Malaria Receptivity Research Articles

Mapping the Malaria Receptivity Area in Biak Regency, Papua Province

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. This disease is transmitted through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is found in almost all parts of the world,According to data from the Ministry of Health, the incidence of malaria in Papua is 64,030 per 1,000 population. The purpose of this study was to determine the malaria receptive area in Biak Regency. The working area of the Bosnik Health Center and the Marauw Health Center. The material used in this study is the Larvae Entomology Survey Kit, the method used in this study is the Observational Survey of Anopheles Sp. The results of this study were from 8 breeding place points conducted by a larval survey, 2 positive points of Anopheles Sp larvae were found which were located in 2 villages, namely Orwer Village and Marauw Saba Village, Biak Regency, Papua Province. Anopheles Sp larvae were still found in Orwer and Saba villages and were included in the Malaria Receptive Area Category.It is necessary to prevent and control malaria vectors in the work area of the Biak Numfor District Health Office, both physically (pond stockpiling/sanitation engineering), chemical (insecticide and larvicide administration) and biologically (sowing fish as natural predators of Anopheles Sp larvae).

Analisis Situasi Luas Wilayah Reseptif Malaria di Kabupaten Gunungkidul Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Tahun 2021

Gunungkidul Regency received an elimination certificate in April 2014, but in 2019 there was one imported case, and it is possible that indigenous transmission may have the potential to occur. Gunungkidul is also a tourist area visited by many domestic tourists who can come from malaria endemic areas. This study aims to map the malaria receptive area to determine early warning measure to maintain malaria elimination status. The research method is quantitative with observational descriptive. The data was obtained from the mapping of the malaria receptive area of the Yogyakarta BBTKLPP in 2021 in the form of larval survey results and the capture of nocturnal adult mosquitoes. The location of the activity is at two points, namely Ngawis Village, Karangmojo District and Pacarejo Village, Semanu District, Gunungkidul Regency. The results showed that Ngawis Village and Pacarejo Village were malaria receptive areas because Anopheles sp. larvae were found with a habitat index of 20.7% and 3.3%, which exceeded the quality standard of the Minister of Health RI No. 50 of 2017 and the capture of the Anopheles mosquito as a potential malaria vector in residential areas. The identified species are An. vagus, An. aconitus, and An. maculatus. Conclusion Ngawis Village has a higher malaria receptivity compared to Pacarejo Village, with more diverse breeding places and more adult mosquitoes caught. Both villages need to make efforts to reduce breeding places and implement an early warning system against malaria.

Anopheles salivary antigens as serological biomarkers of vector exposure and malaria transmission: A systematic review with multilevel modelling.

Entomological surveillance for malaria is inherently resource-intensive and produces crude population-level measures of vector exposure which are insensitive in low-transmission settings. Antibodies against Anopheles salivary proteins measured at the individual level may serve as proxy biomarkers for vector exposure and malaria transmission, but their relationship is yet to be quantified. A systematic review of studies measuring antibodies against Anopheles salivary antigens (PROSPERO: CRD42020185449). Multilevel modelling (to account for multiple study-specific observations [level 1], nested within study [level 2], and study nested within country [level 3]) estimated associations between seroprevalence with Anopheles human biting rate (HBR) and malaria transmission measures. From 3981 studies identified in literature searches, 42 studies across 16 countries were included contributing 393 study-specific observations of anti-Anopheles salivary antibodies determined in 42,764 samples. A positive association between HBR (log transformed) and seroprevalence was found; overall a twofold (100% relative) increase in HBR was associated with a 23% increase in odds of seropositivity (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.10-1.37; p<0.001). The association between HBR and Anopheles salivary antibodies was strongest with concordant, rather than discordant, Anopheles species. Seroprevalence was also significantly positively associated with established epidemiological measures of malaria transmission: entomological inoculation rate, Plasmodium spp. prevalence, and malarial endemicity class. Anopheles salivary antibody biomarkers can serve as a proxy measure for HBR and malaria transmission, and could monitor malaria receptivity of a population to sustain malaria transmission. Validation of Anopheles species-specific biomarkers is important given the global heterogeneity in the distribution of Anopheles species. Salivary biomarkers have the potential to transform surveillance by replacing impractical, inaccurate entomological investigations, especially in areas progressing towards malaria elimination. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust.

Mapping of Malaria Receptivity Areas in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province

Malaria is an acute and chronic infectious disease caused by Plasmodium infection that attacks erythrocytes and is characterized by the discovery of asexual forms in the blood with symptoms of fever, chills, anemia and enlarged spleen. Buton Regency is a district with an Annual Parasite Incidence (API) that is less than 1 per 1000 population for 4 consecutive years and is a low endemic area. This study aims to determine the level of receptivity of malaria transmission areas in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. This type of research is descriptive observational with a cross sectional study approach. The results showed that there were 3 species of Anopheles identified in adult mosquitoes, namely An.Minimus, An.Indifinitus and An.Kochi. Habitat Index (HI) of Anopheles vector, sp &gt; 1, breeding places for Anopheles vector wallows, rivers, ditches, ponds, rivers, swamps and rice fields with the characteristics of the presence of temporary and clear water, moss and mud, with a pH of 6 on a scale 6-6.5 and zero salinity. Vector confirmation by PCR is negative for all species. It was concluded that the level of malaria receptivity in Buton Regency, especially in the Village of Face Jaya, was at a moderate receptivity level.

Stratifying malaria receptivity in Bangladesh using archived rapid diagnostic tests

BackgroundSurveillance of low-density infections and of exposure to vectors is crucial to understand where malaria elimination might be feasible, and where the risk of outbreaks is high. Archived rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), used by national malaria control and elimination programs for clinical diagnosis, present a valuable, yet rarely used resource for in-depth studies on malaria epidemiology.Methods1022 RDTs from two sub-Districts in Bangladesh (Alikadam and Kamalganj) were screened by qPCR for low-density Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections, and by ELISA for Anopheles salivary gland antibodies as a marker for exposure to vectors.ResultsConcordance between RDT and qPCR was moderate. qPCR detected 31/1022 infections compared to 36/1022 diagnosed by RDT. Exposure to Anopheles was significantly higher in Kamalganj despite low transmission, which could be explained by low bed net use.ConclusionsArchived RDTs present a valuable source of antibodies for serological studies on exposure to vectors. In contrast, the benefit of screening archived RDTs to obtain a better estimate of clinical case numbers is moderate. Kamalganj could be prone to outbreaks.

Malaria outbreak in Riaba district, Bioko Island: lessons learned

At the beginning of 2019, a sudden surge of malaria cases was observed in the district of Riaba, Bioko Island. Between January and April, confirmed malaria cases increased 3.8-fold compared to the same period in 2018. Concurrently, anopheline human biting rate (HBR) increased 2.1-fold. During the outbreak, 82.2% of the district population was tested for malaria with a rapid diagnostic test; 37.2% of those tested had a detectable infection and were treated according to national guidelines. Vector control interventions, including indoor residual spraying and larval source management were scaled-up. After the interventions, the number of confirmed cases decreased by 70% and the overall parasite prevalence in the communities by 43.8%. Observed prevalence in a follow up malaria indicator survey, however, was significantly higher than elsewhere on the island, and higher than in previous years. There was no significant reduction in HBR, which remained high for the rest of the year. The surge was attributed to various factors, chiefly increased rainfall and a large number of anthropogenic anopheline breeding sites created by construction works. This case study highlights the need for sustained vector control interventions and multi-sector participation, particularly in malaria control and elimination settings with persistently high local malaria receptivity.

Spatial-temporal heterogeneity in malaria receptivity is best estimated by vector biting rates in areas nearing elimination

BackgroundDecisions on when vector control can be withdrawn after malaria is eliminated depend on the receptivity or potential of an area to support vector populations. To guide malaria control and elimination programmes, the potential of biting rates, sporozoite rates, entomological inoculation rates and parity rates to estimate malaria receptivity and transmission were compared within and among geographically localised villages of active transmission in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands.ResultsMalaria transmission and transmission potential was heterogeneous in both time and space both among and within villages as defined by anopheline species composition and biting densities. Biting rates during the peak biting period (from 18:00 to 00:00 h) of the primary vector, Anopheles farauti, ranged from less than 0.3 bites per person per half night in low receptivity villages to 26 bites per person in highly receptive villages. Within villages, sites with high anopheline biting rates were significantly clustered. Sporozoite rates provided evidence for continued transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. ovale by An. farauti and for incriminating An. hinesorum, as a minor vector, but were unreliable as indicators of transmission intensity.ConclusionsIn the low transmission area studied, sporozoite, entomological inoculation and parity rates could not be measured with the precision required to provide guidance to malaria programmes. Receptivity and potential transmission risk may be most reliably estimated by the vector biting rate. These results support the meaningful design of operational research programmes to ensure that resources are focused on providing information that can be utilised by malaria control programmes to best understand both transmission, transmission risk and receptivity across different areas.

The reappearance of malaria in santhanaur Reservoir and environs: Tamil Nadu, India.

This study examines another example of the reappearance of malaria in India. After the discontinuation of insecticide spraying operations, and the complacency observed on the part of malaria workers and staff, malaria receptivity increased rapidly in areas where A. culicifacies is the vector. This paper examines some of the environmental impacts of a water resource related development project in the surrounding rural settlements in the state of Tamilnadu, India with reference to a recent renewal of malaria transmission in that region. The incidence of malaria was particularly noticed in the population of many river villages, migrant workers on the project and tourists visiting a dam site. Factors favoring the increase of rural malaria in the area appear to be: irrigation, agriculture, terrain features of the reservoir region, the nature of breeding places, the malaria transmission season, and the anopheline population. Other factors found to be related were: the role of malaria carriers in the area. the type of population at risk, the degree of contact of the population with certain terrain features, dwelling types and other socio-economic activities of the affected population. Certain occupation characteristics and population movements also have an important bearing in the incidence of malaria.