Maladaptive Behaviors Research Articles

THE ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR ON ISLAMIC ADOLESCENT FROM SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES

This study aims in general to describe the passive-aggressive behavior adolescents can develop from the parenting pattern of single-parent families. Adolescents who live with a single parent have a risk of delinquency compared to adolescents who are cared for by intact parents. The condition of adolescents who are raised by single parents causes children not to be used to expressing their thoughts and feelings freely. This type of research is quantitative research with a descriptive approach. Data analysis in this study was obtained through a passive-aggressive behavior questionnaire with a Likert scale with a sample of 36 students from single parent families at SMKN 1 Enam Lingkung. The results of the study show that passive-aggressive behavior is in the high category, which means that students have passive-aggressive behavior that needs to be intervened so that students can avoid maladaptive behavior. The school responding to that issue immediately by teachers in schools, especially BK teachers in the implementation of services to reduce passive-aggressive to help students develop more optimally.

Healthy prison cultures: factors influencing male prisoners' engagement in exercise and subsequent healthy behaviours.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors which influence male prisoners' motivation for, and engagement in, exercise and subsequent healthy behaviours. The first authors conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with male prisoners inside an English medium-security male prison. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, themes were identified using thematic analysis and a critical realist perspective applied to understand objective processes behind prisoners' experiences and shared meanings of exercise and engaging in healthy behaviours in prison. Emerging themes indicate that in the context of healthy behaviours male prisoners aspired to a masculine ideal that was characterised by a culture of either adaptive behaviours, or maladaptive behaviours. The former fostered an adaptive exercise culture which promoted psychological well-being through an autonomy-supportive environment, consequently internalising motivation and minimising perceived barriers to engaging in healthy behaviours. Conversely, a culture of maladaptive behaviours fostered a maladaptive exercise culture which led to negative psychological well-being, underpinned by external forms of motivation which emphasised barriers to engaging in healthy behaviours. Findings emphasise the need for prisons to promote an internal perceived locus of control for male prisoners when engaging in healthy behaviours. The authors adopt a rare interdisciplinary approach combining a psychological theory of motivation and criminological perspectives of prison culture to understand how best to minimise the impact of prisons as an institution on the psychological well-being of male prisoners.

Learning to navigate uncertainty in primary care: a scoping literature review.

Clinical practice occurs in the context of uncertainty. Primary care is a clinical environment that accepts and works with uncertainty differently from secondary care. Recent literature reviews have contributed to understanding how clinical uncertainty is taught in educational settings and navigated in secondary care, and, to a lesser extent, by experienced GPs. We do not know how medical students and doctors in training learn to navigate uncertainty in primary care. To explore what is known about primary care as an opportunity for learning to navigate uncertainty. Scoping review of articles written in English. Using a scoping review methodology, Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases were searched, with additional articles obtained through citation searching. Studies were included in this review if they: (a) were based within populations of medical students and/or doctors in training; and (b) considered clinical uncertainty or ambiguity in primary care or a simulated primary care setting. Study findings were analysed thematically. Thirty-six studies were included from which the following three major themes were developed: uncertainty contributes to professional identity formation (PIF); adaptive responses; and maladaptive behaviours. Relational and social factors that influence PIF were identified. Adaptive responses included adjusting epistemic expectations and shared decision making (SDM). Educators can play a key role in helping learners navigate uncertainty through socialisation, discussing primary care epistemology, recognising maladaptive behaviours, and fostering a culture of constructive responses to uncertainty.

Intervensi Cognitive Behaviour Therapy dalam Mengatasi Perilaku Maladaptif: Program PKBI di PSBR Taruna Jaya 1

Maladaptive behavior has implications for the mental and emotional well-being of adolescents. This behavior risks hindering the formation of healthy social relationships, and interferes with their academic and social development. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is a therapeutic approach that focuses on the relationship between one's thoughts, feelings, and behavior. In this study, researchers used a learning approach through learning theory in implementing CBT to overcome maladaptive behavior at the Taruna Jaya 1 Youth Development Institution. This study used a descriptive research method. This study explains the maladaptive behavior of 1 child at the Bina Adolescent Social Institution Taruna Jaya 1 by conducting an intervention in the form of a reflection of the cognitive behavioral therapy method. The results of this study show that the integration of learning approaches and psychosocial therapy in CBT can be effective in overcoming maladaptive behavior in adolescents in social institutions through BENI's English Character Learning program.
 

PERBEDAAN PERILAKU MALADAPTIF PADA ANAK USIA PRASEKOLAH DITINJAU DARI JENIS KELAMIN DAN TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN ORANG TUA

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of maladaptive behavior in preschool children. Preschool age has an important role in preparing children to enter education. Maladaptive behavior is influenced by several factors including environmental, genetic and psychological. The study aims to determine differences in maladaptive behavior in preschool-age children in terms of gender and parental education level. This type of research is quantitative comparison. The population was 205, namely mothers who have preschool children aged 3-6 years. The sample determination used a saturated sample technique where the entire existing population was used as a research sample. The variables in this study are maladaptive behavior and demographic variables of gender and education level of parents. The research data collection technique used a maladaptive behavior scale adapted from the Strength and Difficulties Questionare (SDQ). The data analysis technique uses Regression Test with the help of JASP 16.0. The results showed that there was no significant influence between gender on maladaptive behavior that was raised (Mann-Whitney 4954.000, p = 0.495> 0.05) and there was a significant influence between the level of parental education on maladaptive behavior that was raised (Kruskal-Wallis 10.202, p = 0.001 <0.05).

HUBUNGAN ANTARA REGULASI EMOSI DENGAN PARENTAL SELF-EFFICACY PADA IBU ANAK PRASEKOLAH KB-TK ‘AISYIYAH DI SIDOARJO

This study is motivated by the phenomenon of parental self-efficacy. Many school children have maladaptive behavior so parents must have the ability to care for their children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between emotion regulation and parental self-efficacy of preschool mothers of KB-TK 'Aisyiyah in Sidoarjo. This study used a correlational quantitative method. The population was 205, namely mothers who have preschool children aged 3-6 years old at KB-TK 'Aisyiyah in Sidoarjo. Determination of the sample using saturated sample technique where the entire population is used as a research sample. The data collection technique in this study used a psychological scale in the form of a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used in this study is product moment correlation using JASP 0.16.20. The results showed that the correlation coefficient = 0.213 with a significance of 0.003 <0.05. These results mean that there is a positive relationship between emotion regulation and parental self-efficacy. Thus, the hypothesis proposed in this study is accepted, the higher the emotion regulation, the higher the parental self-efficacy owned, on the contrary, the lower the emotion regulation, the lower the parental self-efficacy owned.

Behavioural (mal)adaptation to extreme heat in Australia: Implications for health and wellbeing

With increasing urbanisation and climate change, more people will be exposed to extreme heat. While health impacts of heat are well known, far less is known about how heat and responses to heat affect daily life. Such information is needed if appropriate advice is to be provided on heat adaptation. This study describes heat-related symptoms that can impact wellbeing but do not necessarily require medical treatment, and how heat changes people's behaviour, including their strategies for relieving heat and seeking heat health advice. Data were collected through an Australia-wide online survey with 1665 responses. We found that heat leads to maladaptive behaviours that could affect long-term health, such as reducing outside activities (67% of respondents) and increasing the consumption of soft drinks (27% of respondents) and alcohol (11% of respondents). Two-thirds of respondents used more air-conditioning to relieve heat stress and many reported poor sleep quality. Behaviour change was strongly correlated with respondents' age, degree of physical activity and the extent to which people sought advice on heat and health (37% of respondents). The results can help identify individuals least likely to cope well with heat and who may benefit most from heat relief advice.

Network-level changes in the brain underlie fear memory strength.

The strength of a fear memory significantly influences whether it drives adaptive or maladaptive behavior in the future. Yet, how mild and strong fear memories differ in underlying biology is not well understood. We hypothesized that this distinction may not be exclusively the result of changes within specific brain regions, but rather the outcome of collective changes in connectivity across multiple regions within the neural network. To test this, rats were fear conditioned in protocols of varying intensities to generate mild or strong memories. Neuronal activation driven by recall was measured using c-fos immunohistochemistry in 12 brain regions implicated in fear learning and memory. The interregional coordinated brain activity was computed and graph-based functional networks were generated to compare how mild and strong fear memories differ at the systems level. Our results show that mild fear recall is supported by a well-connected brain network with small-world properties in which the amygdala is well-positioned to be modulated by other regions. In contrast, this connectivity is disrupted in strong fear memories and the amygdala is isolated from other regions. These findings indicate that the neural systems underlying mild and strong fear memories differ, with implications for understanding and treating disorders of fear dysregulation.

Network-level changes in the brain underlie fear memory strength

The strength of a fear memory significantly influences whether it drives adaptive or maladaptive behavior in the future. Yet, how mild and strong fear memories differ in underlying biology is not well understood. We hypothesized that this distinction may not be exclusively the result of changes within specific brain regions, but rather the outcome of collective changes in connectivity across multiple regions within the neural network. To test this, rats were fear conditioned in protocols of varying intensities to generate mild or strong memories. Neuronal activation driven by recall was measured using c-fos immunohistochemistry in 12 brain regions implicated in fear learning and memory. The interregional coordinated brain activity was computed and graph-based functional networks were generated to compare how mild and strong fear memories differ at the systems level. Our results show that mild fear recall is supported by a well-connected brain network with small-world properties in which the amygdala is well-positioned to be modulated by other regions. In contrast, this connectivity is disrupted in strong fear memories and the amygdala is isolated from other regions. These findings indicate that the neural systems underlying mild and strong fear memories differ, with implications for understanding and treating disorders of fear dysregulation.

Office islands: exploring the uncharted waters of workplace loneliness, social media addiction, and the fear of missing out

AbstractWith adults feeling more isolated and socially disconnected than ever, the association between loneliness and other pathological behaviors has garnered increased attention. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating how loneliness exacerbates maladaptive behaviors like social media addiction (SMA) and the fear of missing out (FoMO), the mechanisms underpinning these relationships, especially in the workplace context, remain elusive. To bridge this knowledge gap, our study incorporates a sample of 381 Taiwanese employees to explore two key areas. First, we investigate the mediating role of workplace ostracism in the relationship between workplace loneliness and both SMA and FoMO. Secondly, we examine the potential moderating role of resilience in the direct and indirect correlations between workplace loneliness and both SMA and FoMO. Our mediation analysis reveals that workplace ostracism operates as a partial mediator in the relationship between workplace loneliness and both SMA and FoMO. Contrary to our expectations given the risk-buffering model, we discovered a positive moderating effect of resilience between (1) workplace loneliness and ostracism, (2) workplace ostracism with both SMA and FoMO, and (3) workplace loneliness with SMA, but not with FoMO. Collectively, these insights can guide the development of more targeted interventions and strategies to mitigate loneliness and related challenges in professional settings.

Lost in the cityscape: Exploring urban homelessness, its societal imprints and policy suggestions

This concise exposition illuminates the societal ramifications of urban homelessness by delving into the subjective experiences of homeless individuals as elucidated through an all-encompassing investigation carried out in Siliguri, India. Employing the qualitative approach based on Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT), we tried to capture the lived experiences of people experiencing homelessness. The findings divulge a multifaceted tapestry of socio-psychological factors situated at the core of the homelessness predicament, encompassing marginalization, maladaptive behaviors, vulnerability within specific demographics, and the unfulfilled entitlement to urban living. The study underscores the pressing necessity for social reappraisal, specialized support services, and policy interventions to address the extreme marginalization and isolation experienced by this vulnerable cohort. It accentuates the significance of economical housing alternatives, community-oriented shelters, accessible programs for addressing drug abuse and mental health disorders, measures promoting economic empowerment, and provision of identification cards enabling democratic rights and governmental program access. The study advocates for a comprehensive approach driven by communal collaboration to combat homelessness while ensuring inclusive and sustainable urban environments wherein every individual is entitled to their "right to the city."

Fear avoidance beliefs, anxiety, and depression in healthy individuals and persons with vestibular disorders across cultures.

In persons with vestibular disorders, disturbed vestibular input and accompanying dizziness can be associated with anxiety or depression. To avoid dizziness, persons with vestibular disorders can develop mal-adaptive fear avoidance behaviors which can negatively influence daily life functioning. The aims of this study were to (1) document different psychological factors in patients with vestibular disorders and healthy adults across cultures and (2) to assess the convergent validity of the 9-item Vestibular Activities Avoidance Instrument (VAAI), which quantifies fear avoidance beliefs. Psychological factors and disability were measured in Dutch-speaking healthy adults and English- and Dutch-speaking persons with vestibular disorders using the VAAI, the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC). The convergent validity of the VAAI was investigated by performing correlation analyses between the VAAI, the DHI, the HADS, and the ABC. A total of 151 Dutch-speaking healthy adults, 404 English-speaking participants with vestibular disorders, and 126 Dutch-speaking participants with vestibular disorders were included. Participants with vestibular disorders presented with higher levels of fear avoidance beliefs (VAAI), perceived disability (DHI), anxiety and depression (HADS), and lower confidence during balance activities (ABC) compared to healthy adults. Regarding the convergent validity of the VAAI, there were moderate to strong correlation coefficients (r = 0.39-0.74) between fear avoidance and the DHI, HADS, and ABC in participants with vestibular disorders. Participants with vestibular disorders report a higher psychological burden compared to healthy adults. These results emphasize the importance of assessing psychological factors in persons with vestibular disorders. In addition, evidence was provided for convergent validity, supporting the VAAI as a valid outcome measure across cultures.

Exploring lesbian internalised homophobia and self-harming: A thematic analysis

BackgroundInternalised homophobia has been associated with maladaptive coping and higher levels of psychological distress. Self-harm within a lesbian population is under researched, specifically in relation to internalised homophobia. The study aimed to explore whether internalised homophobia influences self-harming and coping mechanisms in a lesbian population.MethodAll participants (N = 103) were over 18 (M = 22.87, SD = 6.9) assigned female at birth, and identified as lesbian. The study implemented a qualitative design through an online questionnaire which asked six open-ended questions regarding sexuality, coping mechanisms and internalised homophobia. Results: Through thematic analysis three themes were identified: the role of sexuality on self-harm, importance of LGBTQ+ community, and negative societal perceptions which were explored in relation to relevant literature.ConclusionThrough thematic analysis, internalised homophobia was identified as a sub-theme of self-harming behaviours. The LGTBQ+ community was found to be a protective factor from maladaptive coping behaviours through belonging and shared culture. Participants highlighted there were negative societal perceptions regarding the LGBTQ+ community in general, but also their struggles with self-harm and mental health. The strengths and limitations of the study are addressed alongside suggestions for future research.

Pancreatic Replacement Therapy for Maladaptive Behaviors in Preschool Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

There is an urgent unmet need for a treatment addressing the core symptoms and associated maladaptive symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially in preschool populations. To evaluate whether treatment of children with ASD aged 3 to 6 years treated with high-protease pancreatic therapy produces long- and short-term improvements in autism-associated maladaptive behaviors. This cohort study at 32 sites across the US used a double-blind parallel group, delayed-start design comprising a 2-week blinded placebo run-in, and a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled segment (12 weeks). Children were recruited into the study in 2015, with data collection continuing until 2021. The analyses were completed from June 2021 to February 2022. All participants were randomly assigned to receive either 900 mg high-protease pancreatic replacement therapy or placebo with food 3 times a day for 12 weeks, followed by all receiving 900 mg high-protease pancreatic replacement therapy for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the irritability/agitation subscale of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC-I). All potential participants were screened using the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) with diagnosis confirmed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision) for ASD and the Autism Diagnostic Inventory-Revised (ADI-R). Outcomes were measured at the conclusion of the 12-week double-blind segment and at the conclusion of the 24-week open-label segment (total 36 weeks). A total of 190 participants (150 male [79%]), aged 3 to 6 (mean [SD] age, 4.5 [0.8]) years were randomized. Mixed model for repeated measures analysis performed on ABC-I demonstrated statistically significant differences of -2.49 (95% CI, -4.66 to -0.32; Cohen d = 0.364; P = .03) at the 12-week timepoint and -3.07 (95% CI, -5.81 to -0.33; Cohen d = 0.516; P = .03) at 36-week timepoint. No convergence was noted. Our high-protease pancreatic replacement (CM-AT) was well tolerated with no emergent safety concerns or related serious adverse events noted. This cohort study of preschool children sustained cumulative reduction in the maladaptive behavior of irritability in autism. This delayed-start analysis, used to demonstrate disease and condition modification, may prove to be an important tool to evaluate treatments for ASD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02410902 and NCT02649959.

Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Outcomes for Israelis With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the Community.

This study is among the first pre-post examinations to explore differences in subjective well-being, adaptive and maladaptive behavior, close relationships, community integration, family members' satisfaction with residential and community living settings, and family contact before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants demonstrated better life satisfaction and adaptive behavior before COVID-19 than after COVID-19. Participants reported closer relationships with family members and peers before COVID-19 and closer relationships with staff members after COVID-19. The findings reveal mixed, although mostly negative, effects of the pandemic on people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the community in Israel, in accord with extant comparative research.

Making and breaking habits: Revisiting the definitions and behavioral factors that influence habits in animals.

Habits have garnered significant interest in studies of associative learning and maladaptive behavior. However, habit research has faced scrutiny and challenges related to the definitions and methods. Differences in the conceptualizations of habits between animal and human studies create difficulties for translational research. Here, we review the definitions and commonly used methods for studying habits in animals and humans and discuss potential alternative ways to assess habits, such as automaticity. To better understand habits, we then focus on the behavioral factors that have been shown to make or break habits in animals, as well as potential mechanisms underlying the influence of these factors. We discuss the evidence that habitual and goal-directed systems learn in parallel and that they seem to interact in competitive and cooperative manners. Finally, we draw parallels between habitual responding and compulsive drug seeking in animals to delineate the similarities and differences in these behaviors.

Investigating risk-taking and executive functioning as predictors of driving performances and habits: a large-scale population study with on-road evaluation

IntroductionMaladaptive behavior often results from poor decision-making and by extension poor control over decisions. Since maladaptive behavior in driving, such as excessive speed, can lead to dramatic consequences, identifying its causes is of particular concern. The present study investigated how risk-taking and executive functioning are related to driving performance and habits among the general population.MethodFive hundred and eighty-nine participants completed an on-road driving session with a professional driving instructor and a self-reported checklist of difficult driving situations typically avoided. Additionally, participants completed a set of experimental tasks assessing risk-taking tendencies, reactive adaptive mechanisms, and two distinct forms of inhibition: interference control and response inhibition.ResultsThe results of the present study revealed several significant findings. Firstly, poor driving performance was associated with a high avoidance of challenging driving situations. Secondly, neither form of inhibition studied (interference control or response inhibition) predicted driving performance. Thirdly, while greater involvement in reactive adaptive mechanisms did not predict better on-road performance, it was associated with a reduced tendency to avoid difficult situations. Surprisingly, a higher propensity for risk-taking predicted better on-road performance.DiscussionOverall, these results underline limited links between executive functioning and driving performance while highlighting a potentially more complex relationship between risk-taking tendencies and driving. Executive functioning, however, appears to be linked to driving habits.

Negative feedback-seeking in depression: The moderating roles of rumination and interpersonal life stress.

Swann's self-verification theory proposes that negative feedback seeking (NFS)-the solicitation of negative feedback from others that confirms one's self-views-works in a negative cycle to maintain and exacerbate depression in the face of interpersonal stress. We propose a cognitive-interpersonal integration account of NFS such that this maladaptive behavior prospectively predicts depression only among those with a trait tendency to ruminate on the causes and consequences of depressed mood and stress. Participants included 91 young adults who were over-sampled for a lifetime history of a unipolar depressive disorder (age 17-33; 69% women; 67% lifetime depressive disorder). At baseline, participants completed a structured diagnostic interview and self-report measures of NFS, rumination, and depression symptoms. In addition, participants engaged in an interpersonal rejection task (the Yale Interpersonal Stressor) followed by a behavioral measure of NFS. At a 3-month follow-up, depression symptoms were again assessed by self-report and exposure to stressful interpersonal life events in the intervening period were assessed with a rigorous contextual interview and independent rating system. Controlling for baseline depression severity, greater self-reported, and behaviorally assessed NFS predicted greater follow-up depression severity, but only among those with higher trait tendency to ruminate. For self-reported NFS, this association was further moderated by level of interpersonal, but not noninterpersonal, life events experienced over follow-up. These findings suggest that rumination may represent a modifiable intervention target that could break the vicious interpersonal cycle of depression and, thus, mitigate the depressogenic effects of NFS.

Examining the Qualitative Experiences of Latinx Nurses During the First Wave of COVID-19.

Introduction: The world has been impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic since March of 2020. Latinx nurses have been some of the most underrepresented in being studied during this time and have been greatly affected by it. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published studies that focus on the qualitative experiences of Latinx nurses during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: Data analysis included thematic analysis to identify main themes experienced by Latinx nurses. A qualitative descriptive study design was employed to conduct a parent study with 100 nurses across the United States reflecting on their experiences during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, data collected from May to September 2020. Formal coding of the interview data was conducted utilizing Dedoose cloud-based software. Results: Five main themes emerged, including (1) connection to patients' personal touch and empathy, (2) connection to Latinx nurses, (3) connection to family and friends, (4) connection to food as care, and (5) coping. Within the theme of coping, subthemes of (5.1) faith, (5.2) maladaptive behaviors, and (5.3) self-care activities emerged. Conclusion: These experiences can help shape the pathway to be better prepared for any emergency or future pandemic.

Somatization in children and adolescents with headache: the role of attachment to parents

Primary headache is a common somatic disorder in childhood that significantly affects quality of life. The condition is strongly associated with a variety of internalizing and externalizing disorders, and several dimensions are recognized to play a role in its development and expression, including attachment bonds. The present study aimed at exploring the associations between somatic symptoms, internalizing and externalizing problems, and attachment dimensions in a group of children and adolescents suffering from headache. The predictive effect of internalizing/externalizing problems and attachment dimensions on somatic symptoms was also explored. A sample of 50 children/adolescents with a headache diagnosis (i.e., 36 girls, 14 boys; mean age 13.18 years; SD = 2.85) participated in the study and completed the Children’s Somatization Inventory-24, the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale–Revised Child version, and a brief sociodemographic questionnaire. Mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist 6–18. The correlational analysis revealed positive associations between child somatic symptoms and age, internalizing problems, and attachment anxiety and avoidance to the mother and the father, respectively; and a negative association between child somatic symptoms and secure attachment to the father. The regression analysis highlighted the significant effect of ECR-RC Avoidance-Father and CBCL Internalizing Problems in predicting greater somatic symptoms in young headache patients. The present findings highlight avoidant attachment to fathers and internalizing problems as risk factors for greater somatic symptoms in children/adolescents with headache. The results suggest that greater somatic symptoms in this clinical population may represent a learned maladaptive behavior to satisfy attachment needs. Clinical implications are discussed.