as friends than either strangers or acquaintances. Bystander education programs that address specific barriers to intervening with strangers and acquaintances could promote more frequent bystander behavior.

Efficacy of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women

BackgroundYoung women attending university are at substantial risk for being sexually assaulted, primarily by male acquaintances, but effective strategies to reduce this risk remain elusive. MethodsWe randomly assigned first-year female students at three universities in Canada to the Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act Sexual Assault Resistance program (resistance group) or to a session providing access to brochures on sexual assault, as was common university practice (control group). The resistance program consists of four 3-hour units in which information is provided and skills are taught and practiced, with the goal of being able to assess risk from acquaintances, overcome emotional barriers in acknowledging danger, and engage in effective verbal and physical self-defense. The primary outcome was completed rape, as measured by the Sexual Experiences Survey–Short Form Victimization, during 1 year of follow-up. ResultsA total of 451 women were assigned to the resistance group and 442 women to the control g...

Women's Preference for a Male Acquaintance Enhances Social Reward Processing of Material Goods in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex.

Men, like the male of many animal species, use gifts to build satisfactory relationships with a desired woman. From the woman’s perspective, all gifts are not always equally rewarding; the reward value of a gift depends on two factors: (1) the giver and (2) the type of the gift (the gift’s social meaning). In this study, we investigated how these two factors interactively determine the reward value of a gift. Specifically, we examined how the neural processing for understanding a gift’s social meaning is modulated by preferences for the giver. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in which a female participant was asked to judge a gift from a male she was acquainted with in real life. We examined the interactive effects between (1) the female participant’s attitude toward the male acquaintance (liked vs. uninteresting) and (2) the type of the gift (romantic [e.g., bouquet, earrings, and perfumes] vs. non-romantic [e.g., pencils, memo pad, and moneybox]). We found that preference for an acquaintance selectively modulated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in response to romantic gifts, compared to non-romantic gifts. In contrast, if the woman was indifferent toward an acquaintance, no activity modulation was observed in this area for the same gifts. In addition, the ACC showed functional connectivity with the supplementary motor area/dorsal ACC (SMA/dACC), an area within the dorsal mediofrontal cortex, suggesting that it integrates action monitoring and emotional and cognitive processing in decision-making. These results suggest that attitude toward an opposite sex member has a modulatory role in recognizing the social meaning of material goods—preference for the member is a powerful modulator of social reward processing.

Efficacy of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women

BackgroundYoung women attending university are at substantial risk for being sexually assaulted, primarily by male acquaintances, but effective strategies to reduce this risk remain elusive.MethodsWe randomly assigned first-year female students at three universities in Canada to the Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act Sexual Assault Resistance program (resistance group) or to a session providing access to brochures on sexual assault, as was common university practice (control group). The resistance program consists of four 3-hour units in which information is provided and skills are taught and practiced, with the goal of being able to assess risk from acquaintances, overcome emotional barriers in acknowledging danger, and engage in effective verbal and physical self-defense. The primary outcome was completed rape, as measured by the Sexual Experiences Survey–Short Form Victimization, during 1 year of follow-up.ResultsA total of 451 women were assigned to the resistance group and 442 women to the control group. Of the women assigned to the resistance group, 91% attended at least three of the four units. The 1-year risk of completed rape was significantly lower in the resistance group than in the control group (5.2% vs. 9.8%; relative risk reduction, 46.3% [95% confidence interval, 6.8 to 69.1]; P=0.02). The 1-year risk of attempted rape was also significantly lower in the resistance group (3.4% vs. 9.3%, P<0.001).ConclusionsA rigorously designed and executed sexual assault resistance program was successful in decreasing the occurrence of rape, attempted rape, and other forms of victimization among first-year university women. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the University of Windsor; SARE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01338428.)

Reverse correlating love: highly passionate women idealize their partner's facial appearance.

A defining feature of passionate love is idealization—evaluating romantic partners in an overly favorable light. Although passionate love can be expected to color how favorably individuals represent their partner in their mind, little is known about how passionate love is linked with visual representations of the partner. Using reverse correlation techniques for the first time to study partner representations, the present study investigated whether women who are passionately in love represent their partner’s facial appearance more favorably than individuals who are less passionately in love. In a within-participants design, heterosexual women completed two forced-choice classification tasks, one for their romantic partner and one for a male acquaintance, and a measure of passionate love. In each classification task, participants saw two faces superimposed with noise and selected the face that most resembled their partner (or an acquaintance). Classification images for each of high passion and low passion groups were calculated by averaging across noise patterns selected as resembling the partner or the acquaintance and superimposing the averaged noise on an average male face. A separate group of women evaluated the classification images on attractiveness, trustworthiness, and competence. Results showed that women who feel high (vs. low) passionate love toward their partner tend to represent his face as more attractive and trustworthy, even when controlling for familiarity effects using the acquaintance representation. Using an innovative method to study partner representations, these findings extend our understanding of cognitive processes in romantic relationships.

Population Size Estimation of Men Who Have Sex with Men through the Network Scale-Up Method in Japan

BackgroundMen who have sex with men (MSM) are one of the groups most at risk for HIV infection in Japan. However, size estimates of MSM populations have not been conducted with sufficient frequency and rigor because of the difficulty, high cost and stigma associated with reaching such populations. This study examined an innovative and simple method for estimating the size of the MSM population in Japan. We combined an internet survey with the network scale-up method, a social network method for estimating the size of hard-to-reach populations, for the first time in Japan.Methods and FindingsAn internet survey was conducted among 1,500 internet users who registered with a nationwide internet-research agency. The survey participants were asked how many members of particular groups with known population sizes (firepersons, police officers, and military personnel) they knew as acquaintances. The participants were also asked to identify the number of their acquaintances whom they understood to be MSM. Using these survey results with the network scale-up method, the personal network size and MSM population size were estimated. The personal network size was estimated to be 363.5 regardless of the sex of the acquaintances and 174.0 for only male acquaintances. The estimated MSM prevalence among the total male population in Japan was 0.0402% without adjustment, and 2.87% after adjusting for the transmission error of MSM.ConclusionsThe estimated personal network size and MSM prevalence seen in this study were comparable to those from previous survey results based on the direct-estimation method. Estimating population sizes through combining an internet survey with the network scale-up method appeared to be an effective method from the perspectives of rapidity, simplicity, and low cost as compared with more-conventional methods.

The female stalker

A study of 143 female stalkers was conducted, part of a large North American sample of stalkers (N=1005) gathered from law enforcement, prosecutorial, and entertainment corporate security files (Mohandie, Meloy, Green McGowan, & Williams, 2006). The typical female stalker was a single, separated, or divorced woman in her mid-30s with a psychiatric diagnosis, most often a mood disorder. She was more likely to pursue a male acquaintance, stranger, or celebrity, rather than a prior sexual intimate. When compared with male stalkers, the female stalkers had significantly less frequent criminal histories, and were significantly less threatening and violent. Their pursuit behavior was less proximity based, and their communications were more benign than those of the males. The average duration of stalking was 17 months, but the modal duration was two months. Stalking recidivism was 50%, with modal time between intervention and re-contacting the victim of one day. Any prior actual relationship (sexual intimate or acquaintance) significantly increased the frequency of threats and violence with large effect sizes for the entire female sample. The most dangerous subgroup was the prior sexually intimate stalkers, of whom the majority both threatened and were physically violent. The least dangerous were the female stalkers of Hollywood celebrities. Two of the McEwan, Mullen, MacKenzie, and Ogloff (2009b) predictor variables for stalking violence among men were externally validated with moderate effect sizes for the women: threats were associated with increased risk of violence, and letter writing was associated with decreased risk of violence.