Zygomatic Bone Research Articles

Computer simulation of stress-strain states in zygomatic bones after complex installation of implants

The research addresses evaluation of stress-strain state (SSS) in the “zygomatic bones–implants–denture base” system by varying the type and number of the zygomatic implants, as well as applying loads. The load magnitude was varied over a wide range, characteristic of the mastication process. Changing the adhesion conditions at the “zygomatic implant–bone tissue” interface varied both the level of maximum stress and the location of the critical stress concentrator. The local violation of the integrity of bone tissue in the skull was one of the key reasons for the redistribution of stresses in the “zigomatic implant­denture base” system. Such a phenomenon should be primarily taken into account when choosing the standard sizes of installed zygomatic implants in order to reduce the compliance of weakened areas of the skull (as the basis of the load-bearing structure). Based on the results of the FEM-based computer simulation, the algorithm was proposed for planning prosthetic treatment, which involves the iterative method for selecting both size and location of installing zygomatic implants depending on the results of the SSS calculation and the onset of a critical condition (primarily in bone tissue at the contact area with zygomatic implants).

Assessment of anterior malar projections using cephalometric and clinical photographs in Gujarati population

Midface plays a vital role in contributing to facial aesthetics; despite this, there prevails a need for orthodontic literature to provide specific diagnostic criteria. We are blessed with ample literature to evaluate such, but due to some shortcomings, we lack to decide exact treatment plan. To clarify such limitations of various midface analysis, there is a need to consider the projections of the malar prominence in individuals with different skeletal mal-relationships. 40 subjects between the ages of 10 and 12 years, were equally divided into groups based on visual assessment of negative and positive vector relationships. Groups A and B comprised 20 subjects (10 male, 10 female) displaying a positive and negative vector relationship respectively. For both groups, Sella-nasion-Orbitale angulations were measured to evaluate the subjects’ anteroposterior position of the malar eminence relative to the cranial base. The angulation measurements obtained for SNO were smaller in the negative vector than the positive on an average of 5.9°, P < 0.05. No significant difference in values between males and females was observed. Visual assessment of vector relationships can effectively classify anterior malar projection which can be utilized to decide different orthodontic treatment modalities.

Anatomical variations of the zygomaticofacial foramen and its related canal through the zygomatico-orbital and zygomaticotemporal foramina in dry human skulls.

The aim of this study is to reveal the location of the zygomaticofacial foramina, the variations of their numbers, and their connections between the zygomatico-orbital and zygomaticotemporal foramina. Ethics committee approval of our study was received by the Istanbul Medical Faculty Clinical Research Ethics Committee (date:30.07.2021, number:358356). 171 zygomatic bones of unknown gender from the Department of Anatomy, Istanbul University, were included in this study. The number of zygomaticofacial foramina and their connections with the zygomatico-orbital foramen and the zygomaticotemporal foramina were examined. Also, the morphometric distances between the zygomaticofacial foramen were calculated. Evaluation of the data was done with SPPS v.21. The number of zygomaticofacial foramina was found as 299. It was found single, double, three, four, five and six foramina, in 52 (30.4%), 52 (30.4%), 24 (14.03%), 10 (5.85%), 5 (2.93%), 1 (0.58%) zygomatic bone, respectively. Zygomaticofacial foramen was absent in 27 (15.8%) bones. Of these 299 foramina, 129 were found to be connected with zygomatico-orbital foramen and 23 with zygomaticotemporal foramen. It was noted that 147 zygomaticofacial foramina had no connection with any foramina. The distances between the zygomaticofacial foramen and the frontozygomatic suture, temporal process, maxillary process, the lowest point of the zygomatic bone, and orbital rim were found as 25.30 ± 2.81mm, 18.74 ± 3.56mm, 21.56 ± 4.16mm, 18.72 ± 2.57mm, 6.67 ± 3.27mm, respectively. Consequently, the location and variations of ZFF are of great importance for maxillofacial surgery and regional block anesthesia. Knowing its location and variations will help prevent complications during any surgical intervention in this region.

Positional relationships of the origin and course of zygomaticus major with the nasal ala, tragus, philtrum, and lateral canthus for aesthetic treatments and surgeries.

The aim of this study was to characterize the origin and course of the zygomaticus major muscle (Zmj) with its topographic relationships with the nasal ala, tragus, philtrum, and lateral canthus. The Zmj was examined in 50 specimens of 25 embalmed adult Korean cadavers. Facial muscles were dissected to expose the origin and course of the Zmj in 48 specimens of 24 cadavers. The 25th cadaver was sectioned to obtain images of the Zmj. The positional relationships of the Zmj origin with the nasal ala and the tragus were classified into three categories. A horizontal line through the center of the Zmj origin and the nasal ala passed through the tragus in 20 of 48 specimens (41.7%), the intertragic notch in 18 specimens (37.5%), and above the tragus in 10 specimens (20.8%).In a horizontal section of the head, the Zmj origin was located near the level of the nasal ala and tragus. In a coronal section of the head, the fibers of the Zmj arising at its origin were located close to the zygomatic bone, lateral to the zygomaticus minor muscle. By combining dissection with the analysis of sectioned images and ultrasound images of the Zmj, this study has yielded positional information for easily predicting the location of the origin and the course of the Zmj and its related structures underlying the skin.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid salivary gland: a clinical observation

Introduction. Malignant tumors of the salivary glands account for 3–5 % of all cases of head and neck cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is the rarest histological variant of this pathology. It accounts for an average of 1.6 %. Among large salivary gland tumors, squamous cell carcinoma most often occurs in the parotid salivary gland.Aim. To present a clinical case of primary disseminated cancer of the parotid salivary gland with squamous cell structure.Clinical observation. A 70-year-old patient was under observation who was diagnosed with a primary squamous cell tumor of the parotid salivary gland with multiple metastases during a complex examination. He was sick for about 6 months when asymmetry of left half of the face appeared due to a painful neoplasm in the parotid salivary gland. Recently, the patient has noted increased tumor growth. Objective examination revealed peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve on the left. In the parotid-masticatory region on the left, with a transition to the zygomatic region, there is a dense painful immobile exophytic tumor with infiltration into soft tissues of the face and skin 6.5 × 5.0 cm in size with an ulcer in the center. Laterally, it reaches the tragus, and at the bottom-the angle of the lower jaw. In the submandibular region on the left, metastatic lymph nodes 2.5 × 2.0 cm in size are palpated. A biopsy was collected. Histological conclusion: non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. Expression of the programmed death receptor ligand (PD-L1) in the tumor is negative. Mutations of genes Her2-neu and BRAF were not detected. According to medical imaging methods, multiple metastases were found in the lungs, liver, zygomatic bone and tumor growth in the maxillary sinus on the left. The diagnosis was established: cancer of the parotid salivary gland, stage IVC, cT4N1M1, with metastases to the liver, lungs and bones. Polychemotherapy was prescribed according to the scheme: 5-fluorouracil + cisplatin + cetuximab + bisphosphonates. After 3 cycles, a partial regression is obtained.Conclusion. The primary squamous cell carcinoma is prone to an aggressive course and has an unfavorable prognosis, especially in patients over 60 years of age with skin and facial nerve damage, as well as the presence of regional and distant metastases. Differential diagnosis is necessary to exclude the secondary nature of the tumor. The presented case is a rare example of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid salivary gland with extensive metastatic lesion and regression of the pathological process after polychemotherapy in combination with targeted therapy.

Modified orbitozygomatic craniotomy with a single burr hole in the alternative sphenoid ridge keyhole

BackgroundOne-piece modified orbitozygomatic approach (OZA) is an extended version of the pterional approach that also includes orbital walls and frontal process of the zygomatic bone. For this craniotomy one burr hole must be placed in MacCarty keyhole and another - in the temporal region. ObjectiveTo develop a technique of the one-piece modified OZA with single a burr hole in the alternative sphenoid ridge keyhole that allows access to orbit, anterior cranial fossa and middle cranial fossa and apply it intraoperatively. MethodsA single human head specimen was used. The dissection was performed using standard surgical instruments high-speed Stryker drill. Every stage of the approach was photographed. We also report a surgical case of a patient with orbital cavernous hemangioma that was resected using the described technique. ResultsThe technique of the one-piece modified OZA with a single burr hole in the alternative sphenoid ridge keyhole is described, and its advantages and limitations are analyzed. The technique is used to totally resect an orbital cavernous hemangioma with good functional and cosmetic result. ConclusionModified OZA with a single burr hole in the sphenoid ridge keyhole is possible and may be an alternative to the classic technique. The advantages of this variation are the placement of just one burr hole and the preservation of a larger portion of the orbital roof. The latter facilitates better bone reconstruction and better cosmetic outcome. Disadvantages are the difficulty of identifying the location of the sphenoid ridge keyhole and risk of damaging the dura.

A novel approach for the placement of zygomatic implants: the zygomatic bone zone index

This article explores the considerations and factors that implant dentists may use to decide whether the placement of zygomatic implants is necessary, and if so, the potential considerations in planning for them within the zygomatic bone. A novel treatment planning tool has been presented, the Zygomatic Bone Zone index, to improve the surgical placement of zygomatic implants, to help reduce complications and to allow for further placement within the zygomatic bone in the future. CPD/Clinical Relevance: It is important for clinicians to be aware of treatment modalities that might be of benefit to some patients.

Development of a virtual reality-based zygomatic implant surgery training system with global collision detection and optimized finite element method model

Background and objectiveZygomatic implant surgery is challenging due to the complex structure of the zygomatic bone, limited visual range during surgery, and lengthy implant path. Moreover, traditional training methods are costly, and experimental subjects are scarce. MethodsTo overcome these challenges, we propose a novel training system that integrates visual, haptic, and auditory feedback to create a more immersive surgical experience. The system uses dynamic bounding volume hierarchy (BVH) and Symplectic Euler to detect global collisions between surgical tools and models, while an optimized finite element method (FEM) model simulates soft tissue and detects collisions. Compared to previous works, our system achieves global rigid-body collisions between surgical tools and patient models, while also providing stable and realistic simulation and collisions of soft tissues. This advancement offers a more realistic simulation for zygomatic implant surgery. ResultsWe conducted three experiments and evaluations. The first experiment measured the axial force generated during the zygomatic implant simulation process and compared it with actual surgery, demonstrating the realistic force rendering feedback of our system. The second evaluation involved 15 novice surgeons who experienced the system and completed a questionnaire survey focusing on five aspects. The results showed satisfactory evaluations. The third experiment involved six surgeons who underwent in-depth training for two hours daily and were tested on the first, third, and fifth days. We collected data and combined it with the doctors' feedback to prove that our system can improve surgeons' proficiency in zygomatic implant surgery and provide a novel training solution for this procedure. ConclusionWe have innovatively integrated global collision detection and optimized soft tissue simulation into our system. Furthermore, we have conducted experimental validation to demonstrate the effectiveness of this implementation. We present a novel solution for zygomatic implant surgery training.

Transcending time: the forensic anthropological case study of three unidentified transgender women in Italy in the early 1990s.

In forensic anthropology, the estimation of skeletal sex results in a dichotomous outcome: male or female. This poses challenges when dealing with transgender individuals. Italy has the highest rate per capita of transgender murders, making their identification a compelling issue. This study presents three cases of unidentified skeletal remains of transgender women (MtF) that underwent autopsies in the 1990s at the Institute of Legal Medicine of Milan. The transgender status of the individuals was determined from the autopsy records which indicated the co-existence of breast implants and male genitalia. The biological profile was created by estimating sex, age, ancestry, and stature, and the bones were investigated looking for evidence of Facial Feminization Surgery (FFS). Anthropological estimations revealed that the skeletons belong to male, adults, European individuals, between 164 and 184cm. Fragmented gelatinous masses were found in association with two skeletons, which were interpreted as remnants of breast implants. In two cases, signs of remodeling of the cortical surface were observed on the zygomatic bones, although the bone marks observed here were not specific enough to link them to FFS. Despite some limitations, this study highlights the need for greater awareness among practitioners about this limitedly addressed issue, advocating for a more inclusive forensic anthropology that strives to improve methods and interpretation of evidence for the identification of transgender individuals.

A Comprehensive Look at Maxillofacial Traumas: On the Basis of Orbital Involvement.

Orbital wall fractures that may develop in maxillofacial traumas (MFTs) may cause ophthalmic complications (OCs). The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of orbital fractures (OFs) accompanying MFTs and findings suspicious for orbital traumatic involvement. Computed tomography (CT) images of 887 patients who presented to the emergency department within a 1-year period with a history of MFT were retrospectively scanned. During the examination, patients with orbital wall fractures, craniofacial bone fractures, and posttraumatic soft tissue changes were recorded. OF was observed in 47 (5.3%) of the patients admitted for MFT. In cases with OFs, accompanying nasal (25.5%), ethmoid (2.1%), frontal (19.1%), maxillary (38%), and zygomatic bone fracture (10.6%), sphenoid (4.3%), and soft tissue damage (55.3%) were observed. It was observed that the pathologies mentioned at these levels were significantly higher than in patients without orbital involvement (p < 0.05). In our study, mild (48.9%) and moderate-severe (2.12-4.25%) OCs accompanying OFs were observed after MFT. The frequency of MFT varies depending on various factors, and such studies are needed to take preventive measures. Knowing the risk and frequency of orbital damage accompanying MFTs may help reduce complications by allowing rapid and accurate diagnosis.

Endoscopically Assisted Intraoral Coronoidectomy for Treatment of Coronoid Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia of the coronoid process of the mandible is a rare condition defined as an abnormal and progressive elongation of the coronoid process (unilateral or bilateral). Jacob disease is the name given to a pseudo-joint formation between the coronoid process and the zygomatic bone. The main clinical finding is a progressive, painless difficulty in opening the mouth, due to contact of the coronoid process with the posterior surface of the zygomatic bone or the medial surface of the zygomatic arch. To restore the mouth opening in a stable manner, resection of the elongated coronoid process followed by physiotherapy is the only effective treatment. Surgery (coronoidetomy or coronoidectomy) can be performed through intraoral or extraoral access. Intraoral coronoidectomy is the best surgical choice for most of the cases. However, in some cases, the intraoral surgical field prevents an adequate visualization of the osteotomy line. The authors present 5 consecutive clinical cases of hyperplasia of the coronoid process treated with an endoscopically assisted coronoidectomy using ultrasound bone-cutting instruments.

Management of Greenstick Fracture at the Root of Adult Zygomatic Arch.

Greenstick fractures mostly occur in children and rarely in adults. In adult zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures, the greenstick fracture at the root of the zygomatic arch is occasionally encountered. This makes it difficult to move the fracture segment. Therefore, achieving anatomic reduction is very difficult. Our preoperative 3D repaired model shows that if only the maxilla and zygomatic bones are restored, the patient's face will still have depression and protrusion. The greenstick fracture segment at the root of the zygomatic arch needs to undergo osteotomy to achieve anatomic reduction and restore facial symmetry. The patient's facial appearance was restored after the surgery. The postoperative computed tomography scan showed good alignment of the fracture. The authors believe that a fracture at the root of the zygomatic arch can serve as an indication for open reduction and fixation.

Evaluation of one-point fixation surgery with computer-aided root mean square deviation in zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures

Aims: Our paper aimed to present the results of the one-point fixation method in zygomaticomaxillary fractures by computer-aided mirror image superimposition with root mean square (RMS) deviation.&#x0D; Methods: One-point fixation performed zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture patients (n=18) by one surgeon were included in our study. Virtual 3D data of preoperative and postoperative CT-scan images was obtained by Slicer software. Sagittal plan mirror image superpositioning were used to obtain RMS data by Slicer. Mirror image superimposition of the undamaged side to the broken side in preoperative CT-scan imaging was referred as group B or broken group. Superposition of the repaired side’s postoperative imaging to the preoperative broken side was measured as group R or repair group in order to examine zygomatic bone’s postoperative spatial location. Superpositioned mirror 3D images of the non-traumatic side onto post-fixation 3D in postoperative data was measured as group M or mirror group. RMS deviation values of the groups obtained by Slicer were statistically compared.&#x0D; Results: Shapiro-Wilk test of groups were demonstrated normal distribution of the data for each group with no difference (p&gt;0.05). In order to compare between groups, paired t-test covariance analysis were shown statistically similar data distrubition between experimental groups (p&gt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Considering the nature of maxillofacial surgery, which disapproves even millimetric errors, we believe that the mean square root deviation will become standard as it allows three-dimensional evaluation and precise mathematical measurements. Besides, in accordance with the recent literature, this study might pay the way for future studies that would increase the usage of the one-point fixation method conducted on larger case series, as this method prevents lower eyelid complications without a visible scar.

The Zygomatic Anatomy-Guided Approach, Zygomatic Orbital Floor Classification, and ORIS Criteria-A 10-Year Follow-Up.

Presently, the management of patients with maxilla bone defects of the Cawood V or VI class is achieved using zygomatic or individual implants or through augmentation of the bone. For zygomatic implants, the ORIS criteria represent the most common factor in helping practitioners register success rates. The zygomatic anatomy-guided approach (ZAGA)and zygomatic orbital floor (ZOF) are factors that are crucial to examining the anatomy of a particular patient before the procedure. The aim of thisarticle is to find the statistical relationship between the abovementioned terms and other factors. A total of 81 patients underwent zygomatic implant procedures in different configurations. The ORIS, ZAGA, and ZOF parameters were compared with other factors such as type of surgery, sex, age, and the anatomy of the zygomatic bone. Most patients in this article were classified as ZAGA Class 2. The relationships between type of surgery and ZAGA classification, and ZAGA and sinus/maxilla zygomatic implant localization were statistically significant. The ZAGA and ZOF scales are practical and valuable factors that should be taken into account before surgery, whereas to date, criteria better than the ORIS scale have not been described in terms of the success of zygomatic implants. The ZOF scale might omit perforation of the orbit because this parameter warns a practitioner to be aware of the anatomy of the orbit.

Virtual planning for corrections of hemifacial microsomia

Abstract Objectives This article describes the many anomalies within and outside the head and neck of hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Methods The OMENS+ classification system is described with particular reference to the mandibular features classified by Pruzansky and modified by Kaban. The application of virtual surgical planning (VSP) to HFM, largely in children, is described and taken through to aspects indicated in maturity. Results VSP is demonstrated with clinical cases examples in HFM patients for (1) grafts and flaps replacing missing parts of the zygomatic bone, temporo-mandibular joint and mandible, (2) distraction osteogenesis for lengthening of the mandibular ramus, advancement of the mandibular body, widening of the face and simultaneous mid-face and mandibular rotation, (3) implants and correction of microtia for bone anchored ear prostheses, (4) correction of microtia by autogenous ear construction, and (5) end stage rotational bimaxillary osteotomies. Conclusions 3D virtual and physical planning is a valuable adjunct to the treatment of this complex condition.

Endoscopic Transorbital Surgery for Trigeminal Schwannoma: Introduction of a Novel Approach: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

The major indications of endoscopic transorbital approach include spheno-orbital meningiomas, cavernous sinus lesions, and Meckel cave lesion such as trigeminal schwannomas. It can avoid excessive brain retraction and allows for a fast recovery to the normal daily living activity. To access the cavernous sinus, the sagittal crest and meningo-orbital band should be identified and cut. 1. Skin incision along the superior eyelid is performed. 2. Careful dissection of the soft tissue under the orbicularis is required not to injure the orbital septum. 3. After the lateral orbital rim is exposed, the periosteum and periorbita are elevated from the lateral orbital wall. 4. Drilling of the zygomatic bone within the orbit exposes the temporalis muscle first followed by the exposure of the temporal dura. It is essential to obtain adequate working room when the base of the greater sphenoidal wing is drilled. The sagittal crest should be removed, and the meningo-orbital band should be cut to expose the lateral cavernous sinus wall. For successful access through the orbit, endoscopic transorbital approach needs to minimize the retraction of the orbit. To achieve this goal, retraction of the orbit should be limited to a maximum of 10 minutes. This approach can be combined with lateral orbitotomy. It provides a wider working room and makes surgery easier to access the lateral temporal lobe.The patient consented to the procedure, and the participants and any identifiable individuals consented to publication of his/her image. Images at 1:29 reproduced from Corrivetti F, de Notaris M, Di Somma A, et al, "Sagittal crest": definition, stepwise dissection, and clinical implications from a transorbital perspective, Operative Neurosurgery, 22(5), p e206-e212, ©2022, by permission from the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Video screen capture from The Neurosurgical Atlas at 1:06 used with permission from Aaron Cohen-Gadol; ©The Neurosurgical Atlas, all rights reserved.

Associated Injuries in Patients with Maxillofacial Trauma at Dhaka Dental College Hospital by Motorcycle Accident

Background: Facial skeleton injuries are common in emergency departments and can cause physical and psychological distress. The mandible is the most commonly fractured site, followed by the maxillae, zygomatic bone, and nasal bone. Tooth injuries are also common. Although rarely fatal, these injuries may be associated with life-threatening conditions in other parts of the body. Objective: To assess the other bony and soft tissue injuries along with facial bone fracture Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dhaka Dental College and Hospital. Main outcome variable were age, sex, site, etiology, bony and soft tissue injury over the skin. Thirty patients with maxillofacial trauma who were attended to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery were selected for the study. Study Period: 10 January 2019 to 15 July 2019 Results: Majority of the patients were in the 2nd to 4th decade (80%) with a male to female ratio of 6.5:1. The motorcycle accident occurred with pavement 9 (30.0%) followed by 20% with truck, 5 (16.7%) with bus, 13.3% with motorcycle, 10% accident with pedestrian and 6.7% with autorickshaw. Mandible was the most commonly fractured facial bone (36.67%), followed by midface fracture (20.0%), Lefort-II (16.7%) and Lefort-III (13.3%). Closed head injury such as scalp injury were more 19 (63.3%) then linear fracture 7 (23.3%) and depressed fracture of temporal bone. A total of 23 (76.7%) patients were wearing a helmet at the time of the accident and rest of 7 (23.3%) had no helmet. The soft tissue injuries were significantly more in non-helmeted subjects (p&lt; 0.05). Non-helmet subjects sustained more injuries as compared to helmeted subjects. The injuries were significantly more in non-helmet motorcyclists Conclusion: The study found that males aged 21-40 were most commonly injured in motorcycle accidents, with motorcycle riders and rideshare businessmen being the largest groups of victims. Midface fractures were the most common facial injury and were significantly associated with helmet use. Protective gear was found to be low among motorcycle riders, particularly passengers, impacting the severity of injuries sustained. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 30-33

Stress distribution and displacement with four different types of MARPE on craniofacial complex: A three-dimensional finite element analysis

Various designs of mini-implants assisted rapid palatal expander (MARPE) appliances can impact treatment effectiveness through their biomechanical effects. The purpose of the study was to study the stress distribution and displacement with four different designs of the MARPE appliance on the craniofacial complex. A 3D finite element model of the craniofacial complex was created from CBCT DICOM data, comprising four distinct groups. Each group consisted of one 4-hole expansion screw positioned between the second premolar and first molar in all models. Group 1 used four single-cortical mini-implants (1.5×8mm) engaging only the palatal cortex. Group 2 employed four mini-implants (1.5×11mm) engaging both the palatal and nasal cortices. Group 3 had monocortical implants on the palatal slopes, while Group 4 was similar to group 3 with implants in the acrylic wings. Comparisons between groups were made for anchorage (groups 1 and 2), mini-implant position (groups 1 and 3) and surface effect (groups 3 and 4). Von Mises stresses and displacements at various skeletal and dental points were evaluated using ANSYS software. The highest stresses were observed in the maxillary, pterygoid and zygomatic bones, as well as in the mid- palatal suture in all four groups. Downward and forward rotation of the craniofacial complex was noted. Group 2 showed greater skeletal expansion than group 1. Among groups 1 and 3, group 3 showed a better stress distribution. Group 4 showed less dentoalveolar rotation than group 3. The MARPE appliances had an impact on the craniofacial complex with stresses on the mid-palatal suture, maxillary bone, pterygoid bones and anterior teeth. Clockwise rotation of the maxilla, zygomatic bones and dentition was noted, while the pterygoid bones and pterygoid suture were displaced backwards. MARPE with bicortical anchorage produces better skeletal expansion. Placing implants on the palatal slopes with acrylic wings results in better skeletal expansion with less clockwise rotation of the dentition.

Anatomics comparative aspects of head bones of domestic animals and adult human

Among the anatomical structures that make up the body of individuals, there are the bones of the head (skull and face) belonging to the axial skeleton, resulting from the union of even and odd bone structures that form a rigid box, which supports and protects part of the central nervous system. Due to the functional importance of the head, this study aimed to describe the bones of this region of some domestic animals, including canines, horses and bovines, as well as humans, and also emphasize the structural similarities and locations in these different adult species. For this, photographic records were made for further descriptions of anatomical bone pieces from the collection of the Human and Veterinary Anatomy Laboratory of the University of Franca. The results were expressed descriptively, following the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Regardless of the species, all presented bones incisor, nasal, maxillary, lacrimal, zygomatic, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, palatine, vomer, pterygoid and sphenoid bones, however, with varied sizes and shapes. Given the recommended methodology and the data obtained, it is possible to infer that the anatomical morphological distinctions between head bones of canine, equine, bovine and human are directly related to the functional, evolutionary, adaptive and postural aspects of each species.

One-piece Craniofacial Bone Fracture Reduction With an Additional Single Osteotomy at the Zygomaticomaxillary Buttress: A Successful Reduction of Frontoorbitozygomaticomaxillary Fracture Associated With a Temporoparietal Bone Fracture.

A frontoorbitozygomaticomaxillary fracture, also known as a complex midface fracture or "quadripod fracture," is a type of facial fracture involving multiple midface region bones. This includes the frontal bone (forehead), orbitozygomatic complex (which includes the zygomatic bone or cheekbone and the orbital bones around the eye), and the maxillary bone (upper jaw). These complex midface fractures associated with temporoparietal bone fractures can occur in clinical practice. However, a single-piece fracture of these has not been reported before. This study reports a 44-year-old male patient with a significant frontoorbitozygomaticomaxillary fracture associated with a temporoparietal bone fracture combined with epidural hematoma at the superior aspect of unilateral frontoparietotemporal convexity. Surgical treatment was performed 3 weeks after the traumatic event. Despite craniotomy of the parietal bone fragment, the reduction was not possible. The facial bone reduction was finally achieved following an additional single osteotomy at the unilateral zygomaticomaxillary buttress. The follow-up CT scan taken immediately and 3 weeks postoperatively showed successful realignment of craniofacial bone fracture. In conclusion, a single-piece fracture of frontoorbitozygomaticomaxillary bone connected to a temporoparietal bone can require additional osteotomy to achieve successful outcomes in an acute setting.