Maladaptive Strategies Research Articles

The impact of students’ misperceptions on test performance: A 3p model and self-determination theory approach

This research investigates the complex relationship between students’ misperceptions about their teachers and exams, test anxiety, and their overall test performance, framed through a newly proposed Presage, Process, Product (3P) model and Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Specifically, it explores how students’ misperceptions formed during the presage phase disrupt Basic Psychological Needs (BPN) for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, negatively influencing their test-taking strategies and performance outcomes. The study adopts a theoretical approach, proposing a conceptual framework rather than collecting empirical data, to illustrate the potential dynamics between misperceptions, test anxiety, and academic achievement. A key feature of the new 3P model is the two-way interaction between the process and product phases, illustrating how the test-taking behaviors (process) influenced by misperceptions and anxiety can cyclically affect performance outcomes (product). For example, students who experience anxiety may revisit questions due to self-doubt, changing correct answers to incorrect ones, which further exacerbates their anxiety and harms overall performance. This cyclical interaction highlights the need to break the negative feedback loop to improve test results. By examining the multifaceted impact of pre-test beliefs, such as overconfidence and perceived difficulty, this research offers insights into how these misperceptions affect test performance by fostering anxiety and maladaptive test-taking strategies. The newly proposed PPP model highlights the operational variability of test-taking strategies across different phases, emphasizing the need for teachers to correct students’ misperceptions to enhance performance. This study provides actionable insights for educators to address psychological needs, mitigate anxiety, and promote better academic outcomes. Future research should test the conceptual framework through empirical investigations to further validate its applicability in educational settings.

The influence of an emotion regulation intervention on challenges in emotion regulation and cognitive strategies in patients with depression

BackgroundPatients with depression struggle with significant emotion regulation difficulties, which adversely affect their psychological well-being and hinder recovery. Traditional therapeutic approaches often fail to adequately address these challenges, leading to a persistent gap in effective mental health care. This research seeks to address this gap by investigating the impact of emotion regulation skills training on patients with depression.AimTo assess the difficulties in emotion regulation among patients with depression and evaluate the impact of an emotion regulation skills training intervention on those with higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties, specifically focusing on increasing the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies and reducing the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.MethodA quasi-experimental research design was utilized, using three tools: a socio-demographic and Clinical Data structured interview schedule, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Eighty patients with depression were recruited to assess those with higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties; out of those with greater difficulties, 30 patients were chosen to participate in the emotion regulation skills training intervention.ResultThe 80 studied subjects' emotion regulation difficulties scores ranged from 158 to 169 (164.5 ± 3.21), and they indicated less use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and more use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (56.07 ± 2.67). Regarding the intervention group, the overall mean score of the 30 patients’ emotion regulation difficulties decreased from 167.35 ± 2.21 pre-intervention to 105.85 ± 3.33 post-intervention (p < 0.0001). Cognitive emotion regulation total scores improved markedly from 54.07 ± 1.66 to 35.2 ± 3.46 (p < 0.01).ImplicationHealthcare providers should routinely assess emotion regulation difficulties in patients with depression and integrate personalized treatment plans that target individual emotion regulation difficulties.ConclusionThe findings suggest that the emotion regulation intervention has the potential to improve emotion regulation difficulties and cognitive emotion regulation strategies among patients with depression.

Overcoming times of crisis: unveiling coping strategies and mental health in a transnational general population sample during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has had an unparalleled impact, precipitating not only direct threats to physical health but also widespread economic and psychological challenges. This study aims to explore the dynamics of coping behaviour and psychological distress (PD) across different phases of the pandemic within an adult general population sample, spanning Austria and Italy.MethodsAn online questionnaire-based panel study was conducted between 2020 and 2023 including three measurements. We collected data on sociodemographic variables, coping responses (Brief COPE), and PD (Brief-Symptom-Checklist). Statistical analyses were conducted within a linear-mixed-model framework. Multiple imputation and sensitivity analysis were applied to validate the results obtained by complete case analysis.ResultsThe study follows 824 participants and reveals a marginal decrease in overall PD from the first to the second follow-up, particularly in clinically relevant phobic anxiety (35.6% and 34.5% to 25.4%). Most coping behaviours exhibited stable mean-levels with intra-individual variability across the study period. Maladaptive coping strategies were consistently linked to increased PD, whereas adaptive strategies were associated with decreased PD.ConclusionOur findings underscore the complex nature of coping behaviours and PD during and after the pandemic, suggesting that while mean-levels of PD and coping responses remained relatively stable, most coping strategies were subject to intra-individual change. Maladaptive strategies were associated with increased PD, pinpointing to the need for interventions that establish the foundation for adaptive coping mechanisms and promote their application. Further research should explore the reciprocal influences of mental health on coping behaviour, incorporating interventional designs to unravel the nuances of these relationships.

Randomised Controlled Trial for the Evaluation of the Efficacy of the IDA's "Living Well" Online Counselling Tool in First-Time Adult Users with Hearing Loss.

Effective management of hearing loss through the use of modern hearing aids significantly improves communication and the quality of life for individuals experiencing auditory impairment. Complementary counselling of patients with hearing loss who will be fitted with hearing aids for the first time should be evidence-based and adapted to their individual needs. To date, several counselling protocols and tools have been developed. The aim of this randomised controlled trial study was to investigate the efficacy of the application of the IDA's "Living Well" counselling tool in first-time hearing aid users in terms of the degree of their hearing related handicap (using the Hearing Handicap Inventory (HHI)), their communication coping strategies (using the Communication Profile for the Hearing Impaired (CPHI)) and their overall satisfaction of the hearing aids (using a Likert scale). Both groups (the IDA and the control group) were fitted with hearing aids and received counselling for their hearing aids by the same audiologist. The IDA group attended an additional counselling session about communication coping strategies with the use of the "Living Well" tool. Both groups' participants were seen for their hearing aid fittings 4-6 weeks, 3 and 6 months after their fitting when the HHI and the CPHI were measured. Although there was not a statistically significant difference between the two groups for the primary and secondary outcomes, the IDA group did show a more consistent improvement of their HHI score and less frequent use of maladaptive strategies. The "Living Well" counselling tool proved to be a favourably received and helpful counselling tool in first-time hearing aid users.

Ostracism and depression among Chinese adolescents: the role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and self-compassion

Ostracism and depression among Chinese adolescents: the role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and self-compassion

The Psychological Impact of Climate Change: Anxiety, Stress, and Coping Mechanisms

Climate change has emerged as a critical global issue, with significant impacts extending beyond environmental and economic spheres to affect psychological well-being. This study employs a mixed-methods research design to investigate the psychological impact of climate change, specifically focusing on anxiety, stress, and coping mechanisms. Utilizing both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, the research examines the prevalence and intensity of climate-related anxiety and stress and explores the coping strategies individuals employ. The findings reveal moderate to high levels of anxiety and stress among participants, with notable demographic variations, such as higher levels of anxiety in younger individuals and greater stress among women and those with lower socioeconomic status. Adaptive coping mechanisms, such as environmental activism and mindfulness practices, were identified as effective, while maladaptive strategies like avoidance and denial were also prevalent. The study underscores the need for targeted mental health interventions and public health policies that integrate mental health support into climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Promoting adaptive coping mechanisms and addressing maladaptive behaviors are crucial for enhancing resilience and mental well-being in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.

Effect of Coping Strategies on Pain Intensity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that imposes significant challenges globally. This research seeks to contribute valuable insights that can inform the development of targeted interventions, enhancing the quality of care for RA patients and potentially mitigating the broader societal burden associated with this chronic autoimmune condition. Objectives The main objective of the current study is to investigate the demographic, psychosocial, and clinical aspects of RA patients. Materials and Methods The study included 93 RA patients and examined their demographic characteristics, brief-Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) strategies, the prevalence of depression and anxiety, pain experiences (Mankoski Pain Scale), and diagnostic markers (Disease Activity Score [DAS-28], Rheumatoid Factor [RF], Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide [ACCP]). Results The study revealed a bimodal age distribution, with a gender predominance aligning with established RA prevalence patterns. Patients exhibited a tendency toward adaptive coping strategies, notably religious coping, active coping, and positive reframing, with variability in maladaptive strategies. The prevalence of depression (14.0%) and anxiety (18.3%) among RA patients was consistent with documented mental health burdens. Pain experiences exhibited a heterogeneous spectrum, and diagnostic markers indicated elevated disease activity in a substantial proportion of patients, with varied distribution in RF and ACCP subcategories. Conclusion This study provides nuanced insights into RA, emphasizing the importance of personalized coping and pain management strategies. The prevalence of mental health challenges and the spectrum of pain experiences underscore the multidimensional nature of RA, informing holistic approaches to care for enhanced patient outcomes.

Maintaining the Psychological Well-Being of Physicians in the Uncertain Work Environment: A Practitioners Perspective

COVID-19 significantly altered the healthcare ecosystem and forced us to stretch the capacity to ensure healthcare delivery services. Physicians were on the frontline and acted as an important cog in the wheel of healthcare delivery. This unprecedented situation forced them to adopt to a new norm amidst uncertainty, potentially impacting their mental well-being and overall health. The study aims to investigate the coping strategies for physicians to maintain their psychological well-being during uncertain events such as COVID-19. By employing Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the research prioritizes coping strategies that can improve physicians’ psychological well-being. This study affirms that the physicians working in healthcare during pandemic preferred adaptive strategies over maladaptive strategies. Maintained exercise, yoga/meditation (or similar), and behavioral disengagement are the three most preferred coping strategies. The study will benefit physicians and the policy makers, to achieve their agenda of enhancing physicians’ psychological resilience during uncertain events, ultimately contributing to the continuity and quality of healthcare delivery.

Exploring the lived experiences of adolescent girls affected by head lice infestation: a qualitative descriptive study

BackgroundHead lice infestation is a prevalent dermatological condition among adolescent girls, which has wide-ranging adverse physical, psychological, and emotional effects on their lives. However, these experiences have been sparsely documented. This study aimed to investigate the lived experiences of Iranian adolescent girls regarding head lice infestation.MethodsIn this phenomenological study, a purposive sampling technique was employed to select 15 adolescent girls who were experiencing head lice infestation. Collaboration was established with local schools to identify and recruit the participants. Subsequently, the purpose and nature of the study were explained to the identified participants and their guardians. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted to gather the necessary data. The collected data underwent analysis using Colaizzi’s seven-step method. To enhance the credibility of the findings, Lincoln and Guba’s (2004) criteria were applied. The management of the data was facilitated through the utilization of MAXQDA software version 0.9.5.ResultsThe average age of the participants, aged 12 to 17, was 14.5 (standard deviation = 1.7). In terms of education, the majority of them had completed upper secondary education (n = 8, 53.3%), followed by lower secondary education (n = 4, 26.6%). The participants’ experiences were categorized into four main themes and 15 sub-themes. The main themes included living in the shadow of fear, torment of infestation, “struggling with head lice, and disturbing ramifications. The sub-themes encompassed social fear, fear of harm, fear of beauty decline, stigma, bullying behavior, self-blame, adversity, challenging struggle, effective coping, nonconforming behavior, family disruption, academic disruption, health threats, and confused mental state.ConclusionDuring head lice infestation, adolescent girls endured negative experiences and extensive fears, considering it a significant ordeal. They encountered multiple challenges while dealing with lice and utilized both adaptive and maladaptive strategies to cope with the infestation. It is recommended to enhance public awareness regarding head lice infestation, and healthcare providers should offer emotional support and counseling services to affected girls and their families.

Transgenerational transmission of psychopathology: when are adaptive emotion regulation strategies protective in children?

BackgroundChildren of parents with a mental illness (COPMI) have multiple psychological and developmental risks, including an increased lifetime risk of developing a mental illness themselves. Emotion regulation (ER) has been identified as a potential underlying mechanism of the transgenerational transmission of mental disorders. This study compares ER strategies in parents with and without a mental illness and their children. Further, it aims to examine the relationship between parents and children’s psychopathology with a focus on the role of parental and child ER.MethodsParticipants were 96 COPMI (77% female) and 99 children of parents without mental illness (COPWMI, 83% female) aged 4–16 years and their parents. Psychopathology and ER strategies of parents and children were assessed with a series of questionnaires.ResultsBoth COPMI and their parents showed significantly more psychopathology and more maladaptive and adaptive ER strategies in comparison with COPWMI and their parents. Parent and child adaptive ER strategies mediated the relationship between the psychopathology of parents and children only when child maladaptive ER strategies were low.Conclusions The findings further our understanding of the processes by which parental psychopathology affects child outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of implementing preventive programs that specifically target the reduction of maladaptive ER in children to interrupt the transgenerational transmission of psychopathological symptoms.

Differences in social support, emotion invalidation, psychological needs, cognitive emotion regulation in maritally adjusted and maladjusted women in Pakistan: A matched pairs design.

The present study aimed to find out differences of social support, perceived emotion invalidation, psychological needs, and use of adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in maritally adjusted and maladjusted after controlling for age, education, employment status, and depressive symptomatology. The cross-sectional study uses a matched pairs design. The sample was divided into two groups; maritally adjusted and maladjusted women (n = 40 pairs) on basis of scores obtained on revised-dyadic adjustment scale. Forty maritally adjusted women were matched with 40 maritally maladjusted women according to age, education, and employment status. Social support questionnaire, perceived invalidation of emotion scale, basic psychological need satisfaction frustration scale, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, and center for epidemiologic studies depression scale were administered. One-way ANCOVA revealed that maritally maladjusted women had lower level of social support [mean difference; -5.65(-9.97, -1.33), p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.08] and more emotional invalidation [mean difference; 15.36(13.08, 17.65), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.71] compared to maritally adjusted women after controlling for the effect of depressive symptomatology. Maritally maladjusted women had more need frustration [mean difference; 10.75(7.59, 13.92), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.38] compared to maritally adjusted women. However, maritally adjusted women had more need satisfaction [mean difference; 13.36(9.67, 17.05), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.41] compared to maritally maladjusted women. Maritally adjusted women used more adaptive CER strategies (acceptance, refocus on planning and putting into perspective) [mean difference; 4.66(2.36, 6.95), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.18] compared to maritally maladjusted women whereas, maritally maladjusted women used more maladaptive strategies (self-blame, catastrophizing and blaming others) [mean difference; 4.66(2.77, 6.54), p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.25] compared to maritally adjusted women. Maladjusted women had less social support and more emotional invalidation of emotions and psychological needs frustration. They used more maladaptive strategies to manage their negative emotions in comparison to maritally adjusted women. Identification of these cognitive emotion regulation strategies will help clinicians and counselors to devise psychological intervention targeting the use of adaptive strategies to minimize the negative mental health consequences.

Psychometric examination of the Japanese version of Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory

ABSTRACT Objective The Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI) was developed to assess emotion regulation abilities for negative and positive emotions. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the PERCI and to examine its psychometric properties. Methods Before the following surveys, we developed a draft of the Japanese version, intending to translate the questions into easy-to-understand Japanese to avoid spoiling the original version’s meaning. We conducted a preliminary survey of 23 undergraduate students, and the results confirmed the face validity of the Japanese PERCI. Second, the first cross-sectional survey examined descriptive statistics, factor structure, internal consistency, and construct validity of the PERCI with Japanese adult participants (165 men and 179 women, mean = 52.07 years, SD = 13.51, age range = 19–83). We also conducted the follow-up survey (103 participants aged 25–83 years) to evaluate the test-retest reliability and construct validity. Results Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Japanese version had an eight-factor structure. Moreover, it demonstrated good internal consistency, acceptable test-retest reliability, and good evidence of construct validity. PERCI scores were not significantly correlated with expressive suppression, indicating that expressive suppression cannot be considered a maladaptive strategy in Japanese adults and is not directly associated with emotion dysregulation. Conclusions The Japanese PERCI can help assess the ability of Japanese adults to regulate positive and negative emotions. Our findings are expected to further clarify aspects of emotion dysregulation in the Japanese population and can be used as a tool for measuring the effectiveness of psychological interventions.

The moderating role of catastrophizing in day-to-day dynamic stress and depressive symptoms.

The way individuals handle daily stressors can significantly influence their mental health. Those who struggle with emotion regulation are especially vulnerable to the negative effects of stress. This study explored the role of catastrophizing, a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy, in shaping the relationships between daily stress responses and depressive symptoms. A total of 75 healthy college students participated in the study. We adopted an Ecological Momentary Assessment protocol over 14 consecutive days to capture the day-to-day dynamics of stress reactivity and recovery. Our findings indicate that individuals with higher levels of catastrophizing exhibited increased daily stress reactivity and delayed daily stress recovery, consequently raising their likelihood of experiencing amplified depressive symptoms. In contrast, those with lower levels of catastrophizing did not experience the same negative effects of increased daily stress reactivity on their mental health. These results enhance understanding of how real-life stressors contribute to the development of mental health issues and underscore the importance of adaptive emotion regulation for improved overall health and well-being.

Behind the mask: Stuttering, anxiety, and communication dynamics in the era of COVID-19.

While wearing masks during the pandemic poses communication and social challenges for people in everyday life, those with social anxiety might find them plausible, aligning with contemporary cognitive theories. Social anxiety involves fearing negative assessments and holding a negative self-image. Concealing anxiety symptoms during mask use may contribute to a more positive self-perception. Given that up to 60% of adults seeking stuttering treatment also meet criteria for social anxiety disorder, this study aims to investigate the complex relationship between communication freedom, self-perceived stuttering and anxiety in adults who stutter (AWS). The unique context of mandatory mask-wearing during the pandemic provides an opportunity to explore these dynamics and understand the conflicting relationships between stuttering, anxiety-related safety behaviours and the need for open communication in AWS. Twenty AWS participated in interviews, responding to open-ended questions to elucidate their affective, cognitive and behavioural experiences while wearing masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thematic analysis was used to identify the emerging themes and subthemes based on information-rich quotes, employing a six-phase recursive process. Various speech and anxiety-related measures were used to describe the characteristics of the study participants. Three main themes and sub-themes emerged. The first theme highlights communication challenges for AWS wearing masks, impacting verbal and nonverbal interactions. The second theme reveals AWS wearing masks to conceal stuttering cues, experiencing reduced stress. The third theme indicates that, despite the comfort in concealment, most AWS prefer speaking freely without a face mask. The conflict between the desire for authentic, fluent communication and the ease of hiding stuttering symptoms poses a major dilemma for AWS. According to the results of this study, most adults who stutter prioritize open communication. However, there were some individual differences. A major factor influencing their decision was their fear of negative evaluation. What is already known on the subject The prevalence of social anxiety is higher among adults who stutter (AWS), possibly stemming from their prior negative experiences with stuttering. In response, AWS may adopt adaptive or maladaptive coping behaviours to manage stuttering and mitigate fears of negative evaluation. Maladaptive strategies, like avoiding certain communication situations, can diminish their satisfaction with everyday speaking situations. What this study adds This study leveraged the mask-wearing mandate during the pandemic to explore the intricate relationship between anxiety-related symptoms and communication. While some participants saw masks as a plausible means to conceal stuttering and anxiety, most preferred open communication without the challenges posed by masks. Our findings offer additional support for the varied emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses that AWS may display in response to changes in daily life, emphasizing the individual differences within this population and highlighting that stuttering goes beyond observable speech dysfluencies. What are the clinical implications of this work? Our study underscores the need for comprehensive therapeutic interventions addressing both the physical and cognitive-emotional aspects of stuttering in AWS. Recognizing the role of safety behaviours and self-focused attention emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach, enhancing communication efficacy and social well-being for AWS. Addressing speech fluency alone, without considering pertinent cognitive-emotional factors, falls short in providing adequate stuttering treatment.

Clinical Relevance of Food Addiction in Higher Weight Patients across the Binge Eating Spectrum.

Food addiction (FA) is associated with greater severity on many eating-related correlates when comorbid with binge eating disorder (BED) but no study has established this relation across the whole spectrum of binge eating, i.e., from no BED to subthreshold BED to BED diagnosis. This study aims to examine the effect of the presence of FA on the severity of eating behaviors and psychological correlates in patients without BED, subthreshold BED or BED diagnosis. Participants (n = 223) were recruited at a university center specialized in obesity and eating disorder treatment and completed a semi-structured diagnostic interview and questionnaires measuring eating behaviors, emotional regulation, impulsivity, childhood interpersonal trauma, and personality traits. They were categorized by the presence of an eating disorder (no BED, subthreshold BED, or BED) and the presence of FA. Group comparisons showed that, in patients with BED, those with FA demonstrated higher disinhibition (t(79) = -2.19, p = 0.032) and more maladaptive emotional regulation strategies (t(43) = -2.37, p = 0.022) than participants without FA. In patients with subthreshold BED, those with FA demonstrated higher susceptibility to hunger (t(68) = -2.55, p = 0.013) and less cooperativeness (t(68) = 2.60, p = 0.012). In patients without BED, those with FA demonstrated higher disinhibition (t(70) = -3.15, p = 0.002), more maladaptive emotional regulation strategies (t(53) = -2.54, p = 0.014), more interpersonal trauma (t(69) = -2.41, p = 0.019), and less self-directedness (t(70) = 2.14, p = 0.036). We argue that the assessment of FA provides relevant information to complement eating disorder diagnoses. FA identifies a subgroup of patients showing higher severity on many eating-related correlates along the binge eating spectrum. It also allows targeting of patients without a formal eating disorder diagnosis who would still benefit from professional help.

Understanding the Pathology of Major Depression in a Non-clinical Student Sample: The Role of Mental Pain, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Self-Compassion, and Anxiety

Background: Severe psychological or mental pain is an experience of discomfort that can be associated with mental illness (such as major depression) or loss (such as the death of a child). Objectives: The aim of this study is to understand the pathology of major depression using a non-clinical student sample by assessing the roles of mental pain, cognitive emotion regulation, self-compassion, and anxiety. Methods: This cross-sectional study selected a sample (n = 300) using a multi-stage random cluster sampling method. Data was collected using the Orbach &amp; Mikulincer Mental Pain Questionnaire (OMMP), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BD-II). Results: The results of the forward multiple linear regression model showed significant standardized beta coefficients for the following variables: Anxiety and depression (β = 0.21, P = 0.002), mental pain and depression (β = 0.436, P &lt; 0.001), maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression (β = 0.21, P = 0.002), negative dimensions of self-compassion and depression (β = 0.082, p = 0.041), adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depression (β = -0.135, P = 0.031), and positive dimensions of self-compassion and depression (β = -0.078, P = 0.042). Additionally, the results indicated that 56% of the variance in depression is explained by mental pain, cognitive emotion regulation, self-compassion, and anxiety (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that therapies focused on emotional regulation and self-compassion can effectively address emotional problems, anxiety, and depression in individuals with depression.

Cognitive emotion regulation and learning effectiveness in college students with ADHD symptoms

ABSTRACT Background College students with ADHD have difficulties with emotion regulation and have poorer academic skills than peers without ADHD; however, less is known regarding the relation between ADHD symptoms, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS), and learning effectiveness. Objectives We examined whether maladaptive CERS predicted learning effectiveness, and whether this relation was moderated by ADHD symptoms. Design A cross-sectional online survey. Methods College students (N = 4,183; M age = 19.24; 70.1% female) at eight universities completed a battery as part of a larger study. Results College students in our elevated ADHD group used significantly more maladaptive CERS and performed worse in three domains of learning effectiveness (i.e., Academic Self-Efficacy [ASE], Organization and Attention to Study [OAS], Stress and Time Press [STP]) than college students in our non-ADHD group. Further, ADHD symptoms moderated the relation between maladaptive CERS and OAS, such that individuals with the highest levels of ADHD symptoms were less impacted by maladaptive CERS. Conclusion Increased use of maladaptive CERS is unique to ADHD rather than lack of adaptive CERS. Also, maladaptive CERS and low ADHD symptoms interact to predict poor OAS. Interventions for college students, regardless of ADHD status, should incorporate emotion regulation components to improve learning effectiveness.

Primary caregiver burden and undiagnosed mental health illness in out-patients with inflammatory bowel disease-A multicentric prospective survey from the IBD Emerging Nations' Consortium.

Mental health is an overlooked aspect of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patient care with limited data from the developing world. The primary caregiver burden is expected to be high, but has not been evaluated. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of consecutive out-patients with no diagnosed mental health illness (n = 289) and their primary caregivers (n = 247) from 10 centers across eight countries (Bangladesh, India, Iran, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand) of IBD-Emerging Nations' Consortium (ENC). Patients were assessed for anxiety (PHQ-9), depression (GAD-7), quality of life (SIBDQ, IBDCOPE) and medication adherence (MMAS-8). Caregiver burden was assessed by Zarit-Burden Interview (ZBI), Ferrans and Power Quality of Life (QOL) scores and coping strategies (BRIEF-COPE). Multivariate logistic regression and correlation analyses were performed to identify risk factors and theimpact on QOL in patients and caregivers. Moderate to severe depression and anxiety were noted in 33% (severe 3.5%) and 24% (severe 3.8%) patients, respectively. The risk factor for depression was active disease (p < 0.001, OR6.3), while male gender (p = 0.01, OR0.45) and medication adherence (p = 0.003, OR0.75) were protective. Risk factors for anxiety were unmarried status (p = 0.015, OR2.3), female gender (p = 0.004, OR0.41), steroid use (p = 0.016, OR2.1) and active disease (p < 0.001, OR7.97). High GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores positively correlated with high disease activity (r = 0.55, p < 0.001, Crohn's disease; r = 0.52, p < 0.001 ulcerative colitis) and negatively with SIBDQ (r = - 0.63, p < 0.001; r = - 0.64, p < 0.001 CD; r = 0.36, p = 0.001,UC). Sixty-five percent (159/249) primary caregivers reported high burden (ZBI ≥ 21), which positively correlated with low educational status and low-income and negatively with QOL(r = - 0.33, p < 0.001). The primary adaptive coping strategy among caregivers was religion, while maladaptive strategy was self-distraction. Nearly two-thirds of primary caregivers reported high burden of care. There was also high prevalence of undiagnosed depression and anxiety in IBD out-patients. This highlights the need for patient-caregiver integrated mental-health services in the developing world.

Development Pathways and the Political Economy of Maladaptation: The Case of Bioenergy as a Climate Strategy in Brazil

AbstractAlthough it is well known that large-scale bioenergy expansion erodes different environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainable development, in countries like Brazil, bioenergy is institutionalized as a flagship climate strategy aimed to cut down CO2 emissions in transport. These trade-offs have serious implications for climate change governance and sustainable development; however, conventional approaches have not yet properly explained this seeming paradox. This article addresses this gap from a critical development pathways approach to bioenergy as a maladaptive strategy in Brazil. I propose an analytical framework to observe how different ideas, interests, and institutions interplay in the historical institutionalization of bioenergy as a climate strategy. The analysis shows that bioenergy institutionalization has been driven by the endemic economic crisis in the sugar sector and governmental interests associated with security and developmental imperatives. The unsustainable co-evolution of development pathways and bioenergy, marked by deforestation, land colonization, and agricultural expansion, has narrowed the adaptation space in agriculture, gearing current climate policy towards path-dependent maladaptive strategies like bioenergy. Paradoxically, framing bioenergy as a climate strategy has been useful to justify more expansive policies in favor of the sugarcane industry, and to greenwash the Brazilian climate policy in the international arena of climate governance.

Explaining the negative effects of workplace incivility on family lives: a moderated mediation model of surface acting and resource-providing variables.

The effects of workplace incivility have been understudied in educational settings. To expand incivility research to educational professions, the present research investigates whether, how, and when workplace incivility deriving from different sources (coworkers, supervisors, and outsiders) is related to work-to-family interference (WFI) of preschool teachers. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, the present study proposes that workplace incivility and subsequent maladaptive emotion labor strategies (i.e., surface acting) jointly create a resource-depletion mechanism contributing to elevated WFI and two resource-providing variables (supervisor work-family support and psychological detachment after hours) function as potential mitigating factors to break the resource-depletion mechanism. This study used a female-dominated sample (i.e., preschool teachers) found that workplace incivility from insiders (supervisors and coworkers respectively) and external stakeholders (child's family members) all positively linked to WFI, and surface acting mediated these relationships. Moreover, moderated mediation analyses indicated that psychological detachment buffered the mediated effect of surface acting on WFI, whereas supervisor work-family support did not. Findings deepen the understanding of why and when workplace incivility influences employees' family lives, as well as point to future intervention strategies.