Malate Research Articles

Determination of organic acids for predicting sourness intensity of tea beverage by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and chemometrics methods.

The contents of organic acids (OAs) in tea beverage and their relationship with taste intensity have not been fully understood. In this work, a rapid (10min for a single run) and sensitive (limits of quantification: 0.0044-0.4486µg/mL) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 17 OAs in four types of tea, based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring mode. The contents of 17 OAs in 96 tea samples were measured at levels between 0.01 and 11.80g/kg (dried weight). Quinic acid, citric acid, and malic acid were determined as the major OAs in green, black, and raw pu-erh teas, while oxalic acid and tartaric acid exhibited the highest contents in ripe pu-erh tea. Taking the OAs composition as input features, a partial least squares regression model was proposed to predict the sourness intensity of tea beverages. The model achieved a root-mean-square error of 0.58 and a coefficient of determination of 0.84 for the testing set. The proposed model provides a theoretical way to evaluate the sensory quality of tea infusion based on its chemical composition.

Unveiling the dynamic microbial succession and metabolic characteristics during traditional fermentation of hainan shanlan rice wine

The objective of this study was to reveal the microbial succession and metabolic characteristics during traditional fermentation of Hainan Shanlan rice wine (HSRW). Correlations between core microorganisms and key metabolites were explored. Four bacterial genera (Pediococcus, Levilactobacillus, Pantoea and Limosilactobacillus) and 3 fungal genera (Saccharomyces, Rhizopus, and Saccharomycopsis) were the dominant in HSRW. Alcohols, esters and organic acids were the main metabolites in the HSRW. 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, dimethylsilanediol, pentaethylene glycol, ethyl hexadecanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate and (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester were identified as the characteristic volatile flavor compounds. Malic acid and lactic acid were the primary organic acids. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that Levilactobacillus and Pediococcus were the core functional microorganisms and exhibited significant associations with key metabolites. This study provides a scientific and practical foundation for elucidating the potential value of core functional microorganisms and for the development of Directed Vat Set in the industrial prodution of HSRW.

Impact of exogenous melatonin foliar application on physiology and fruit quality of wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) under salt stress.

Soil salinisation is an important abiotic stress faced in grape cultivating, leading to weakened plant vigour and reduced fruit quality. Melatonin as a novel hormone has shown positive exogenous application value. Therefore, this study used wine grape (Vitis vinifera ) 'Pinot Noir' as a test material to investigate the changes of foliar spraying with different concentrations of melatonin on the physiology and fruit quality of wine grapes in a field under simulated salt stress (200mmolL-1 NaCl). The results showed that foliar spraying of melatonin significantly increased the intercellular CO2 concentration, maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII, relative chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content of the leaves, as well as the single spike weight, 100-grain weight, transverse and longitudinal diameters, malic acid, α-amino nitrogen and ammonia content of fruits, and decreased the initial fluorescence value of leaves, ascorbate peroxidase activity, glutathione content, fruit transverse to longitudinal ratio and tartaric acid content of plants under salt stress. Results of the comprehensive evaluation of the affiliation function indicated that 100μmolL-1 melatonin treatment had the best effect on reducing salt stress in grapes. In summary, melatonin application could enhance the salt tolerance of grapes by improving the photosynthetic capacity of grape plants under salt stress and promoting fruit development and quality formation, and these results provide new insights into the involvement of melatonin in the improvement of salt tolerance in crop, as well as some theoretical basis for the development and industrialisation of stress-resistant cultivation techniques for wine grapes.

Wheat root exudates suppress faba bean Fusarium wilt disease

AbstractContinuous cultivation of faba beans often results in a high occurrence of Fusarium wilt. Nevertheless, this issue can be successfully managed through wheat‐faba bean intercropping. Our objective is to elucidate the function of non‐host wheat in combating faba bean Fusarium wilt. We assessed the impact of wheat on the development of faba bean Fusarium wilt through field and pot experiments, and examined and identified the compounds in the root exudates of wheat. The influence of wheat root exudates on Fusarium commun mycelial growth and spore multiplication was investigated through indoor culture experiments. Wheat‐faba bean intercropping significantly reduced the occurrence of Fusarium wilt in field trials. Root separation experiments in pots indicated that wheat root exudates might play a vital role in this outcome. The exogenous addition of wheat root exudates to faba bean grown alone notably decreased the occurrence and severity of Fusarium wilt. Furthermore, the exogenous addition of wheat root exudates effectively hindered the growth and reproduction of Fusarium commun's mycelium. And, wheat root exudates contained six compounds with relatively high concentrations, including salicylic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, glutamic acid, and threonine, all of which inhibited the growth and spore formation of Fusarium commun. In a wheat‐faba bean intercropping system, these six compounds found in the root exudate of non‐host wheat can help control Fusarium wilt in faba bean by inhibiting the mycelial growth and sporulation of Fusarium commun.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Rhizomes by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity Profiles.

Xanthorrhizol, an important marker of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, has been recognized for its different pharmacological activities. A green strategy for selective xanthorrhizol extraction is required. Herein, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) based on glucose and organic acids (lactic acid, malic acid, and citric acid) were screened for the extraction of xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza. Ultrasound-assisted extraction using glucose/lactic acid (1:3) (GluLA) gave the best yield of xanthorrhizol. The response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken Design was used to optimize the interacting variables of water content, solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio, and extraction to optimize the extraction. The optimum conditions of 30% water content in GluLA, 1/15 g/mL (S/L), and a 20 min extraction time yielded selective xanthorrhizol extraction (17.62 mg/g) over curcuminoids (6.64 mg/g). This study indicates the protective effect of GluLA and GluLA extracts against oxidation-induced DNA damage, which was comparable with those obtained for ethanol extract. In addition, the stability of the xanthorrhizol extract over 90 days was revealed when stored at -20 and 4 °C. The FTIR and NMR spectra confirmed the hydrogen bond formation in GluLA. Our study reported, for the first time, the feasibility of using glucose/lactic acid (1:3, 30% water v/v) for the sustainable extraction of xanthorrhizol.

A study on antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activity of xylitol‐based polymeric nano‐bioactive glass nanocomposites

AbstractBioactive glasses have been shown effective in promoting bone healing by interacting with the body, gradual degradation, and supporting new bone growth. They present a promising option for therapies aimed at regenerating bone tissue. In this study, we developed a novel material, PXMA/n‐BG, by combining xylitol, maleic acid, and adipic acid, and incorporating nano‐bioactive glass, all synthesized without the use of a catalyst. The sol–gel method was used to fabricate the n‐BG (SiO2–CaO–P2O5). The incorporation of n‐BG into the polymer was found to enhance its biocompatibility and effectiveness for orthopedic applications. The synthesized polymer and its nanocomposite were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DSC, GPC, UTM, XRD and HR‐SEM. X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy are utilized to investigate the structure and surface of the n‐BG and polymeric composite material. The strength and flexibility of a plastic material with tiny particles mixed in were tested using a universal testing machine. We examined the elemental composition and thermal stability of n‐BG through specialized testing like energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The research focused on the potential of xylitol‐based polymer and its nanocomposite to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in food. We conducted experiments to determine the efficacy of the antibacterial substance against various bacteria strains. The antibacterial potential of the extracts was assessed by the agar diffusion method using MHA plate. Furthermore, we investigated the ability of the material and its nanoparticles to reduce inflammation.

A single-step extraction and immobilization of soybean lipolytic enzymes by using a purpose-designed copolymer of styrene and maleic acid as a membrane lysis agent

Approaches aiming to recover proteins without denaturation represent attractive strategies. To accomplish this, a membrane lysis agent based on poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) or PSMA was synthesized by photopolymerization using Irgacure® 2959 and carbon tetrabromide (CBr4) as a radical initiator and a reversible chain transfer agent, respectively. Structural elucidation of our in-house synthesized PSMA, so-called photo-PSMA, was performed by using NMR spectroscopy. The use of this photo-PSMA in soybean enzyme extraction was also demonstrated for the first time in this study. Without a severe cell rupture, energy input or any organic solvent, recovery of lipolytic enzymes directly into nanometric-sized particles was accomplished in one-step process. Due to the improved structural regularity along the photo-PSMA backbone, the most effective protective reservoir for enzyme immobilization was generated through the PSMA aggregation. Formation of such reservoir enabled soybean enzymes to be shielded from the surroundings and resolved in their full functioning state. This was convinced by the increased specific lipolytic activity to 1,950 mU/mg, significantly higher than those of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the two commercially-available PSMA sources (1000P and 2000P). Our photo-PSMA had thus demonstrated its great potential for cell lyse application, especially for soybean hydrolase extraction.

Screening Organic Acid Contents of Tomato Landraces Collected From Aegean-Mediterranean Region of Anatolia

Tomato landraces can serve as valuable sources for breeding new cultivars aimed at enhancing fruit quality in terms of organic acids. Nineteen tomato landraces spread along the Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia were evaluated to determine their basic internal quality parameters and organic acid composition. The parameters assessed included fruit weight, diameter, length, pH, titrable acidity (TA %), soluble solid content (SSC%), SSC/TA ratio, and organic acids, such as oxalic (OA), tartaric (TarA), malic (MA), malonic (MalA), lactic (LA), acetic (AA), citric (CA), and ascorbic acids (AscA). Significant diversity was observed among the different landraces concerning these traits. Citric acid was found to be the most abundant organic acid within the landraces. Notably, the highest and lowest values for CA were recorded in Ege 8 (105.73 mg g-1) and TR62707 (31.10 mg g-1), respectively, making them promising sources for future breeding programs. Ascorbic acid (AscA) exhibited the lowest content among all the organic acids, ranging from 0.06 to 0.12 mg.g-1 (equivalent to 64-116 µg.g-1). Moreover, the landrace TR49646 displayed the highest malic acid content (8.23 mg g-1), making it a potential source for obtaining high malic acid content. Conversely, Ege 6 showed the lowest malic acid content (5.11 mg g-1). For health purposes, the landrace TR63233 was identified as having the lowest oxalic acid content. Multidimensional scale analysis further confirmed the potential candidates identified by the ANOVA and one-way ANOM tests. The results revealed a considerable diversity among the evaluated landraces, and the identified traits could be instrumental in selecting and breeding new cultivars with improved characteristics.

Characterization of flavor and taste profile of different radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) varieties by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC/IMS) and E-nose/tongue

A comprehensive study of the overall flavor and taste profile of different radishes is lacking. This study systematically compared the volatile profile of six radish varieties using HS-GC-IMS and their correlation with the E-nose analysis. Organic acids and amino acids were quantified, and their association with the E-tongues analysis was explored. A total of 73 volatile compounds were identified, with diallyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide being the primary sulfides responsible for the unpleasant flavor in radish. Compared to other varieties, cherry radishes boast a significantly higher concentration of allyl isothiocyanate, which likely contributes to their characteristic radish flavor. Moreover, oxalic acid was identified as the most abundant organic acid in radish, accounting for over 97% of its content, followed by malic acid and succinic acid. In conclusion, the distinct flavor and taste characteristics of different radish varieties partially explain their suitability for diverse culinary preferences.

Redox-active ash gourd extract mitigates salt-stress toxicity through modulation of primary metabolites in rice

Salinity stress is considered as one of the major detrimental stresses for reducing plant growth and crop productivity. Hence, concerted efforts are going on to develop sustainable solutions for reducing salinity-induced negative effects on crop productivity. Given this, the present study evaluated the potential of ash gourd extract (AGE; 0.9 µg/mL) for ameliorating NaCl (100 mM) stress in rice, which is one of the major staple food crops worldwide. The differential phenotyping revealed growth reduction under NaCl treatment, as indicated by 0.27- and 0.36-fold decrease in survival and whole-seedling biomass, respectively, compared with those of control. In contrast, 24 h pre-treatment with AGE before NaCl exposure (AGE24h+NaCl) improved these growth attributes by 1.29- and 1.70-fold, respectively, compared with those of NaCl treatment. The differential phenotype of AGE was associated with its inherent ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species, which was equivalent to 0.08-fold of ascorbic acid. The higher accumulation of superoxide radicals and upregulated expression of stress marker genes including OsTSPO, OsCBS, OsHKT1;5, and OsNHX1 under AGE24h treatment also suggested AGE mediated priming effect. Under AGE24h+NaCl, the expression levels of these stress markers were either maintained or their extent of upregulation was further enhanced. In addition, the coordinated activation of antioxidant machinery and reduced Na-accumulation further supported stress amelioration under AGE24h+NaCl treatment. GC-MS-based metabolomics highlighted fatty acids, malic acid, myo-inositol, allose, trehalose, and L-oxoproline, as key metabolites, associated with AGE-mediated amelioration of NaCl stress. The foliar application of AGE increased seed yield and 1000 seed weight by 1.13- and 1.06-fold, respectively, compared with those of NaCl, validating its agronomic feasibility. Thus, the results highlighted the application of AGE, as a “green” bioregulator for ameliorating NaCl stress conditions in rice.

Screening and classification of rosehip (Rosa canina L.) genotypes based on horticultural characteristics

BackgroundDuring the pandemic, the interest in colorful wild small fruits increased due to their positive effects on health. Also it has become very important to offer species with high nutritional value as fresh or processed products for human consumption due to increasing world population and decreasing arable land. In this context, we characterized the horticultural characteristics of 11 rosehip genotypes grown from seeds.ResultsCitric acid was determined as the main organic acid in all the genotypes investigated. The mean values of the organic acids obtained from all the genotypes were found to be as follows: citric acid (7177 mg L–1), malic acid (3669 mg L–1), tartaric acid (1834 mg L–1), oxalic acid (1258 mg L–1), carboxylic acid (631.9 mg L–1), shikimic acid (157.8 mg L–1), ascorbic acid (155 mg L–1), and acetic acid (20.9 mg L–1). Ellagic acid was the dominant phenolic compound (90.1 mg L–1 – 96.2 mg L–1) in all genotypes. The average values obtained from all genotypes for total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were 37 261 mg GAE L–1, 526.2 mg quercetin L–1, and 93.6%, respectively. These characteristics had the lowest coefficients of variation, which indicated that all genotypes were similar regarding high biochemical with antioxidant effect. In addition, fruit width, fruit length, and fruit weight varied between 13.0 and 17.3 mm, 20.7 and 25.5 mm, and 1.4 and 2.7 g, respectively.ConclusionsThe genotypes were categorized according to different purposes, such as suitability for wine production, making vinegar, etc. While the pomological characteristics were strongly positively correlated among themselves, they were generally found to be negatively correlated with the phytochemical characteristics. Categorizing genotypes according to different usage purposes can improve the agricultural and industrial application of rosehip and enhance their breeding efficacy.

Sulfur dioxide generating pads containing different concentrations of sodium metabisulfite maintains postharvest quality of ‘Hicaznar’ pomegranate

This study investigated the effects of different sulfur dioxide (SO2) generating pads containing different concentrations of sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) on the storage of ‘Hicaznar’ pomegranate fruit. For this purpose, the pomegranates were harvested at optimal harvest maturity (total soluble solids (TSS): 17.70 %, titratable acidity (TA): 1.57 % citric acid). The first, second and third groups were treated with SO2 generating pads containing different concentrations of Na2S2O5 (1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g). The fourth group was control which received no treatment. The SO2 generating pads were placed on top of the fruit with butter paper containing holes were kept between the fruit and pads. All the treatments were packaged under modified atmosphere packages (MAP) and stored at 6 °C and 90–95 % relative humidity (RH). The fruit samples for quality analysis were taken at 45, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days (d) of cold storage (CS). Post removal, the samples from each treatment were kept at 20 °C for additional 3 d to determine shelf life (SL) performance of fruit. Extending storage duration showed increase in weight loss, h° values, total flavonoid content, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and decay index while decrease in L*, C* values, appearance and taste scores, TSS content, TA, total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, organic acids (citric, malic, succinic and oxalic acids) contents, phenolic compounds (gallic, protocatechuic and chlorogenic acid), oxygen (O2) levels and SO2 production in MAP. SO2 generating pads reduced weight loss and decay index. The highest taste value was recorded in 3.0 g SO2 generating pads. The highest h° value was in 1.5 g SO2 generating pads while the greatest total anthocyanin content in CS was in 3.0 and 4.5 g with maximum total anthocyanin content in SL was recorded in 1.5 and 4.5 g SO2 generating pads. SO2 generating pads exhibited maximum total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity and gallic acid content as compared to control. There were no SO2 residues in pomegranate arils throughout the storage. It can be concluded that SO2 generating pads can be a potential tool to preserve the postharvest quality of ‘Hicaznar’ pomegranate for 180 d of CS.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALOE VERA GEL AND ITS UTILIZATION IN PREPARING SYNBIOTIC FERMENTED MILK WITH Bifidobacterium Lactis BB-12

This study was aimed to investigate the physicochemical structure of fresh and dried Aloe Vera gel (AVG) and its adequacy as a prebiotic in the preparation of Synbiotic fermented milk with Bif. Lactis BB-12, in addition to its effect on the survival of these bacteria during 28 days of cold storage. The results indicated that the yield of the gel was % 64.56±1.157, and the moisture content, total solids (TS) and total soluble solids (TSS) in the fresh gel were % 98.23±0.0816, %1.777±0.0103 and % 1.56±0.0816 respectively. The pH of fresh and dried gel was 4.48±0.0105 and 4.63±0.01, respectively, meanwhile the acidity was 0.083±0.00121 and 0.058±0.0083, respectively (expressed as malic acid). Addition of 0.03% , 0.05% of dried and 3% ,5% of fresh AVG to treatments under study which represented as B1, B2, B3, and B4 respectively, reduced the generation time (GT) to 71.91, 68.49, 80.14 and 95.17 min, respectively as compared to that of the control treatment B0 (AVG free), which was 112.52 min. The pH value decreased in treatments B0, B1, B2, B3, and B4 to 4.45, 4.41, 4.36, 4.39 and 4.38, respectively, as the acidity increased to 1.13, 1.18, 1.26, 1.20 and 1.21%, respectively.

The complete degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane in Escherichia coli by metabolic engineering

1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), a widely utilized chemical intermediate and organic solvent in industry, frequently enters the environment due to accidental leaks and mishandling during application processes. Thus, the in-situ remediation of contaminated sites has become increasingly urgent. However, traditional remediation methods are inefficient and costly, while bioremediation presents a green, efficient, and non-secondary polluting alternative. In this study, an engineered strain capable of completely degrading 1,2-DCA was constructed. We introduced six exogenous genes of the 1,2-DCA degradation pathway into E. coli and confirmed their normal transcription and efficient expression in this engineered strain through qRT-PCR and proteomics. The degradation experiments showed that the strain completely degraded 2 mM 1,2-DCA within 12 h. Furthermore, the results of isotope tracing verified that the final degradation product, malic acid, entered the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) of E. coli and was ultimately fully metabolized. Also, morphological changes in the engineered strain and control strain exposed to 1,2-DCA were observed under SEM, and the results revealed that the engineered strain is more tolerant to 1,2-DCA than the control strain. In conclusion, this study paved a new way for humanity to deal with the increasingly complex environmental challenges.

Profiling of Metabolites in Organically Grown Plums from Norway: Does Location or Cultivar Matter?

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of two locations and seven cultivars on the profiling of metabolites in organically grown plums (Prunus domestica L.) fruit in Norway. P, K, and Ca were most abundant in the studied fruits, while Ba and Sr formed a clear line between the locations. The most abundant sugars were glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol, which together accounted for up to 97.00%. Quinic acid and malic acid were the predominant organic acids, while chlorogenic acid, rutin, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside were the most abundant polyphenols. Plums from Ullensvang were characterized by a higher content of minerals, sugars, organic acids, total polyphenol content (TPC), and radical scavenging activity (RSA), while plums from Telemark had a higher content of quantified polyphenols. The cultivar 'Mallard' had the highest mineral and radical scavenging activity, 'Opal' had the sweetest fruit, 'Jubileum' had the highest acidity, 'Excalibur' had the highest TPC content, and 'Valor' stored the highest content of quantified polyphenols, especially chlorogenic acid. These results provide comprehensive information on the chemical profiles of selected plum cultivars, suggesting that organic plums are a rich source of beneficial compounds that can have a positive impact on human health.

Impact of Modifications from Potassium Hydroxide on Porous Semi-IPN Hydrogel Properties and Its Application in Cultivation.

This study synthesized and modified a semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel from polyacrylamide, N,N'-dimethylacrylamide, and maleic acid in a potassium hydroxide solution. The chemical composition, interior morphology, thermal properties, mechanical characteristics, and swelling behaviors of the initial hydrogel (SH) and modified hydrogel (SB) in water, salt solutions, and buffer solutions were investigated. Hydrogels were used as phosphate fertilizer (PF) carriers and applied in farming techniques by evaluating their impact on soil properties and the growth of mustard greens. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the chemical composition of SH, SB, and PF-adsorbed hydrogels. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that modification increased the largest pore size from 817 to 1513 µm for SH and SB hydrogels, respectively. After modification, the hydrogels had positive changes in the swelling ratio, swelling kinetics, thermal properties, mechanical and rheological properties, PF absorption, and PF release. The modification also increased the maximum amount of PF loaded into the hydrogel from 710.8 mg/g to 770.9 mg/g, while the maximum % release of PF slightly increased from 84.42% to 85.80%. In addition, to evaluate the PF release mechanism and the factors that influence this process, four kinetic models were applied to confirm the best-fit model, which included zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas. In addition, after six cycles of absorption and release in the soil, the hydrogels retained their original shapes, causing no alkalinization or acidification. At the same time, the moisture content was higher as SB was used. Finally, modifying the hydrogel increased the mustard greens' lifespan from 20 to 32 days. These results showed the potential applications of modified semi-IPN hydrogel materials in cultivation.

The metabolome as a diagnostic for maximal aerobic capacity during exercise in type 1 diabetes

Aims/hypothesisOur aim was to characterise the in-depth metabolic response to aerobic exercise and the impact of residual pancreatic beta cell function in type 1 diabetes. We also aimed to use the metabolome to distinguish individuals with type 1 diabetes with reduced maximal aerobic capacity in exercise defined by V˙O2peak\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\dot{V}{\ ext{O}}_{\ ext{2peak}}$$\\end{document}.MethodsThirty participants with type 1 diabetes (≥3 years duration) and 30 control participants were recruited. Groups did not differ in age or sex. After quantification of peak stimulated C-peptide, participants were categorised into those with undetectable (<3 pmol/l), low (3–200 pmol/l) or high (>200 pmol/l) residual beta cell function. Maximal aerobic capacity was assessed by V˙O2peak\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\dot{V}{\ ext{O}}_{\ ext{2peak}}$$\\end{document} test and did not differ between control and type 1 diabetes groups. All participants completed 45 min of incline treadmill walking (60% V˙O2peak\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\dot{V}{\ ext{O}}_{\ ext{2peak}}$$\\end{document}) with venous blood taken prior to exercise, immediately post exercise and after 60 min recovery. Serum was analysed using targeted metabolomics. Metabolomic data were analysed by multivariate statistics to define the metabolic phenotype of exercise in type 1 diabetes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify circulating metabolomic markers of maximal aerobic capacity (V˙O2peak\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\dot{V}{\ ext{O}}_{\ ext{2peak}}$$\\end{document}) during exercise in health and type 1 diabetes.ResultsMaximal aerobic capacity (V˙O2peak\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\dot{V}{\ ext{O}}_{\ ext{2peak}}$$\\end{document}) inversely correlated with HbA1c in the type 1 diabetes group (r2=0.17, p=0.024). Higher resting serum tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites malic acid (fold change 1.4, p=0.001) and lactate (fold change 1.22, p=1.23×10−5) differentiated people with type 1 diabetes. Higher serum acylcarnitines (AC) (AC C14:1, F value=12.25, p=0.001345; AC C12, F value=11.055, p=0.0018) were unique to the metabolic response to exercise in people with type 1 diabetes. C-peptide status differentially affected metabolic responses in serum ACs during exercise (AC C18:1, leverage 0.066; squared prediction error 3.07). The malic acid/pyruvate ratio in rested serum was diagnostic for maximal aerobic capacity (V˙O2peak\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\dot{V}{\ ext{O}}_{\ ext{2peak}}$$\\end{document}) in people with type 1 diabetes (ROC curve AUC 0.867 [95% CI 0.716, 0.956]).Conclusions/interpretationThe serum metabolome distinguishes high and low maximal aerobic capacity and has diagnostic potential for facilitating personalised medicine approaches to manage aerobic exercise and fitness in type 1 diabetes.Graphical

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RED WINES (CABERNET SAUVIGNON AND TEMPRANILLO) FROM ENSENADA, BAJA CALIFORNIA

Ensenada wine country, in the State of Baja California, Mexico, accounts for approximately 70–80 % of Mexico’s wine production. Despite its significance, detailed knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of wines remains limited. In this study, we examined nine physicochemical properties of 69 commercial red wines produced from the Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon varietals in the San Vicente, Santo Tomás, and Guadalupe valleys. The pH, total acidity, acetic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, total polyphenols, glucose/fructose ratio, alcohol content, and red color intensity were all analyzed. Tempranillo wines showed significantly higher levels of acetic acid, lactic acid, and total acidity, but lower levels of total polyphenols and malic acid than Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Furthermore, wines from the Santo Tomás region have significantly higher alcohol content, glucose/fructose ratio, total polyphenols, red color intensity, and total acidity, distinguishing them from the wines of San Vicente and Guadalupe. Our results highlight the influence of the grape variety on wine chemistry, emphasizing the possibility for further optimization of the winemaking processes for the benefit of vine growers, enologists, and wine production in the region.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of major anthocyanins in Korean black raspberries (Rubus coreanus Miquel) using natural deep eutectic solvents

This study investigated a methodology for the extraction of major anthocyanin from Korean black raspberries (KBR) using green chemistry. Ternary natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) used in this study consisted of choline chloride, malic acid, and 1,4-butanediol (2:1:1; w/w/w) based on the viscosity and total anthocyanin contents. The interaction between the components of ternary NADES and their characteristic functional groups were confirmed from infrared spectroscopy. The optimized extraction conditions based on the Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology were as follows: extraction temperature of 26.6 °C, extraction time of 15.2 min, and NADESs water content of 23.3% (v/v). The extraction efficiency and storage stability of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) in the ternary NADES were determined. The extraction efficiency of C3G from KBR was most influenced by the water content of the NADES. The storage stability of C3G extracted from KBR using the ultrasound-assisted method with optimized ternary NADES was higher than pure water and acidic water (0.1M HCl). C3G from KBR in the NADES remained stable at > 97% for nine days. The proposed methodology adheres to green chemistry principles, emphasizing on low energy consumption, mild conditions, biodegradability, and eco-friendliness.

Integrative metabolome and transcriptome profiling reveal key metabolic regulatory networks in Ziziphus jujuba cv. Dongzao pulp

‘Dongzao’ (Ziziphus jujuba ‘Dongzao’) is an economically important fresh fruit well known for its distinctive flavor and significant nutritional benefits. However, dynamic alterations in the genetic and metabolic networks that regulate the development of ‘Dongzao’ pulp are not fully elucidated. In this study, first, a metabolic regulatory network was constructed. Next, the metabolic landscape of the ‘Dongzao’ jujube fruit pulp was established during development and ripening by using a joint analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data. This dataset was used to establish a global map of changes in the major metabolites throughout ‘Dongzao’ pulp development. The potential regulatory networks were then dissected, and the key structural genes and transcription factors associated with modulating the metabolism of important jujube fruit ingredients were identified. Further bioinformatics analyses and transient gene overexpression revealed that ZjSHINE3 and ZjNAC29 act as key transcription factors involved in sucrose and malic acid accumulation, respectively. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the metabolic regulatory networks underlying jujube fruit pulp development and generates a useful resource for genetic improvement and breeding studies of jujube.