Malay Woman Research Articles

Guide to extraluminal fish bone retrieval with serial computed tomography scans: a case series

BackgroundFish bone ingestion is commonly encountered in emergency department. It poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge particularly when it migrates extraluminally, necessitating a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach for successful management.Case presentationHere we reported four cases of extraluminal fish bone. The first patient was a 68-year-old Chinese man who had odynophagia shortly after a meal involving fish. The second was a 50-year-old Iban man who reported a sharp throat pain after consuming fish 1 day prior. The third patient was a 55-year-old Malay woman who developed throat pain and odynophagia after consuming fish 1 day earlier. The fourth patient, a 70 year-old Iban man, presented late with odynophagia, neck pain, swelling, and fever 1 week after fish bone ingestion. These unintentional fish bone ingestions faced challenges and required repeat computed tomography scans using multiplanar reconstruction in guiding the surgical removal of the fish bone.ConclusionWe underscore the significance of multiplanar reconstruction in pinpointing the fish bone’s location, demonstrating the migratory route, and devising an accurate surgical plan.

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma leading to acute paraplegia: a case report

BackgroundSpontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is an infrequent yet potentially debilitating condition characterized by blood accumulation in the epidural space, with only 300 documented cases globally. Although the exact etiology of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma remains poorly understood, theories suggest arteriovenous malformations, rupture of epidural vessels, or epidural veins as possible causes.Case presentationThis study presents a 58-year-old Malay woman patient from Singapore with well-controlled hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type II diabetes mellitus, and microscopic hematuria. Despite a prior cystoscopy revealing no abnormalities, she presented to the emergency department with sudden-onset back pain, weakness, and numbness in both lower limbs. Rapidly progressing symptoms prompted imaging, leading to the diagnosis of a spinal epidural hematoma from thoracic (T) 9 to lumbar (L) 1. Prompt decompressive surgery was performed, and the patient is currently undergoing postoperative rehabilitation for paralysis.ConclusionThis case emphasizes the severity and life-altering consequences of spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas. Despite various proposed causative factors, a definitive consensus remains elusive in current literature. Consequently, maintaining a low threshold of suspicion for patients with similar presentations is crucial. The findings underscore the urgent need for swift evaluation and surgical intervention in cases of acute paraplegia.

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Mimicking Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a tumor arising from the epithelial cells that covers the surface and lining of the nasopharynx. It is divided into keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, and non-keratinizing carcinoma, which can be further divided into differentiated and undifferentiated subtypes. Symptoms of NPC can be obscure due to its anatomic location. On the other hand, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma defined as a highly aggressive and clinicopathologically distinctive carcinoma of uncertain histogenesis that typically presents with locally extensive disease. The present report is a case of 66-year-old malay woman with underlying hypertension, hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease presented with swelling over the left upper palate for 5 months associated with the nasal symptoms. Cranial nerves were intact. Nasal endoscopy of the left nose revealed a mass occupying the left nasal cavity with histopathology of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. However, CT scan result showed huge left nasopharyngeal carcinoma with local invasion and intracranial extension.

Bilateral Thumb Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix, a thermally dimorphic fungus that affects humans and animals. It is most commonly associated with cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue exposed to fungus-containing soil, moss, or organic material. Sporotrichosis is challenging to diagnose because it can mimic various other dermatological diseases. Thus, as demonstrated in this case, the importance of making a diagnosis based on history and a thorough physical examination, as misdiagnosis can delay proper treatment. A 53-year-old Malay woman presented with bilateral thumb swelling that had been treated with two courses of antibiotics but had failed, resulting in disease progression. Clinical suspicion of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis was made based on history, physical examination, and investigations finding. The patient was started on an empirical course of Itraconazole 200mg twice daily, and the lesions responded well.

Unilateral Idiopathic Optic Perineuritis in a Normal Fundus

A 22-year-old woman of Malay ethnicity presented with severe blurred vision in the right eye and experienced periocular pain with eye movement. She had a visual field defect over the affected eye, while an examination showed clinically normal optic discs. Relative afferent pupillary defect was also present in the right eye, with reduced optic nerve function. Optic nerve imaging revealed the ‘doughnut sign’ and ‘tram track’ signs, which are characteristics of optic perineuritis. The patient was initiated on a steroid regime that was tapered off over four months. Her visual function recovered gradually during the treatment until reaching a satisfactory final visual outcome. This is a unique case where optic perineuritis occurred in a normal fundus and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) served as an important diagnostic tool for the condition.
 Optic perineuritis (OPN) is an orbital inflammatory disease that involves the meningeal sheath surrounding the optic nerve.[1] It can be idiopathic or secondary to an underlying systemic autoimmune disorder.[1,2] Visual loss in OPN results from inflammation of the tissue surrounding the optic nerve, resulting in mechanical compression of the nerve and subsequent ischaemia.[1]
 OPN can be diagnosed using an optic nerve sheath biopsy, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnoses OPN through perineural enhancement, making it a useful diagnostic tool.[2] Upon diagnosis, OPN should be treated with corticosteroids for a prolonged period to ensure visual recovery.[3]
 We report a unique case of unilateral OPN with severe visual loss in a young Malay woman with a normal fundoscopy who was successfully treated with prolonged corticosteroids.

“Tudung lingkup”, the Malay woman’s clothing in Seberang Jambi City

The “Tudung lingkup” is one of the clothes worn by Malay women in Seberang Kota Jambi. The “tudung lingkup” has been present in the midst of Jambi society since Islam entered Jambi through Chinese, Arab and Turkish traders. The “tudung lingkup” has also become a cultural identity for the Islamic community in Seberang Kota Jambi. At present, “tudung lingkup” has become a cultural tour through the “tudung lingkup” festivals. This study aims to describe the “tudung lingkup” which is the identity of Jambi Malay women in Seberang Jambi City and the potential of the tudung lingkup as a cultural tourism object in Seberang Kota Jambi. This research is qualitative research with data collection through interviews, observation and document analysis. Analysis of research data was carried out through the stages of data reduction, data display and verification/conclusions. The triangulation technique is used to determine the validity of the research data. This study shows that: (1) Malay women in Seberang Kota Jambi make the “tudung lingkup” as a cover for their private parts as adaptation to Islamic culture, (3) the “tudung lingkup” represents the characteristics of Arab-Malay culture di Seberang Kota Jambi and the ability of Jambi Malay women to adapt to Islamic culture, and (4) the “tudung lingkup” is rarely found in the people of Seberang Kota Jambi so that festivals of “tudung lingkup” as cultural tourism to preserve the local wisdom of the people of Seberang Kota Jambi and develop Jambi batik crafts

Generalized Bullous Fixed Drug Eruption to Iodinated Contrast Media in Skin of Color

A 69-year-old Malay woman presented with a widespread painful blistering rash, which had first begun over her neck and trunk, a few hours after a computed tomography scan performed with 90 mL of iohexol contrast for surveillance of sigmoid adenocarcinoma. Examination was notable for multiple circular hyperpigmented patches with inlying blisters and well-demarcated erosions involving her upper lip, neck, abdomen, and lower extremities (Figures 1 and 2). The total area of detachable epidermis was approximately 25%.

FIGURING BIDAI CRAFTSWOMEN’S FUTURE IN THE UPCOMING ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (AEC): CASE STUDY IN THE BORDERLAND OF JAGOIBABANG

Poverty on the country became a classic phenomenon that has not been resolved properly. The poverty of woman in the country veranda district Jagoibabang Bengkayang. Plantation in women and the double burden of women, the issue of trafficking in women and the exploitation of women can not be separated from women’s lives on the porch country. this research uses qualitative method, using indepth interview and data collecting technique to some splint artisans in Jagoi Village. This research describes the socio-economics dynamic of artisans in Jagoi Babang spilnt as mean to preserve the local culture that exists. There are two interesting things from this splint handicraft. First, this craft is does by ethnic Dayak and Malay. Second, most of these artisans are women. That is, solints have the opportunity as a medium of bonding relations between etnics group and at the same time as an effort to strengthen the capacity of women to preserve local wisdom and improve their family welfare. Interestingly, more dayak and Malay woman are move from spar production sector than men who are more involved in the trade sector of splint at regional, national to foreign levels. Third, this study also to explain the prepared, provlems and challenges of women handicraftsmen in facing the MEA. Therefore, this research is a descriptive framework to contribute the policy of business incubator program for female artisans toget gender equity to be strived in improving family welfare marked by increasing knowledge and awareness of the importance of business incubator in face of MEA.

Islamic Values in the Characteristics of Malay Woman in Classical Malay Texts: A Literary Analysis

Every race in the world is characterized by a special culture that generates an individual's personality. Malay emphasizes the culture and customs of all society, especially women, but there are many social problems among women in this era because of the lack of adherence to religion and adherence to Malay customs. According to this research, ancient Malay tales are neglected or forgotten and its texts are unknown to present generations. Therefore, the research aims to discover the Islamic characteristics found in Malay women's characters in selected ancient Malay tales such as from the Poem of Siti Zubaydah, the tale of Hang Tuah, the masterpiece of the Melaka, the tale of the kings of Pasai and the dynasty of the sultans with their characteristics and examples. This research is based on the analytical approach in literature by reviewing some related references and books in the Malay language. This research has found seven Islamic characteristics in the characters of Malay women from the selected tales, such as patience and strength, the religious characteristic of women, the characteristic of a woman's loyalty to her husband, the characteristic of a woman's purity, the characteristic of mother's love and sympathy, the characteristic of independent women, and the characteristic of women's leadership.

The Exploration Analysis of Socio Economic Status of Homestay Guest in Langkawi and Marketing Recommendations

Homestay business in Langkawi was operated in Malaysia since 1990s. At that time, the Ministry of Tourism, Art and Culture (MOTAC) trained local people as the homestay business owner and provided licensed for homestay operation in Langkawi island area. Generally, this homestay promotes an experience living with homestay business owner and their family, learn the local lifestyle, art and culture. Generally, at that time the consumer segmentation for homestay program is focusing on foreigner and students. Nowadays, the homestay guest is not just get demand from foreigner travelers but mostly the demand from young domestic travelers. The data gathered from LADA shows that the number of domestic travelers to Langkawi Island is increasing year by year. Since the number of homestays are growing in Langkawi, domestic travelers have an opportunity to visit and staying in Langkawi. Therefore, local people in Langkawi should take parts in Langkawi economic development. One of the businesses they could participate is providing the accommodation to travelers, authentic food and nature activities. Furthermore, cooperating with others small business holder who are operating the boat business and island hoping, restaurant, theme parks and farm explorace are the added value in this kind of business. This study aims to analyse the socioeconomic status of homestay guest in Langkawi Island. This result is achieved by two research objectives (1) to identify the socioeconomic background of respondents and (2) to explore the demand of traveling and homestay selection. Thus, this research was conducted using quantitative approach and survey research. There are 364 homestay guests at Langkawi Island involved in this study. The researcher gets co-operations and approval with several homestay business owners. The data was selected by simple random sampling. The findings shows that, most of the homestay guest is a young age group in category 27 to 35 years old. The number of man staying in homestay is higher than women. The young man come with friends and have a nature activities such as fishing, snorkeling and island hoping. Just a little number of man come with family and have a family gathering in Langkawi. In average, the women age 35 and single have an opportunity come to Langkawi with friends. The younger woman may have under tight family protection especially young Malay women. The age of 35 and the single Malay woman may have more freedom than the younger Malay women. They have work, some money and more independent to travel with friends. The little number of solo traveler in this study is a man, they come alone and stay in homestay. Mostly, the homestay guest in this study comes from B40 groups and they stay for one to two nights. The homestay give an opportunity for domestic traveler to come and overnight in Langkawi with payable price. This study is important to LADA and Ministry of Tourism, Act and Culture (MOTAC) to produce a training to local people in Langkawi about accommodation or homestay business. This is to generate the family economics of Langkawi local people. The finding is important for stakeholders and marketers for Langkawi homestay promotion to domestic and foreigner travelers.

Aggressive giant prolactinoma: a case report

BackgroundManaging treatment-resistant aggressive giant prolactinoma can be challenging, as the diagnosis is often complex, and treatment beyond dopamine agonists, surgery, and radiotherapy is limited.Case presentationA 21-year-old Malay woman first presented to our hospital at the age of 16 years with 1-year history of reduced vision and 2 years of amenorrhea. Her baseline prolactin level was 255,894 µIU/mL with secondary hypogonadism, and pituitary magnetic resonance imaging revealed a giant prolactinoma (2.8 × 3.2 × 4.2 cm3) with suprasellar extension and optic chiasmal compression. She was initially treated with cabergoline, and reductions in the prolactin level and tumor mass were achieved, leading to vision improvement and resumption of normal menstruation. However, she developed recurrent tumor growth and hyperprolactinemia, causing relapse of symptoms, and she needed surgery. Eventually, despite three tumor debulking surgeries and escalation of cabergoline doses up to 1 mg/day, her tumor progressed with aggressive characteristics. Following a multidisciplinary meeting, the patient is initiated on temozolomide therapy after considering the long-term side effects of radiotherapy in her case.ConclusionThis case highlights the importance of early identification of treatment-resistant prolactinoma and the need for a multidisciplinary approach in managing aggressive prolactinoma in young patients, particularly regarding timely implementation of temozolomide therapy.

Severe Haemolytic Disease of Foetus and Newborn due to Anti-c Alloimmunisation in a Multiparous Malay Woman: A case study

Severe haemolytic disease of foetus and newborn (HDFN) is commonly caused by anti-D, anti-c and anti-K alloimmunisation. However, anti-c associated HDFN are infrequent because the majority of infants are relatively often c-negative. This case report describes a severe HDFN due to anti-c alloimmunisation in a multiparous Rhesus D positive mother. The baby was delivered prematurely at 32 weeks of gestation and unable to survive due to hydrops foetalis. Failure to detect anti-c alloimmunisation at the early antenatal period and unknown previous RBC alloimmunisation status were the main reasons for poorly suspicion of HDFN, which lead to improper foetal management and end up with foetal loss. Thus, routine antenatal RBC antibody screening during the early antenatal period is recommended for every pregnant woman with a history of HDFN or at risk for alloimmunisation for early detection and management of HDFN to prevent severe related morbidity or mortality.

Japanese Immigrants In Sarawak Before World War Two: Assimilation Through Inter-Ethnic Marriages

The arrival of Japanese immigrants, especially karayuki-san, traders, and farmers in Sarawak between the 1880s and1940s, has rarely been given sufficient attention by scholars. For the most part, not only did the Japanese immigrants successfully integrate into the economic eco-system, but they also assimilated with the locals through inter-marriages. Archival records, primarily obtained from the Sarawak State Archives, suggests that families of inter-ethnic marriages went through a life of hardship, especially when Japanese spouses or relatives were imprisoned in the internment camps soon after World War Two ended. For the most part, the research mainly focuses on Seiji Kuno or otherwise known as Mohamed Towpik Kuno, who married a local Malay woman and embraced Islam. The life of Kuno depicts the extent to which a Japanese immigrant became absorbed into the dominant culture of the mainstream Sarawak society. Kuno’s general attitude towards the local society, his service to the community in various capacities, his attitude towards political matters and finally, his religious inclination showcased the extent to which assimilation had taken place voluntarily. Apart from Kuno, the research also examines other personalities’ lives, like Sunao Miyaji, who was married to Lamah Binti Bakar, and Maria Osaichi and Oasa, who were Japanese immigrants married to Chinese Sarawakians. It is against this background that this research argues that marriages between Japanese immigrants and locals in Sarawak before World War Two was indeed a cause for further assimilation into the host culture between spouses, family members and the broader community. At the same time, the research posits that cemeteries involving Japanese immigrants should be promoted as tourist destinations as they reflect Sarawak’s rich multicultural heritage and history of assimilation with foreigners.

The role of women in maintaining health and preserving culinary in Malay Batubara society through the tradition of Menotou Banjo

ObjectiveThis study discusses the role of Batubara Malay women in maintaining health and preserving culinary through the Menotou Banjo tradition. The Menotou Banjo tradition is a tradition of growing rice in the Malay community in Batubara Regency, North Sumatra Province. MethodThe research method used, namely qualitative with interactive models. The interactive model uses four stages, namely data collection, data condensation, data display, and conclusions: drawing/verifying. The research approach used is a Anthropolinguistics. ResultsThe results showed the role of Batubara Malay women in maintaining the health of themselves and their families through healthy food during the rice planting season. The serving of food and cakes during the implementation of the Menotou Banjo tradition is a symbol of the ability and skills of the Batubara Malay woman in gathering almost the same food into various types of food. In addition, Batubara Malay women also have a high social and mutual cooperation in social life. ConclusionThe conclusion of the research shows that the Batubara Malay woman has an important role in maintaining health and also helps her husband to earn a living for family survival. Thus the next generation of healthy, prosperous, and intelligent people will be created.

M\xfcllerian duct anomalies with term pregnancy: a case report

BackgroundMüllerian duct anomaly is a rare condition. Many cases remain unidentified, especially if asymptomatic. Thus, it is difficult to determine the actual incidence. Müllerian duct anomaly is associated with a wide range of gynecological and obstetric complications, namely infertility, endometriosis, urinary tract anomalies, and preterm delivery. Furthermore, congenital anomalies in pregnant mothers have a high risk of being genetically transmitted to their offspring.Case presentationWe report a case of a patient with unsuspected müllerian duct anomaly in a term pregnancy. A 33-year-old Malay woman with previously uninvestigated involuntary primary infertility for 4 years presented with acute right pyelonephritis in labor at 38 weeks of gestation. She has had multiple congenital anomalies since birth and had undergone numerous surgeries during childhood. Her range of congenital defects included hydrocephalus, for which she was put on a ventriculoperitoneal shunt; imperforated anus; and tracheoesophageal fistula with a history of multiples surgeries. In addition, she had a shorter right lower limb length with limping gait. Her physical examination revealed a transverse scar at the right hypochondrium and multiple scars at the posterior thoracic region, levels T10–T12. Abdominal palpation revealed a term size uterus that was deviated to the left, with a singleton fetus in a nonengaged cephalic presentation. The cervical os was closed, but stricture bands were present on the vagina from the upper third until the fornices posteriorly. She also had multiple rectal prolapses and strictures over the rectum due to previous anorectoplasty. An emergency cesarean delivery was performed in view of the history of anorectoplasty, vaginal stricture, and infertility. Intraoperative findings showed a left unicornuate uterus with a communicating right rudimentary horn.ConclusionMost cases of müllerian duct anomaly remain undiagnosed due to the lack of clinical suspicion and the absence of pathognomonic clinical and radiological characteristics. Because it is associated with a wide range of gynecological and obstetric complications, it is vital for healthcare providers to be aware of its existence and the role of antenatal radiological investigations in its diagnosis. The presence of multiple congenital abnormalities and a history of infertility in a pregnant woman should warrant the exclusion of müllerian duct anomalies from the beginning. Early detection of müllerian duct anomalies can facilitate an appropriate delivery plan and improve the general obstetric outcome.

Conserving and Sustaining Culture through Sarawak Traditional Malay Woman Headscarves

The traditionally Sarawak Malay woman headscarf is known as Tudong Selayah Keringkam. It is a hand-made identical embroidery headscarf, produced with articulate skills, creativity, and imagination and worn as a social identity among the Malay women in Sarawak. This paper argues that the Selayah and the Keringkam are two different pieces of headscarves artwork. This paper also foresees the reasons behind the depletion of interest and skills of producing this artifact among theyounger generation, to a large extent, making the cultural sustainability of the traditional headscarves in Sarawak to become less significant. Hence, the objectives of this paper are to explore the distinction between Selayahand Keringkam. In this transcendental phenomenological paper, the ‘framing approach’ is used in the in-depth interviews conducted with Selayah Keringkam weavers and Malay elders. This paper apparently has found the little provision to the distinction between Selayah and Keringkam. However, there are five elements posited which have contributed to the depletion of interest among the young generation in the production of Selayah Keringkam. Those elements are labelled as Price,Realism, Technology, Proficient and Insight. Nonetheless, this paper is significant in highlighting the Selayah Keringkam as one of the key material cultures in sustaining Sarawak Malay heritage. Preserving and sustaining the social identity is crucial which potentially becomes central to the tourism products and commercially plated onto the international arena of fashion, art, and design.

A case of panophthalmitis with orbital cellulitis related to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic pathogen that rarely causes infection in humans. Human infection occurs as a result of either contact with animals, their meat products, or waste. The septicaemic form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection can subsequently lead to complications which include endocarditis, intracranial abscess, liver abscess, and in this case, panophthalmitis. The incidence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection however, may be under-diagnosed due the resemblance it bears to other bacteria. Here we report a case of panophthalmitis in a 57-year-old Malay woman with no previous medical illness caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, which rarely causes ocular infection.

An atypical presentation of ANCA-associated retinal vasculitis in a young Malay woman

We describe a case of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated retinal vasculitis in a 21-year-old previously healthy Malay woman, who presented to us with complaints of sudden painless loss of vision in her left eye. Her vision upon presentation was counting fingers and her fundus examination showed retinal vasculitis and ischemic changes. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed leakage from the vasculitic retinal vessels, resulting in macular oedema. All investigations were normal, except that a full blood test showed eosinophilia and an autoimmune screening revealed positive perinuclear staining-ANCA, which led us to diagnose ANCA-associated retinal vasculitis. The patient was comanaged with the rheumatology team. She was started on a high-dose intravenous steroid followed by a tapering dose of an oral steroid. Improvement was noted from the resolution of macular oedema evident on optical coherence tomography of the macula. However, vision remained poor and unchanged.

KONSEP KEPERIBADIAN DAN KESANTUNAN WANITA MELAYU MENURUT PERSPEKTIF IBU ZAIN

Women are considered the nucleus of a family, country, and civilization. This is due to the fact that they act as a cornerstone in producing good, beneficial and useful generations of the future. The value, personality, and self-respect of women are increasingly becoming more marginalized due to the current borderline digitalized globalized, modernized transformed the modern world. This study aims at evaluating Ibu Zain’s concept of personality and politeness of the Malay woman. The concept of personality and politeness are the essence of the study since the two elements denote the ontological existence of a woman in examining the value of personality as a symbolic gesture of Malay woman, and in analyzing the value of politeness possessed by the Malay lady. This is a qualitative study and it uses the interpretation method approach. Data collection was entirely done through library research by referencing to relevant documents written by this scholar and other related articles of other scholars. Data analysis was in the form of descriptive textual analysis of the concept of personality and politeness. The findings show that the Malay woman symbolizes the strength of the nation with its own uniqueness based on polite behavior, high morale, and sincere struggle in developing the race of the nation, besides freeing themselves from the injustices of colonization and men of cowardice. The impact of this study is fundamentally on the development and empowerment of Malay women holistically. This is due to the significance of Ibu Zain’s idea during that time, crystallized during this period and for the future, inspired to continue defending the identity of a dignified Malay woman.

The New Malay Woman’s jiwa as a Postcolonial Structure of Feeling

ABSTRACTWomen from newly liberated postcolonial societies have produced fiction and non-fiction work with a critical view on women’s inferior status and discriminatory cultural practices that powerfully resonate with contemporary feminist opinions. However, their views are parallel insofar as an understanding of ‘women’ remains unproblematised. In this article, ‘women’ and ‘feminism’ are unpacked from a domestic cosmopolitan lens, particularly from the perspective of the postcolonial woman’s spirit of openness to the other. The postcolonial subject in question is the New Malay Woman, a cultural construction in the early years of Malaysia’s independence, a female figure formed through her critique of modernity and encounters with transnationalism. But it is through the New Malay Woman’s soul or jiwa, explicated in the essays and semi-autobiographical fiction of Malay women writers in the 1960s, that we find ‘structures of feeling’ overcoming facile parallels and temporal distances between the early postcolonial woman and contemporary feminist wherever she might be. It is hoped that from explicating the ‘structures of feeling’ that the meaning of ‘women’ and ‘emancipation’ as articulated by early postcolonial women writers is better understood.