Maladaptive Styles Research Articles

Bidirectional Relationships Between Dispositional Mindfulness, Looming Maladaptive Style, and Social Anxiety in Youth

Bidirectional Relationships Between Dispositional Mindfulness, Looming Maladaptive Style, and Social Anxiety in Youth

Relation between Burnout and Psychosocial Factors in Health Care Providers and Family Caregivers of Patients with Cancer

Abstract Introduction Burnout has been widely studied among oncology health care providers such as nurses and doctors. However, it is a less explored but highly prevalent factor in family caregivers of patients with cancer. Objective The study aimed to understand the construct of burnout among health care providers and family caregivers of patients with cancer, through three objectives: (1) to distinguish burnout between health care providers and family caregivers; (2) to predict burnout based on measurable characteristics, namely, perceived stress, psychological morbidity, well-being, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and avoidant coping; and (3) to find out the levels of burnout (low, medium, and high) in health care providers and family caregivers. Materials and Methods It is a cross-sectional study conducted among the health care providers and family caregivers of patients with cancer. The measures used in the study were the Professional Quality of Life scale, 12-Item General Health Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, 5-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index, Brief COPE inventory, and a sociodemographic details form. Results The study found a statistically significant difference in the mean burnout of health care providers (p = 0.027) and family caregivers. Study variables such as perceived stress and avoidant coping positively predicted burnout, whereas well-being and emotion-focused coping negatively predicted burnout. The study also found that a majority of the participants fell into the category of “medium” level of burnout. Conclusion While enhancing well-being and employing adaptive coping styles can act as the mitigating factors to burnout, the existence of stress and maladaptive styles of coping can prove counterproductive in dealing with burnout in work environments. This indicates that there is a need for psychosocial interventions to help the medical professionals deal with the burnout.

Depression and looming cognitive style: Examining the mediating effect of perceived control

BackgroundIndividuals with a looming cognitive style (LCS) bias display a tendency to interpret threat representations as rapidly approaching and rising in risk. The present study is the first to investigate whether the relationship between LCS and depression is mediated by perceived control (over evading threats). MethodsAfter completing mood questionnaires, participants recorded future-self threats (feared possible selves) and rated their threat representations on a measure of perceived control. LCS was measured using an adapted version of the looming maladaptive style questionnaire. In total 74 participants were recruited through university research participation. ResultsPerceived control was significantly related to depression (r = -.3, p = .011) and LCS (r =-.27, p = .019) but not to anxiety (r =-.14, p = .223). Mediation analyses revealed that control mediated the relationship between depression and LCS, when anxiety was entered as a covariate 95 % CI [.03, .79]. LimitationsThe present study used a measure of symptom severity rather than clinical diagnoses of anxiety and depression. Also, the sample consisted of 81 % female and 100 % university students which limits the generalisability of the findings. Finally, the cross-sectional study design does not imply causation. ConclusionThe present study provided evidence for a potential mechanism through which LCS maintains depression. The analyses have important implications for interventions designed to prevent depression comorbidity. Future studies should apply longitudinal methods to investigate how changes in perceived control influences depression.

Psychological features of business managers' decision-making in a situation of uncertainty

Introduction. The long-term global upheavals (economic crises, pandemics, wars) require a review of decision-making strategies by the management of business organizations. Aim. To identify the leading decision-making styles used by managers of small and medium-sized business in stressful situations and the styles’ impact on managers' job adaptation in war conditions. Methods. The study was conducted on a sample of 109 business managers and entrepreneurs using the Melbourne Decision-Making Questionnaire and the General Decision-Making Style Questionnaire. The individual psychological characteristics of business managers and levels of their adaptation were explored using S. Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) (adapted by O. Veldbrecht and N. I. Tavrovetska), N. Carleton Intolerance to Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12)(adapted by G. Gromova), General Self-Efficacy Scale (adapted by I. Galetska), Life Orientation Test (dispositional optimism) (LOT-R) (adapted by S. Lukova), and a specially designed questionnaire (I. Syngayivska, H. Gura). Results. The leading business managers' decision-making styles during the first year of a full-scale war included mainly the rational, intuitive and spontaneous styles. The formation of managerial competence was accompanied by managers' readiness to make important decisions, which is manifested in managers' reluctance to use defensive reactions: avoidance, postponement, transfer of responsibility, and impulsivity. Maladaptive styles formed a symptom complex based on personal traits and tendencies rather than on cognitive characteristics. A comparative analysis of groups with different levels of adaptability (successful, problematic and super-successful) demonstrated the impact of different decision-making styles on job adaptation. In situations of uncertainty, the traditionally successful decision-making style, which was based on a thorough analysis of information, lost its adaptive value. Conclusions. The obtained results may be helpful for effective responding to challenges and sustainable functioning of business in crisis conditions.

Rumination symptoms in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, and outcomes of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) treatment

Rumination is a maladaptive style of regulating thoughts and emotions. It is a common symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and more severe rumination is associated with poorer medication and psychotherapy treatment outcomes, particularly among women. It is unclear to what extent rumination may influence the outcomes of, or be responsive to, repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) treatment of MDD. We retrospectively examined data collected during rTMS treatment of 155 patients (age 42.52 ± 14.22, 79 female) with moderately severe treatment-resistant MDD. The severity of rumination and depression was assessed before and during a course of 30 sessions of measurement-based rTMS treatment using the Ruminative Responses Scale (RSS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. Relationships among baseline levels of rumination, depression, and treatment outcome were assessed using a series of repeated measures linear mixed effects models. Both depression and rumination symptoms significantly improved after treatment, but improvement in depression was not a significant mediator of rumination improvement. Higher baseline rumination (but not depression severity) was associated with poorer depression outcomes independently of depression severity. Female gender was a significant predictor of worse outcomes for all RRS subscales. Both depressive and ruminative symptoms in MDD improved following rTMS treatment. These improvements were correlated, but improvement in rumination was not fully explained by reduction in depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that while improvement in rumination and depression severity during rTMS treatment are correlated, they are partly independent processes. Future studies should examine whether rumination symptoms should be specifically targeted with different rTMS treatment parameters.

Pregnancy-Related Anxiety and Associated Coping Styles and Strategies: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND:Pregnancy-related anxiety is a distinct psychological construct during pregnancy, requiring adequate coping behavior.METHOD:A cross-sectional survey was performed among 420 pregnant Dutch-speaking women in Belgium to establish the prevalence rate of pregnancy-related anxiety and to explore its associated coping styles and strategies. Pregnancy-related anxiety was measured with the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised (PRAQ-R2) and coping was measured with the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced.FINDINGS:Based on PRAQ-R2 score ≥90th percentile, the pregnancy-related anxiety prevalence rate was 13.3%. Women with heightened scores significantly more often had a (family) history of psychological problems (p= .027,p= .013), were significantly more often nulliparous women (p< .000), had a fear of birth (p= .041), felt ill-prepared for birth and parenthood (p< .000), and significantly more often reported to have received insufficient emotional (p= .002) and practical support (p< .000) during pregnancy. The coping style “avoidance” showed a significant positive association with pregnancy-related anxiety (p< .000), while “positive thinking” showed a significant negative association (p= .054). The coping strategies “self-blame,” “substance use,” and “self-distraction” showed a significant positive association with pregnancy-related anxiety (p< .001,p= .011,p= .003).CONCLUSION:Flemish women show overall maladaptive styles and strategies in coping with pregnancy-related anxiety, of which self-blame seems to be a newfound strategy, requiring attention. Health care practitioners might benefit when being aware of the predisposing factors of pregnancy-related anxiety and women’s (mal)adaptive coping styles and strategies to better understand and adequately support these women.

Reliability of an Interpretation Bias Task of Ambiguous Faces and Its Relationship with Social Anxiety, Depression, and Looming Maladaptive Style

Social anxiety (SA) and depression have been associated with negative interpretation biases of social stimuli. Studies often assess these biases with ambiguous faces, as people with SA and depression tend to interpret such faces negatively. However, the test–retest reliability of this type of task is unknown. Our objectives were to develop a new interpretation bias task with ambiguous faces and analyse its properties in terms of test–retest reliability and in relation to SA, depression, and looming maladaptive style (LMS). Eight hundred sixty-four participants completed a task in which they had to interpret morphed faces as negative or positive on a continuum between happy and angry facial expressions. In addition, they filled out scales on SA, depressive symptoms, and LMS. Eighty-four participants completed the task again after 1–2 months. The test–retest reliability was moderate (r = .57–.69). The data revealed a significant tendency to interpret faces as negative for people with higher SA and depressive symptoms and with higher LMS. Longer response times to interpret the happy faces were positively associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms. The reliability of the present task was moderate. The results highlight associations between the bias interpretation task and SA, depression, and LMS.

Sociodemographic Correlates of Coping Styles Among the General Population in Saudi Arabia During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the different demographic variables and other social, and health-related factors, and the coping styles used by the general population in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 5,514 participants was conducted online over two weeks. An online questionnaire was distributed among attendees of a public awareness campaign. The questionnaire consisted of two sections: (1) sociodemographic variables and questions exploring the physical and mental health of the participants, along with COVID-19 related questions, and (2) the Brief COPE questionnaire to identify the coping styles used by participants. Results: The most frequently used adaptive styles involved religion, acceptance, and positive reframing. As for the maladaptive styles, self-distraction, venting, and self-blame were the most frequently used. Comparing the means of coping styles, participants older than 60 and female participants more frequently used religion, acceptance, positive reframing, and active coping, while participants younger than 35 and male participants reported more frequent use of instrumental support and humor. Younger participants used all maladaptive coping styles more frequently than older participants; male and female participants appeared to use different maladaptive coping styles. People with mental health conditions showed less frequent use of adaptive coping styles and more frequent use of maladaptive coping styles. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that multiple sociodemographic and health variables such as age, gender, and the presence of mental health conditions may influence the type of coping styles people use during a crisis. These findings could offer a better understanding of how the general public is coping with this unique situation. This may help mental health care workers and public health officials provide appropriate support at both individual and general population levels during this pandemic.

Perceived psychosocial stressors and coping resources in chronic low back pain patients as classified by the avoidance-endurance model.

The Avoidance-Endurance Model distinguishes between subgroups of low back pain (LBP) patients with three maladaptive styles of coping with pain: fear-avoidance (FAR), distress-endurance (DER), eustress-endurance (EER), and one adaptive coping style (AR). This study aimed to compare the quantity of patients' perceived psychosocial stressors and coping resources across these subgroups. This cross-sectional study was conducted at an outpatient rehabilitation center for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. One hundred and thirty-seven patients (69 women/68 men) with chronic LBP were assessed using the following: a demographic checklist, the visual analogue scale, Avoidance-Endurance Questionnaire, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Pain Disability Index, and 36-Item Short Form. Subsequently, patients participated in semi-structured interviews led by clinical psychologists, which were intended to identify their perception of stressors and coping resources. The quantity of psychosocial stressors and coping resources were analyzed using deductive and inductive content analyses and then compared between subgroups using chi-square-tests. FARs experienced significantly higher levels of "mental suffering" (p = <0.001) and "other workplace problems" compared to ARs and EERs (p = <0.001). DERs reported significantly higher levels of "mental suffering" (p = <0.001), "job stress" (p = 0.022), and "familial losses" (p = 0.029) compared to ARs, whereas the AR group demonstrated significantly more "coping resources" (p = 0.001) compared to FARs. AEM-subgroups differed in the quantity of perceived psychosocial stressors and coping resources with AR, who demonstrated a lower risk for pain chronicity and reported the highest quantity of resources. The variability across subgroups may imply differences in patientś needs regarding therapeutic interventions and suggests that a resource-centered approach to cope with stress and pain may be beneficial.

Adaptive and maladaptive humor styles are closely associated with burnout and professional fulfillment in members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (356)

<b>Objectives:</b> Individual differences in humor styles (adaptive: affiliative, self-enhancing; maladaptive: aggressive, self-defeating) are associated with numerous mental health measures. Burnout (BO) and professional fulfillment (PF) are two distinct measures that affect personal and professional well-being. This study examined the relationship of humor styles with PF and BO among Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) members. <b>Methods:</b> SGO members were surveyed in November 2020. The survey included 64 questions (32-item Humor Styles Questionnaire, 16-item Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index, and 16-item demographic and practice characteristics). Differences among faculty physicians (FAC), physician trainees (Res/Fel), and advanced practice providers (APP) were compared using two-tailed t-tests for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables. Multivariable linear regression adjusted the association of humor styles with BO and PF for possible confounders. <b>Results:</b> Of 1982 SGO members invited to participate, 321 (16.2%) returned surveys, including 222 (69.4%) FAC, 75 (23.4%) Res/Fel, and 23 (7.2%) APP. All categories of respondents scored highest for affiliative humor and lowest for aggressive humor. There were no significant differences between provider types in the use of adaptive humor styles. For maladaptive styles, Res/Fel were significantly more likely to employ both aggressive (FAC vs Res/Fel, p=0.017; Res/Fel vs APP, p=0.011) and self-defeating (FAC vs Res/Fel, p=0.011; Res/Fel vs APP, p=0.004) styles than FAC and APP. Ninety-five (29.7%) respondents met the criteria for BO, and 163 (50.9%) had professional fulfillment. There were no differences in BO among provider types. FAC was significantly more fulfilled than Res/Fel (2.83±0.88 vs 2.59±0.83, p=0.038). For adjusted BO analyses, BO was negatively associated with self-enhancing humor and positively associated with self-defeating humor (Table 1). Further, being a trainee (p=0.010) and being >55 years old (p=0.008) were protective for BO, whereas working >60 hours per week was led to higher BO (p=0.008). In adjusted analyses, PF was positively associated with self-enhancing humor and negatively associated with self-defeating humor (Table 1). Spending over 10% of work hours on non-patient care activities was negatively associated with PF (p=0.008). Table 1 <b>Conclusions:</b> Among SGO respondents, 29.7% were burned out, and 50.9% were fulfilled. Beyond advocating for less working hours and less administrative duties, humor-based interventions focused on increasing the use of self-enhancing and reducing the use of selfdefeating humor may lead to less BO and greater PF in SGO members, especially among trainees.

Trading Patients: Applying the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders to Two Cases of DSM-5 Borderline Personality Disorder Over Time and Across Therapists.

The DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) dimensionally defines personality pathology using severity of dysfunction and maladaptive style. As the empirical literature on the clinical utility of the AMPD grows, there is a need to examine changes in diagnostic profiles and personality expression in treatment over time. Assessing these changes in individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) is complicated by the tendency for patients to cycle through multiple therapists over the course of treatment leaving the potential for muddled diagnostic clarity and disjointed case conceptualizations. Following patient trajectories across therapists offers a unique opportunity to examine the AMPD’s sensitivity to and utility for capturing personality stability and change over time for patients with BPD. This article demonstrates the utility of the AMPD for two clinical cases in three distinct ways: (i) highlighting heterogeneity in BPD between patients, (ii) comparing improvements in personality severity and style over time, and (iii) elucidating profile change across therapist ratings. We present two patients diagnosed with DSM-5 Section II BPD, crossing between two therapists over the course of 3 years of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Treating clinicians rated patients for their respective treatment phases using the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS), capturing severity, and the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5), capturing style. AMPD diagnostic profiles differentiated patients with BPD in both severity and style, and captured within-patient change beyond within-therapist response bias. Results indicated greater improvements in personality severity while personality style remained more stable. Implications for the patients’ treatment progress and associated challenges are discussed, as are considerations for the utility of the AMPD in therapy.

Relationships between parental borderline symptom severity, empathy, parenting styles and child psychopathology

ABSTRACT Objectives Children of parents diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are at greater risk of psychopathology compared to children of healthy controls and parents diagnosed with another mental illness. Parental and child psychopathology are likely to be related via multiple pathways. The current study explored relationships between parental borderline symptom severity, parental empathy, parenting style, and child psychopathology. Methods Parents diagnosed with BPD were recruited to participate in an anonymous online survey. Sixty-four parents completed questionnaires assessing borderline symptom severity, parental empathy, and parenting style. Parental reports of child psychopathology were obtained for 64 children (aged 4–17) utilising the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the relationships between variables. Two three-path serial mediation models were tested. Results Parental borderline symptom severity was negatively associated with parental empathy, and positively associated with maladaptive parenting styles. Parental borderline symptom severity was related to child psychopathology via two indirect pathways 1) authoritarian parenting style and 2) through parental empathy’s relationship with authoritarian parenting. Conclusions Future research is recommended to develop and evaluate parenting programme for parents experiencing borderline symptoms and their school-aged children. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: While many people with borderline symptoms are capable parents, difficulties in some domains of parenting have been identified. The extant literature has a heavy focus on the perinatal period while studies of school-aged children of parents with borderline symptoms are limited. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions specific to this population of parents and children remains a gap in the literature. What this topic adds: Borderline symptom severity was related to child psychopathology via parental empathy’s association with authoritarian parenting. Children of parents who experience severe borderline symptoms may benefit from screening for internalising and externalising symptoms to aid early intervention. Interventions for this specific cohort of parents and children may consider parental psychopathology, parental empathy and maladaptive parenting styles as treatment targets.

Self-Schema, Attachment Style, and Treatment Outcome of Patients in an Opiate Maintenance Treatment Unit.

The aim of this study was to explore self-schemas and attachment style among patients in a methadone or buprenorphine maintenance treatment program of opiate dependence, in relation to treatment outcome (relapse in substance use). The study included 84 patients (21 women and 63 men) in a psychiatric clinic in Malmö, Sweden, providing maintenance treatment of opiate dependence. Three self-report instruments were employed, Young Schema Questionnaire Short version (YSQ-S) and Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) for studying self-schemas and Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures questionnaire (ECR-RS) for studying attachment style. Demographical data and relapse in substance abuse were registered. The study demonstrated, unsurprisingly, that an insecure attachment style was more common in the group of patients compared to available general population reference data. Significant correlations were found between attachment style and core beliefs about the self (self-schemas). Memories of parenting experiences from childhood (YPI) showed correlations with ongoing self-schemas (YSQ-S). Treatment outcome, defined as relapses in substance abuse, was associated to a minor degree with self-schemas but showed no correlation with attachment style. Patients who did not work or study had more maladaptive self-schemas and insecure attachment style, and a higher incidence of relapse in abuse than patients who were working or studying.

The motivation behind better sleep: self-determination as a framework for examining sleep outcomes in college students

Objective To examine sleep health within a self-determination framework across a diverse college sample. Participants A nonclinical sample of undergraduate students (n = 399) from a large, urban, public university in the Mid-Atlantic United States in Spring 2020. Methods Participants were recruited via an online research participation portal and received extra credit for participation. All measures were administered via an online survey. Results Basic psychological need satisfaction was associated with sleep health. This association was partially mediated by sleep hygiene but not by regulatory style. There were no racial/ethnic differences in sleep health, sleep hygiene, basic need satisfaction, or regulatory style. Men reported more maladaptive motivational styles for sleep health, and non-binary/transgender students reported worse sleep hygiene. Conclusion Basic psychological need satisfaction and sleep hygiene are critical targets for intervention across diverse college student populations. Motivation may be less critical for nonclinical interventions.

"Better If They Laugh with Me than at Me": The Role of Humor in Coping with Obesity-Related Stigma in Women.

This study investigated the role of perceived stigmatization in the relationship between humor styles and coping with stress among young women suffering from stigma due to obesity. In the 21st century, obesity is an increasing global health issue with many physical and mental consequences for obese women. As a chronic stigmatizing disease, it requires that the affected individuals cope with social consequences; women with obesity are more prone to such consequences than men. Humor fosters the breaking of stereotypes and alleviating the consequences of stigmatization. A total of 127 young adult women (age M = 25.74, SD = 2.73) participated in the study (n = 54 with overfat and n = 73 with healthy fat). Participants filled out the Humor Styles Questionnaire, Perceived Stigmatization Questionnaire, and the Brief COPE Scale. Anthropometric data were gathered using a body composition analyzer. Results indicate that, when perceiving hostile behaviors toward themselves and using humor as a coping strategy, women with overfat select maladaptive styles of humor (i.e., self-defeating and aggressive styles). Women with overfat were also more likely to use humor as a coping strategy in difficult situations. Furthermore, none of the participants were satisfied with their body mass. At the same time, among women without obesity, a lack of compliments was not treated as a problem, even if they had high body fat.

Attachment Style Mediates the Relationship between Trauma and Somatic Distress among Individuals with Serious Mental Illness

Objective: Individuals with mental illnesses severe enough to require psychiatric hospitalization often have significant trauma histories, have developed maladaptive attachment styles, and experience comorbid somatic distress. Gaining an understanding about the interaction of such factors may lead to prioritizing interventions that target factors that mediate the relationship between trauma and adverse somatic distress. Prior research has examined various mediation models, but results have been mixed and conducted only on outpatient samples. Method: Participants (47.7% female) in a large sample (N = 2702) with a mean age of 34.62 (SD = 14.7) were enrolled in a specialist inpatient program and completed self-report measures pertaining to demographics, attachment insecurity, lifetime trauma exposure, and somatic distress within 72 hours of admission. The dimensions of attachment insecurity (i.e., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) were tested as parallel mediators in the relationship between lifetime trauma exposure and somatic distress. Results: The mediation analyses revealed that attachment anxiety and avoidance partially mediated the relationship between lifetime trauma exposure and somatic distress. Conclusions: These results are the first to date to implicate both attachment anxiety and avoidance as mediators between trauma exposure and somatic distress in a high acuity sample. Although the results do not imply causality, they do call attention to social-cognitive factors related to somatic distress and highlight the importance of considering attachment styles as a possible contributor to comorbid physical symptoms in patients with trauma exposure.

THE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON STRESS COPING STYLES

Problem statement. The article presents the theoretical and empirical research of three stress coping styles: adaptive, relatively adaptive, maladaptive. The special attention is paid to the empirical study on each style components: personal reactions to stress, psychological defence, endurance under aggressive work conditions and threats to life, fast resources recovery after stress, ability to build partnerships, responsibility and determination, a set of adequate reactions to stress. Objective. To carry out an empirical research of police patrol officers’ stress coping styles. Research Methods. The diagnostic base included the following methods: E. Heim’s method examining coping strategies, “Don’t let a person fall” express-diagnostics of A. Smirnova (projective technique), “Assessment of nervous and mental tension” of T. Nemchin, “A person under rain” (projective technique) of A. Romanova and T. Sitko, the inquirer of the social-psychological adaptation of C.Rogers and R.Diamond, “Transactional analysis of communication” of E. Ilyin. Research results. Most respondents with adaptive style of stress overcoming in extreme conditions apply successful coping strategies (66%), they quickly recover lost resources, are prone to partner communication, responsible, show leadership qualities, find a way out of situations and are able to lead others, feel protected in a stressful situation, are able to perform duties under aggressive working conditions, rarely get into critical situations because they always carefully calculate all possible variants of events and try to foresee everything that can happen, in a critical situation they are not confused and can do everything necessary to correct what has happened. Patrol officers with the maladaptive style are unable to work in extreme working conditions, feel unprotected in aggressive conditions, and react to stress naively and timidly.

The Relationship of Neuroticism with Sleep Quality: The Mediating Role of Emotional, Cognitive and Metacognitive Factors

ABSTRACT Background Poor sleep quality is associated with a broad range of psychopathology and is a common problem among college students. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of metacognitive beliefs related to sleep, emotion regulation and a negative cognitive style related to anxiety (looming cognitive style) in the relation between neuroticism and reported sleep quality. Participants Participants were 343 undergraduates from three universities in Tehran (56.3% females, Mean age = 22.01 ± 2.74 years). Method Data were gathered with a questionnaire packet that included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Metacognitions Questionnaire-Insomnia (MCQ-I), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ) and Neuroticism subscale of NEO-PI-R. Results Structural equation modeling analyses supported a proposed model (R2 = 37%) which proposed that neuroticism both directly and indirectly linked to reported sleep quality through metacognitions related to sleep, cognitive reappraisal and looming cognitive style (χ2 = 1194.87, p < .001; CFI = 0.93, NFI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.065, GFI = 0.92, SRMR = 0.069, IFI = 0.93). Conclusions The results provide evidence for the impact of neuroticism on reported sleep quality through metacognitive, cognitive and emotional factors. The result suggest that special attention should be paid to these factors in the treatment and psychopathology of sleep quality.

Role of Humor in De-escalating Covid Related State Anxiety

Humour is a psychological response characterized by the positive emotion of amusement, the appraisal that something is funny, and the tendency to laugh. Humour, is both a source of entertainment and a means of coping with difficult or awkward situations and stressful events. The present study aimed to explore how young adults using different styles of humour experienced COVID related state anxiety.For this purpose data was collected online from young adults in the age range of 20-30 years. The time of data collection on the pandemic timeline in India ranged from 3rd week of April 2020 to 2nd week of May 2020. The spread of COVID pandemic in India at the time of data collection was nearly 1 lakh cases (95,698 as per worldometer.info)). The state anxiety during the COVID 19 situation was assessed with the help of State Trait Anxiety Inventory (1977) by Spielberger. The Humour Style Questionnaire by Martin et al.(2003), was used to assess Adaptive styles of humour (Affiliative humour, Self enhancing humour) and Maladaptive styles of humour (Self- defeating humour and Aggressive humour). The total sample comprised of 100 adults. Results distinctly indicated that young adults high on Adaptive and Maladaptive Humour styles respectively differed significantly on Covid related State Anxiety. Additionally sex differences also emerged on Covid related State Anxiety. Implications of the study point towards the buffer effect of Adaptive humour in dealing with Covid related anxiety.

Relationship Between Basic Human Values and Decision-Making Styles in Adolescents.

This paper examines the relationship between decision-making styles and values of Spanish adolescents and analyses the role of age and gender on their use of adaptive and maladaptive decision-making styles. The scientific literature suggests that decision-making consists of different stages through which individuals reach a solution to their dilemmas. An ex post facto quantitative, non-experimental research design was used and applied to a sample of adolescents of Madrid (España). The Flinders Adolescents Decision-Making Questionnaire (FADMQ) by Mann as well as the Schwartz Values Scale (SVS) were also used. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the decision-making styles and values of adolescents using the variables gender and age to classify the sample. The study concludes that adolescents who use an adaptive decision-making style tend to pursue mastery of the values Self-direction, Stimulation, Achievement, and Power, whereas adolescents who use a maladaptive style tend to shy away from the value Self-direction and are more conservative. In terms of gender, the results for both females and males coincide in the significant correlations found between their decision-making styles and values. In terms of age, the correlations between values and decision-making styles are higher and numerous in younger adolescents. We conclude that the relationships verified could help educators to engage and act on the development of specific decision-making training programs based on the values of adolescents.