Maladaptive Dimensions Research Articles

Values and perfectionism: There is more beyond achievement

This study focuses on the association between basic personal values and perfectionism. It explores how the 19 values of Schwartz's refined theory are related to multiple dimensions of perfectionism. A sample of 426 young adults (57.7 % females) with a mean age of 26.03 years completed the Portrait Value Questionnaire-Revised and Hewitt and Flett's and Frost et al.'s multidimensional perfectionism scales. Results showed that values and perfectionism are meaningfully related. Self-Oriented Perfectionism and Personal Standards, two forms of perfectionism that have adaptive aspects, exhibited the highest positive correlation with Achievement. Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Concern over mistakes, two predominantly maladaptive dimensions, correlated most positively with Conformity-Interpersonal and Face. Other-oriented Perfectionism, a form of maladaptive perfectionism directed to others, correlated most positively with Power-Dominance and most negatively with Universalism-Tolerance. Organization correlated most positively with Conformity-Rules and most negatively with Stimulation. Although the observed associations were small to moderate, results from the present study add to our understanding of the compound nature of perfectionism, by providing a thorough coverage of the motivational goals underlying different forms and manifestations of perfectionism.

Relationship between rumination, self-compassion, and psychological health among Japanese university students: A cross-sectional study.

Rumination is suggested to exacerbate psychological health, but there is room for investigating the potential protecting factors for individuals with high ruminative tendencies against psychological symptoms. The present cross-sectional study aimed to uncover the associations between rumination as a maladaptive dimension of self-focus, self-compassion, and psychological health, and whether and how components of self-compassion may moderate the associations between rumination and psychological health in Japanese undergraduate students. A questionnaire survey was conducted by using both an online platform and a paper-based questionnaire. The survey included established Japanese versions of psychological scales on rumination, self-compassion, perceived stress, trait anxiety, and depression. The results revealed statistically significant positive correlations between rumination and negative dimensions of self-compassion, and rumination and psychological symptoms. Positive dimensions of self-compassion were significantly negatively correlated with both rumination and psychological symptoms. Reflection as a positive dimension of self-focus did not show significant correlations with most psychological variables. Furthermore, hierarchical multiple regression analyses involving subscales of self-compassion and their interactions with rumination as predictors revealed that the interactions between rumination and components of self-compassion, i.e., over-identification and mindfulness, significantly predicted trait anxiety. Higher rumination predicted higher anxiety when over-identification was high, but not when over-identification was low. Also, lower rumination predicted lower anxiety when mindfulness was high, but not when mindfulness was low. The results suggest significant associations between rumination, components of self-compassion, and psychological health in a population of Japanese undergraduate students. The data also suggest that components of self-compassion play moderating roles in the relationship between rumination and psychological health, potentially serving as aggravating/protective factors for psychological health. Longitudinal studies and comparisons between different cultures should be conducted in the future quest.

Exploring the Multidimensional Model of Leadership Through the Lens of Coaches: An Examination of the Relationship Between Personality, Leader Behaviors, and the Coach–Athlete Relationship

The Multidimensional Model of Leadership hypothesizes that leader personality characteristics impact leader behaviors, which in turn influence collective and individual outcomes. While the Multidimensional Model of Leadership has received substantial research attention over the past four decades, the full hypothesis including antecedents, throughputs, and outputs has rarely been tested in one study. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to test the relationship between adaptive and maladaptive personality characteristics (i.e., perfectionism and passion), leader behaviors, and the coach–athlete relationship in college coaches. National Collegiate Athletic Association coaches (N = 380) completed the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2, the Passion Scale, the Leadership Scale for Sports, and the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling revealed that perfectionism and passion accounted for 65% of the variance for leader behaviors. Specifically, adaptive dimensions of perfectionism and passion positively predicted leader behaviors, whereas maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism negatively predicted leader behaviors. Furthermore, leader behaviors explained over half the variance of the coach–athlete relationship. The results provide support for the Multidimensional Model of Leadership from the perspective of sport coaches. Applied implications for coaches and sport psychology practitioners are discussed.

Attenuated maladaptive emotion processing as a potential mediator of the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and mental health

The emotion processing and regulation mechanisms by which dispositional (personality trait) mindfulness exerts its positive effects on mental health remain unclear. Here, we tested, using structural equation modeling, whether the relationship between higher dispositional mindfulness and better mental health is mediated by reduced maladaptive processing of emotional information (e.g., expressive suppression, impoverished emotional experiences, unprocessed emotions, avoidance, externalizing strategies) and associated lower negative affect, enhanced adaptive processing of emotional information (e.g., cognitive reappraisal) and associated higher positive affect, or a combination of these two emotion processing styles. Dispositional mindfulness, mental health, diverse emotional constructs with adaptive and maladaptive dimensions (including range and differentiation of emotional experiences, use of specific emotion regulation strategies, emotion processing deficits, negative affect repair strategies, negative mood regulation expectancies), and positive and negative affect were assessed using self-report measures in a non-clinical sample of 256 adults. The relationship between higher dispositional mindfulness and better mental health was found to be best explained by reduced maladaptive emotion processing styles and associated lower negative affect, rather than by enhanced adaptive emotion processing and higher positive affect. Further research should investigate whether the same mechanisms explain psychological benefits of cultivated mindfulness in people with low dispositional mindfulness and/or with mental health disorders following mindfulness skills training.

Comparing three observation instruments of the coach's behaviour in grassroots football

Coach behaviour has long been known to influence the sporting experience of grassroots players; however, it is currently unclear how the instruments used to assess their behaviour are related. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the relationships between three observational coaching behaviour tools. Sixteen matches with teams led by four female football coaches were recorded and analysed using three observational instruments: (a) Coaching Behaviour Assessment System (CBAS); (b) Multidimensional Motivational Climate Observation System (MMCOS) and (c) Coach Leadership Assessment System (CLAS). The dimensions measured by each instrument are theorised as being adaptive or maladaptive. The specific objectives of this study are targeted to assess: (a) the commonalities between the three instruments and (b) what differentiated aspects each instrument provides. The results show that both the adaptive and the maladaptive dimensions of the three instruments are positively related among themselves but negatively related to the others. The results also show that the MMCOS is sensitive to behavioural changes during the matches, while the CBAS and the CLAS do not reflect these changes but assess the stability of the behaviour. In conclusion, this research provides empirical evidence supporting the conceptual relationship between the three instruments and of the specific information that each instrument offers. Furthermore, it highlights the need to observe the sport environment more closely in a more diversified way.

Effects of Speech and Language Therapists’ Personality Traits and Cognitive Emotion Regulation on the Perceptual Evaluation of Dysphonia

As in many healthcare fields, it is essential to establish clinical standards for voice assessments; however, some individual characteristics of clinicians, such as their personalities, may affect assessment reliability. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between the personality traits and cognitive emotion regulation strategies of speech-language therapists (SLTs) and their GRBAS (Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain) scoring. The study group comprised 33 SLTs and 9 women with dysphonia. The Five-Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were used to assess SLTs' psychological traits. The SLTs evaluated the acoustic recordings of sustained vowel phonation /a/ obtained from individuals with dysphonia, using the GRBAS scale. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess inter-rater reliability, and Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationships among the variables. The findings revealed that the FFPI dimensions were weakly and significantly related to Grade (G) and Strain (S). In the maladaptive dimensions, with an increase in the scores of the neuroticism dimension of FPPI and the catastrophizing dimension of CERQ, the SLTs gave significantly higher scores to Grade (G). In addition, with an increase in the score of rumination or focus on thought, the SLTs perceived Strain (S) more negatively. Consistent with these findings, in the adaptive dimensions, the SLTs gave higher scores to Grade (G) as the positive refocusing and positive reappraisal scores decreased. The findings of this study showed that, as some maladaptive aspects of personality and cognitive emotion regulation increased and adaptive aspects decreased, the SLTs' perceptions of Grade (G) and Strain (S) became more negative. Additionally, these results suggested the possibility of advanced confounding variables beyond primary factors, such as training and experience in the perceptual voice assessment of the SLTs, and the importance of standardizing professional practices, such as the observation and supervision of experts.

Evidence that specific personal relationships evoke maladaptive personality expression

ABSTRACT Introduction This research applied relational regulation theory (RRT) to maladaptive personality as identified in the DSM-5, dimension trait model. RRT describes how individual social network members help people regulate their own affect, thought and action. Previous research found that people expressed different levels of normal personality dimensions and affect depending upon the network members that people were with or thinking about. Methods College students (N = 719) rated their expression of maladaptive dimensions and affect when with important network members, as well as the interpersonal characteristics of network members. Results People’s maladaptive personality expression was strongly consistent across network members (recipient effects). Yet, personality expression also varied strongly depending upon which network member the recipient was with or thinking about (dyadic effects). PID-5 negative affectivity and PANAS negative affect more strongly reflected dyads than recipients. Antagonism and disinhibition more strongly reflected recipients than dyads. Network members who evoked maladaptive expressions were seen by recipients as unsupportive, unresponsive, as evoking conflict, attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety. However, the interpersonal constructs were mostly redundant in predicting maladaptive personality. Findings were replicated across random subsamples and gender. Conclusion The findings provide evidence that important personal relationships can evoke the expression of maladaptive personality.

Regulación emocional y habilidades sociales en estudiantes de quinto grado de una institución educativa del municipio de Caloto (Cauca)

The article is a synthesis of a study carried out with the objective of determining the relationship between emotional regulation and social skills of fifth grade students of an Educational Institution in the Municipality of Caloto (Cauca). From the methodological point of view, it is a study with a non-experimental descriptive-correlational scope. The sample consisted of 49 fifth grade students (19 girls and 30 boys). For the assessment of emotional regulation, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnarie-Kids (CERQ-K) by Garnefski et al., (2007) was used, validated in Mexico by Reyes et al., (2021) and for Social Skills, Goldstein's checklist was used (1997). The results showed a statistically significant relationship between the maladaptive dimensions of self-blame and blaming others emotion regulation *P<.05 with skills to cope with stress. At a general level, a high percentage of use of the maladaptive strategy of rumination was found (64.54%) and high percentages in the adaptive strategies of refocusing on the plans (63.00%) and positive reassessment (65.20%). Regarding social skills, it was found that students are located in an enneatype (7 and 8) that corresponds to a good level of social skills.

University Students' Motivation and Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Lockdown, Isolation, and Remote and Hybrid Learning.

This investigation comprised two studies that sought to identify the role of COVID-related disruptions in Australian university students' academic motivation and engagement. Study 1 involved a dataset of 500 university students and examined the links between COVID-19 pandemic disruptions (remote and hybrid learning modes, lockdown, isolation) and students' adaptive (e.g., planning and monitoring) and maladaptive (e.g., disengagement) dimensions of the Motivation and Engagement Scale (MES). Study 2 compared the mean motivation and engagement of Study 1 participants with mean levels from four published pre-COVID-19 Australian studies (N = 55, N = 233, N = 420, N = 941 university students) that also used the MES. Study 1 showed that lockdown and isolation (and not remote/hybrid learning) were associated with problematic motivation and engagement-with lockdown and isolation effects particularly noteworthy for maladaptive motivation and engagement. Study 2 showed that relative to the four pre-COVID-19 samples, the COVID-19 pandemic sample experienced difficulties with motivation and engagement, and again particularly so on maladaptive dimensions.

Application of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in Chinese Community Elderly.

The present study investigated the applicability of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in the Chinese community elderly and explored the influence of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on late-life depression. A total of 367 community elderly aged 60-94 were deemed eligible and completed CERQ, the Perceived Stress Scale-10, the Geriatric Depression Questionnaire-15, and the State Anxiety Inventory. Confirmatory factor analysis was adopted to verify the 9-factor structure of CERQ. Cronbach's α coefficient, Ω coefficient and split-half reliability were used to test the internal consistency of CERQ. Pearson correlations among scores of CERQ and other scales were calculated to examine its convergent validity. In addition, a structural equation model was used to further examine the effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the association between perceived stress and late-life depression. All the fitting indexes of CERQ's 9-factor model met the criterion (χ 2/df= 2.26, CFI= 0.916, TLI= 0.904, RMSEA= 0.052). For the total score of CERQ, the Cronbach's α coefficient and Ω coefficient were both 0.90, and the split-half reliability was 0.74. For the nine subscales, the α coefficients ranged from 0.66 to 0.88, and the Ω coefficients ranged from 0.69 to 0.88. Significant positive correlations were found between the maladaptive dimension of CERQ and other scales (all p < 0.001). The maladaptive emotion regulation strategies indirectly affected the effect of perceived stress on late-life depression (effect size was 21.57%). With good reliability and factor validity, the CERQ showed good applicability in the Chinese elderly population. The influence of perceived stress on depression in the elderly was mediated by maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.

Effectiveness of Quality of Life Therapy on Improving Psychological Capital and Emotion Regulation of Mothers of Patients with Neurological and Mental Disorders

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of quality of life therapy training in improving psychological capital and emotion regulation among mothers of patients with neurological and mental disorders in Isfahan city. The statistical population consisted of all mothers of patients with neurological and mental disorders who had files at the Nooralmahdi Rehabilitation Center in Isfahan. The sample of this study included 30 mothers of patients with neurological and mental disorders who met the research entry criteria and were then randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group. While the control group was on the waiting list, the experimental group received the quality of life therapy package in 8 sessions of 90 minutes each. The research tools were the Luthans Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007) and the Garnefski Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001). Both groups were assessed in two stages, pre-test and post-test. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of covariance) were used for data analysis and examination. The results indicated that psychological capital and its dimensions significantly improved, but emotion regulation did not change in either the adaptive or maladaptive dimensions. According to the findings of this study, it can be said that quality of life therapy training is effective for improving the psychological capital of mothers of patients with neurological and mental disorders, but other complementary psychological interventions are needed to improve emotion regulation in both adaptive and maladaptive dimensions.

How to Deal With a Difficult Boss

Abstract. As abusive supervision entails negative outcomes for individuals and organizations, a better understanding of leader- and follower-related antecedents of abusive supervision can help organizations prevent destructive leadership. In an experimental vignette study with 140 leaders, we tested an integrative model that includes leaders’ narcissism as an antecedent of their abusive supervision intentions. We also tested for the moderating role of followers’ behavior and indirect effects via leaders’ evaluations of followers. We employed the narcissistic admiration and rivalry concept (NARC) to distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of grandiose narcissism and found that the maladaptive dimension, narcissistic rivalry, predicted abusive supervision intentions. This effect was strongest when followers behaved dominantly. Finally, we found preliminary evidence that leaders’ evaluations of followers’ likeability, but not of followers’ competence, mediated the relationship between leaders’ narcissistic rivalry and abusive supervision intentions. These indirect effects were not conditional on followers’ behavior. We discuss these findings in light of theoretical and practical implications for individuals and organizations.

Patient personality dimensions, relational patterns and therapeutic alliance in clinical practice: An empirical investigation.

Transference (meant in this context, as the patient relational patterns expressed towards the clinician) and therapeutic alliance play a crucial role in the treatment of personality pathology. To date, no empirical study examined the association between these two dimensions of the clinical relationship and patients' personality maladaptive traits in psychotherapy. A national sample of therapists (N = 100) of different theoretical orientations assessed dysfunctional personality features of a patient in their care using a comprehensive and empirically grounded dimensional diagnostic approach from the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200). Moreover, they filled in the Psychotherapy Relationship Questionnaire (PRQ) to identify interpersonal patterns expressed early in treatment by the patients and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-T) to evaluate quality of therapeutic alliance. Overall, the most severe and maladaptive dimensions of patients' personality were associated with more negative clinician-patient dynamics and poorer levels of therapeutic alliance in statistically significant and clinically relevant ways. Notably, the hostile transference was predicted by both SWAP Hostility and Psychopathy, whereas the SWAP Narcissism was the strongest predictor of the special/entitled transference. The latter was also predicted by SWAP Emotional Dysregulation; conversely, the SWAP Dysphoria was the most robust predictor of anxious/preoccupied pattern. The SWAP Schizoid Orientation and Psychopathy predicted avoidant/dismissing attachment pattern; moreover, they were strongly and negatively related to the SWAP Psychological Health that was the best predictor of positive transference and alliance. Findings support that therapists' careful understanding of patients' interpersonal ways during early treatment stages may meaningfully inform diagnostic and therapeutic processes.

Evidências Psicométricas do Inventário de Coping para Atletas Paralímpicos Brasileiros em Situação de Competição

Abstract Paralympic athletes face stressful situations in sports competitions daily, and assessing how they cope with these situations is important. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Coping Inventory for Brazilian Paralympic Athletes in Competition Situations. This study included 531 Brazilian Paralympic athletes aged 18 years or older, of both sexes, living in different Brazilian regions. They competed nationally or internationally and had physical or visual disabilities. Athletes with cerebral palsy were excluded. The participants answered a data questionnaire and the coping inventory. A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a 12-theoretical dimension structure: six adaptive (Self-Reliance, Support-Seeking, Problem-Solving, Information-Seeking, Accommodation, Negotiation) and six maladaptive dimensions (Delegation, Social Isolation, Helplessness, Escape, Submission, and Opposition). Reliability indexes ranged between 0.60 and 0.94. The conclusion is that the instrument is reliable for assessing coping strategies among Brazilian Paralympic athletes.

The differential associations between self-critical perfectionism, personal standards perfectionism, and facets of restrictive eating

The transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral model of eating disorders defines clinical perfectionism as unidimensional, despite a large body of literature demonstrating that perfectionism is multidimensional. Studies examining the associations between perfectionism dimensions and eating disorders have been mixed. The present study examined self-critical perfectionism (SCP) and personal standards perfectionism (PSP) in relation to two facets of restrictive eating to help clarify these relationships. Participants were 207 female undergraduates (Mage = 19.15, SD = 1.27). SCP and PSP were assessed as latent variables. The Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory was used to assess cognitive restraint (attempts to restrict eating) and behavioral restriction (act of restrictive eating). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of SCP and PSP. Based on a structural model, SCP, the more maladaptive dimension of perfectionism, was uniquely related to behavioral restriction. In contrast, PSP, the less maladaptive dimension of perfectionism, was uniquely related to cognitive restraint. Based on these findings, there are differential associations between perfectionism dimensions and facets of restrictive eating. Researchers are encouraged to examine perfectionism as multidimensional to best understand these complex relationships.

Anxiety and dimensions of perfectionism in first year college students: The mediating role of mindfulness

IntroductionAnxiety and perfectionism affect academic success of college students. Mindfulness is associated with decrease anxiety and perfectionism among college students. ObjectiveThis study evaluates the mediating role of dispositional mindfulness on the relationship between adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism and anxiety in first year college students. MethodThe subjects, 283 first year college students (59.5% girls), completed self-reported measures of anxiety, perfectionism and dispositional mindfulness. ResultsOur results show that maladaptive perfectionism is associated with greater anxiety, and a higher dispositional mindfulness score is associated with less anxiety symptoms. Also, mindfulness mediates the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and anxiety symptoms, especially in girls. When the shared variance of maladaptive and adaptive perfectionism is statistically controlled, adaptive perfectionism is associated with anxiety symptoms in boys and mindfulness in girls. ConclusionThis study confirms the mediating role of mindfulness on the relation between maladaptive perfectionism and anxiety. Gender differences, limits of the mindfulness measure and future research are discussed.

Does physical appearance perfectionism predict disordered dieting?

Despite that disordered eating has been repeatedly associated with perfectionism, the results are inconsistent as to which exact dimensions of perfectionism it is related to. Moreover, the increasing evidence that perfectionism is best conceptualized as a domain-specific, as opposed to a global, trait contribute to the lack of clarity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine which dimensions of global and physical appearance perfectionism statistically predict disordered dieting in a non-clinical adult female sample. In total 437 participants completed the Short Almost Perfect Scale, which distinguishes between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism, the Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale, which distinguishes between hope for perfection and worry about imperfection, and the Dieting subscale of the Eating Attitudes Test-26. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that only maladaptive, as opposed to adaptive, global perfectionism statistically predicted disordered dieting. Furthermore, both dimensions of physical appearance perfectionism statistically predicted disordered dieting, although worry about imperfection, its maladaptive dimension, was the strongest statistical predictor. The present results demonstrate that worry about imperfection is an effective statistical predictor of disordered dieting among women, possibly serving as a starting point for further research investigating the utility of its incorporation in prevention and treatment protocols for disordered eating.

IDENTIDAD DE ENFERMEDAD Y AFRONTAMIENTO: SU ROL EN LA ADHERENCIA TERAPÉUTICA DE PACIENTES DIABÉTICOS E HIPERTENSOS; ECUADOR 2019

La identidad de enfermedad es un constructo novedoso que explica la manera en que los pacientes incorporan una enfermedad crónica a su identidad personal. Al relacionarse con otras variables psicológicas, demográficas y clínicas dentro del proceso salud-enfermedad, contribuye a la explicación de las diferencias de comportamientos de los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas en torno a la adherencia al tratamiento. Objetivo: Analizar la relación existente entre identidad de enfermedad, estrategias de afrontamiento, variables sociodemográficas y clínicas con la adherencia terapéutica de pacientes con diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial atendidos en un hospital de la provincia del Azuay, Ecuador. Metodología: Estudio correlacional de corte transversal con 300 pacientes. Recolección de datos: ficha sociodemográfica, Cuestionario de Identidad de Enfermedad, Escala de adherencia y Escala Multidimensional de Evaluación de las Estrategias Generales de Afrontamiento (COPE 28). Análisis: estadística descriptiva, coeficiente de correlación Rho de Spearman, U de Mann Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, p≤ 0.05. Resultados: Correlaciones positivas estadísticamente significativas entre la adherencia terapéutica y las dimensiones de identidad de enfermedad “aceptación” p(rho)=0,323**, “rechazo” p(rho)=0,290** y el afrontamiento centrado en el problema p(rho)=0,433**. Con correlaciones negativas con la adherencia terapéutica se encontraron la edad, el tiempo de diagnóstico y la dimensión “envolvimiento”, con valores p(rho)= -0,399**; p(rho)= -0,128* y p(rho)=-0,41* respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los incumplimientos de las indicaciones de tratamiento de los pacientes hipertensos y diabéticos están relacionados con la edad, el tiempo de diagnóstico de la enfermedad, las dimensiones adaptativas y desadaptativas de la identidad de enfermedad, así como a estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema.

Perfeccionismo y hardiness académico: un estudio correlacional en estudiantes unimetanos

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la relación del perfeccionismo, como rasgo de personalidad y en el ámbito educativo, con el hardiness académico en estudiantes universitarios. Se trató de un estudio no experimental, de alcance correlacional-comparativo y diseño transversal. Participaron 273 estudiantes (Medad = 20.6 ± 2.53) de la Universidad Metropolitana (Caracas-Venezuela), quienes voluntariamente contestaron tres instrumentos de autorreporte. Se encontraron niveles moderados de perfeccionismo y hardiness. Son reportadas diversas diferencias en las variables estudiadas según sexo, trimestre cursado, nivel de preparación al ingresar a la universidad y beneficios socioeconómicos institucionales recibidos. En general, el hardiness se asoció positivamente con el perfeccionismo y sus dimensiones adaptativas, mientras que no mostró relaciones con las dimensiones más desadaptativas del mismo. Este resultado apoya la idea de que el perfeccionismo no incluye únicamente aspectos indeseables, lo que se discute en el marco de la visión negativa que ha imperado sobre el perfeccionismo.

When Nostalgia Tilts to Sad: Anticipatory and Personal Nostalgia.

Contemporary research has showcased many benefits of nostalgia, but its bittersweet character and historical reputation as unhealthy raise the possibility of less favorable impacts. In recent studies, daily diary data highlighted nostalgia’s mixed valence and suggested that nostalgia is more strongly associated with negative feelings. Variables that influence the adaptive or maladaptive dimensions of nostalgia have not yet been fully explored. Recently, a focus on when nostalgia is experienced relative to past and future was introduced in the construct of anticipatory nostalgia, missing the present prematurely before it has become past. Distinct from personal nostalgia, anticipatory nostalgia was found to be characterized by difficulty enjoying the present and a tendency toward sadness and worry. The present study examines the distinctive dynamics at play in anticipatory and personal nostalgia by exploring the relationship between each type of dispositional nostalgia and reported experience with happy and sad stories. The Nostalgia Inventory, the Survey of Anticipatory Nostalgia, and a brief form of the PANAS were completed by 144 undergraduates (110 women), who rated their exposure and reactions to happy and sad stories. Reported frequency of exposure to happy and sad stories was related to dispositional happiness and sadness. Personal and anticipatory nostalgia did not differ in frequency of exposure to happy and sad stories, but they did differ in reactivity to and learning from sad stories. Findings highlight the importance of the timing of nostalgia, consistent with the distinction between nostalgia for the past and nostalgia for what is still present.