Make-up Water Research Articles

Effective removal of humic acid by mesoporous Zr-MOF adjusted through SDBS.

Humic acid (HA) in makeup water is one of the important safety issues of high-parameter power plants. Herein, the Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (NH2-UiO-66) was applied to remove humic acid in water. The mesoporous of NH2-UiO-66 was controlled by surfactants sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to increase the adsorption of HA. The adsorption of HA at 25°C and pH 7 increased fast at the first 0.5 h and then gradually reached equilibrium after 10 h. The maximum adsorption capacity was 108.93 mg g-1, which removal efficiency was high as 95.0%. The morphology and adsorption properties of NH2-UiO-66 were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface charge, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), N2 adsorption-desorption, and adsorption test. The adsorption process of HA accorded with the pseudo-second-order kinetics, while the adsorption isotherm conformed to be the Langmuir model and the adsorption was proved to be monolayer adsorption. Adsorption was the spontaneous and endothermic process (ΔG°<0, ΔH°>0). The accessible surface area provided by mesopores on the 5 different Zr-MOFs was the reason for the enhanced HA adsorption capacity. These results provided useful information for effective HA removing and enhanced our understanding of the adsorption mechanism of HA on NH2-UiO-66.

Energy-saving potential of ground source multiple chillers in simple and hybrid configurations for Mediterranean climates

Air conditioning accounts for a large share of energy usage in residential and tertiary sectors. Renewable energy technologies offer promising solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of meeting buildings’ energy loads. The possibility of using the soil as a thermal reservoir for heating and cooling systems has gained growing attention in the last decade due to its high potential for energy saving. In this paper, the benefits achievable using ground source chillers for air conditioning in an office building located in Southern Italy are discussed. A multiple chillers system coupled with a borehole heat exchanger is investigated and compared to conventional air-cooled and water-cooled systems. The analysis relies on detailed modeling of the main plant components and exploits a novel approach to calculating the thermal resistance of the borehole. Results show that the ground coupled multiple chillers system achieves a 6.516 average energy efficiency ratio, which is 53.2% higher than the reference air-cooled system and 6.5% higher than the conventional water-cooled system. In addition, a hybrid scheme that integrates the borehole heat exchanger with a cooling tower achieves a 19.5% reduction in make-up water consumption. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that increasing the borehole depth could lead to a significant variation in the system performance, with different trends for simple and hybrid configurations. The proposed study puts forth a reference for the design and operation of this technology for covering the space-cooling demand of buildings in Mediterranean climates.

Investigation of Brine pH Effect on the Rheological and Viscoelastic Properties of HPAM Polymer for an Optimized Enhanced Oil Recovery Design.

A novel approach to improve viscous and viscoelastic properties by exploiting the pH and salinity sensitivity of HPAM polymer is proposed in this paper. Polymer flooding is a well-developed and effective enhanced oil recovery technique. The design of the makeup brine is one of the most critical phases of a polymer flood project, since the brine composition, salinity, and pH directly influence the polymer viscosity and viscoelasticity. However, the viscoelastic properties of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymers have not been given much consideration during the design phase of polymer flood projects. Our experimental study focuses on the optimization of the makeup water design for polymer flooding by evaluating the optimum solution salinity and pH for better stability and improved viscoelastic behavior of the polymer. Initially, the brine salinity and ionic composition is adjusted and then hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer solutions of varying pH are prepared using the adjusted brine. Rheological experiments are conducted over a temperature range of 25–80 °C and at different aging times. Polymer thermal degradation as a function of pH is assessed by examining the solutions at 80 °C for 1 week. Amplitude sweep and frequency sweep tests are performed to determine the viscoelastic properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and relaxation time. A 15–40% increase in the polymer solution viscosity and a 20 times increase in relaxation time is observed in the pH range of 8–10 in comparison to the neutral solution. This can be attributed to the low-salinity ion-adjusted environment of the makeup brine and further hydrolysis and increased repulsion of polymer chains in an alkaline environment. These results indicate that the viscoelastic properties of a polymer are tunable and a basic pH is favorable for better synergy between the brine and the polymer. Alkaline low-salinity polymer solutions have exhibited 60% higher thermal stability in comparison to acidic solutions and thus can be successfully applied in high-temperature reservoirs. The results of this study show that polymer solutions with an optimum pH in the basic range exhibit a higher viscoelastic character and an increased resistance toward thermal degradation. Hence, the polymer solution salinity, ionic composition, and pH should be adjusted to obtain maximum oil recovery by the polymer flooding method. Finally, this study shows that more effective polymer solutions can be prepared by adjusting the pH and designing a low-salinity water/polymer recipe to get the additional benefit of polymer viscoelasticity. The optimized low-salinity alkaline conditions can reduce the residual oil saturation by stronger viscous and viscoelastic forces developed by more viscous polymers. The findings of this study can be employed to design an optimum polymer recipe by tuning the brine pH and salinity for maximum incremental oil recovery, particularly in high-temperature and high-salinity formations.

Life cycle and economic assessments of petroleum refineries wastewater recycling using membrane, resin and on site disinfection (UF-IXMB-MOX) processes

The use of treated effluent as a sustainable, reliable, and accessible source of water supply is a critical factor influencing water use in industrial sectors like petroleum refineries. The purpose of this study is to document the life cycle and economic assessment of an integrated ultrafiltration, ion exchange, and multioxidant (UF-IXMB-MOX) treatment system in the recycling of refinery effluent. The effluent was used to supply makeup water in cooling towers at the Kermanshah oil refinery, Iran from April to December 2018. For the life cycle analysis, eight environmental indicators, including ozone-depleting potential (ODP), global warming (GW), greenhouse gases (GHG), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), health effects (HE), environmental toxicity potential (ETP) and photochemical oxidation potential (POCP) were considered for four groups influencing the selection of a treatment method, including electricity consumption (EC), raw materials, condensed effluent (concentrate) and construction. Results of the economic analysis show that the initial investment for the launch of this treatment system was estimated at $255,750. Considering the fixed and variable annual costs, the cost of regenerating treated effluent was estimated at $0.24/m3 of effluent, with the cost of chemicals contributing the most to annual costs. This scenario, with consumption of 0.08kWh/m3, had the lowest energy consumption compared to other similar membrane-based methods. The electricity consumption in the formation of GHGs, GW, POCP, and health effects, and the role of condensed effluent produced in creating ETP in aquatic and terrestrial environments, had the highest environmental impact among the eight environmental indicators. Overall, results suggest that focusing on renewable energy and the use of chemicals with minimal economic and environmental impact can increase the efficiency of this process.

Using stable isotopes to track hydrological processes at an oil sands mine, Alberta, Canada

Study regionThis study was conducted at an oil sands operation in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR), northeastern Alberta, Canada. The mine comprises open pit excavation of bituminous sands at two sites (Mildred Lake, ML, and Aurora North, AN), with a single hot-water extraction circuit connecting extraction plants at each mine. Study focusWater samples were collected and analyzed regularly over an eight-year period to establish inventories of site-wide water isotope signatures including seasonal and interannual changes in the recycle water circuit, and to permit future application of an isotope balance model to constrain poorly quantified processes such as evaporation losses, dewatering of tailings, and tailings pond connectivity of the recycle water circuit. New hydrological insights for the regionSampling of precipitation inputs over an 8-year period was used to constrain a local meteoric water line for the area. Differences in evaporative isotopic enrichment of tailings ponds at ML and AN are attributed to use of Athabasca River makeup water at the former site versus basal dewatering sources at the latter, with similar atmospheric controls at both. A conceptual model is developed summarizing temporal variations in water balance and isotopic signatures within the recycle water circuit, including accurate simulation of the unique isotopic enrichment of cooling tower blowdown. This study provides foundational evidence for application of stable isotope mass balance to monitor and improve industrial water use efficiency and management.

Geochemical interactions among water, minerals, microbes, and organic matter in formation of speleothems in volcanic (lava tube) caves

Volcanic (lava tube) caves at Lava Beds National Monument (N. CA, USA) provide a valuable terrestrial analog for volcanic caves on Mars and the Moon. Terrestrial volcanic caves host a diverse microbial life, liquid water, and a variety of secondary mineral deposits (speleothems) with diverse morphologies and chemical compositions. Speleothems may preserve records of past and present microbial life and signatures of paleoenvironmental changes in terrestrial volcanic caves. Distinguishing between speleothems via chemical processes and microbially-mediated processes in terrestrial volcanic caves will provide valuable insights for future exploration of martian volcanic caves. To elucidate the formation of speleothems, we studied the chemical makeup (inorganic and organic) of cave waters in seven volcanic caves of variable ages, temperature, moisture content, light intensity, and frequency of human visitation. Cave water was characterized by stable isotopic composition (δ18O and δ2H), concentrations of major and trace elements, cations, anions, and characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM). A forward reaction model (PHREEQC) was used to test possible pathways for secondary mineral precipitation that formed these speleothems. The source of cave water was primarily regional meteoric precipitation that entered the caves through cave openings or through the cave overburden and fractured basalt walls as indicated by cave floor puddle water line δ2H = 8.32*δ18O + 9.55 parallel to the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ2H = 8.3*δ18O + 10). A line formed by cave ceiling drip water δ2H = 3.39*δ18O – 44.77 intersecting the GMWL indicated that the water may be undergoing evaporation within the caves. Silicate weathering was found to be a primary process resulting in cave water enriched in Si (22 ± 7 mg/L), and contained trace levels of Al, Fe, Zn, Li, Sr, Cu, B, V, Ba, Cr and Mn. Geochemical calculations indicated that cave waters were undersaturated with respect to both amorphous silica (SiO2am) and calcite (CaCO3) which were the major components of speleothems observed within the caves. Results of a forward reaction model showed that evaporation of cave waters could lower the solubility of SiO2am and CaCO3 by increasing their saturation and ultimately precipitate these two secondary minerals forming the speleothems. The cave water DOM was characterized by high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 12 ± 8 mg/L) with a molar C/N ratio ranging from 2 to 22. The DOM was found to be aromatic (SUVA254, 1.2–2.9 L/mg.m), terrestrially derived and humic-like (humification index, 7–26) and contained molecules of 100 Da and 5000 Da approximate molecular weight (AMU). Our results indicated that the terrestrially derived carbonaceous organic matter transported into the caves was not utilized for heterotrophic microbial metabolisms as DOC was accumulated over dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Both findings suggest that with minimal heterotrophy, chemo-litho-autotrophy may be important pathways that cycle the elements within these volcanic caves with low light conditions. Together, this study proposes a potential pathway of speleothem precipitation through the interaction of water, dissolved mineral constituents, and microbial life where dissolved ions are concentrated in cave drip water through cyclic condensation-vaporization processes. This work is part of a multi-disciplinary project Biologic Resource Analog in Low Light Environments (BRAILLE) funded by the NASA PSTAR Program (NNH16ZDA001N), which focuses on studying volcanic caves as terrestrial analogs for the Moon and Mars.

The impacts of high salinity and polymer properties on dewatering and structural characteristics of flocculated high-solids tailings

In seeking to better understand the inline flocculation technique for enhanced water recovery from concentrated fine-particle suspensions, polymers of different molecular weight (MW) and chemistry were used to treat a synthetic tailings slurry in a low-shear mixer for continuous flocculation under controlled conditions. The effects of dissolved salts in the slurry and polymer solution make-up water on dewatering performance were evaluated for conventional acrylamide/acrylate copolymers (BASF Magnafloc® products) and an alternative functional chemistry polymer (BASF Rheomax® DR 1050). The properties of the separated liquid and solid phases were examined to understand the impacts of salinity and polymer type on the formation of rapidly dewatering flocculated material. Higher concentrations of NaCl (0.006–0.6 M) and CaCl2 (0.006–0.06 M) salts in the unflocculated slurries formed larger coagulated structures, with focussed beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) showing greater pre-aggregation for the divalent salt. NaCl slurries show edge-to-edge (EE) and edge-to-face (EF) inter-particle associations that are open and easily disrupted while more compact face-to-face (FF) contacts are observed in CaCl2 slurries. For concentrated NaCl slurries, the dosing of medium-to-high MW polymers is generally preferred to maximise net water recovery, with the implication being that bridging mechanisms are still at play in high solids applications. In calcium-enriched slurries, the lower MW conventional copolymer gave comparatively better water returns than the other polymers when applied under low shear conditions, highlighting quite distinct aggregation processes compared to low solids flocculation. These results provide insight on the fundamental complexity of the ionic strength dependence of high solids-high dosage tailings flocculation, towards informing reagent polymer dosing and offering greater flexibility for end-of-pipe dewatering schemes.

Improved Lignite Predrying System Integrated with Heat and Water Recovery from Wet Flue Gas at Lignite-Fired Power Plants: Energy and Water Conservation

To improve energy efficiency and reduce water consumption simultaneously in lignite-fired power plants, an improved lignite predrying system integrated with heat and water recovery from wet flue gas is proposed in this study. In the proposed system, the heat source for the lignite predrying system was the latent heat from the flue gas instead of the extracted steam, so the extracted steam could return to the turbine to generate more power. Moreover, both the water from the raw lignite and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) processes were recovered, which minimized the water consumption of lignite-fired power plants. This study evaluated the energy- and water-saving potential of the proposed system at both air-cooling and wet-cooling power plants firing three types of lignite separately. The results showed that the higher the moisture content of lignite, the larger the net efficiency improvement and the make-up water rate reduction. The net efficiency improvement and make-up water rate reduction in power plants firing Yimin lignite reached 2.33% points and 0.370 t/MWh, respectively, at wet-cooling power plants, and 2.18% points and 0.443 t/MWh at air-cooling power plants. This means that zero water consumption can be achieved, and water and electricity can be output at the same time at air-cooling power plants. The technical and economic analysis showed that the net present value in 10-years of power plants firing different lignite types could reach 49.31, 36.19, and 16.44 million USD depending on the predry degree. The discounted payback period was 2.34–3.67 years, which showed good economic viability in all cases.

Efficient Genetic Transformation of Rice for CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Genome-Editing and Stable Overexpression Studies: A Case Study on Rice Lipase 1 and Galactinol Synthase Encoding Genes

Rice is a staple food crop for almost half of the world’s population, especially in the developing countries of Asia and Africa. It is widely grown in different climatic conditions, depending on the quality of the water, soil, and genetic makeup of the rice cultivar. Many (a)biotic stresses severely curtail rice growth and development, with an eventual reduction in crop yield. However, for molecular functional analysis, the availability of an efficient genetic transformation protocol is essential. To ensure food security and safety for the continuously increasing global population, the development of climate-resilient crops is crucial. Here, in this study, the rice transformation protocol has been effectively optimized for the efficient and rapid generation of rice transgenic plants. We also highlighted the critical steps and precautionary measures to be taken while performing the rice transformation. We further assess the efficacy of this protocol by transforming rice with two different transformation constructs for generating galactinol synthase (GolS) overexpression lines and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated edited lines of lipase (Lip) encoding the OsLip1 gene. The putative transformants were subjected to molecular analysis to confirm gene integration/editing, respectively. Collectively, the easy, efficient, and rapid rice transformation protocol used in this present study can be applied as a potential tool for gene(s) function studies in rice and eventually to the rice crop improvement.

Improving a heat supply system by increasing the efficiency of the heat pump unit

The reliability and efficiency of the operation of district heating systems is largely determined by the efficiency of preparation of heating network water. In open heat supply systems, make-up water, among other things, compensates for the water intake in hot water supply systems. A number of technologies have been developed that increase the efficiency of an open heat supply system by reducing the water consumption in the supply pipeline of the heating network, increasing the operating time of the heat pump, and increasing the specific generation of electricity for heat consumption at the CHP plant due to additional cooling of the network water in the return pipe of the heating network.

Использование фосфатно-силикатного ингибитора коррозии при обработке подпиточной воды для замкнутых систем горячего водоснабжения многоквартирных домов Cанкт-Петербурга

The paper presents the results of technological research on the use of phosphate-silicate corrosion inhibitor for processing the make-up water of a full internal hot water recirculation system of apartment buildings in St. Petersburg. The inhibitor stops the process of corrosion of the inner surface of pipelines and protects them from deposits. With continuous dosing of this inhibitor at a dose of 15-20 mg/dm3 after 1-3 months from the beginning of its use, the quality of hot water according to organoleptic indicators, the content of total iron and zinc meets the current regulatory requirements. A break in the dosing of the inhibitor for up to one month and no more than five months does not lead to the deterioration in the quality of hot water.

Water saving in thermal power plant by use of membrane filter in cooling tower treatment

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;A study was carried to investigate by placing a side stream filter in a cooling tower to observe the water conservation in the system. For any coal based power plant cycles of concentration plays important role for water conservation. The cycles of concentration in cooling tower was increased by installation of membrane system. The drain of the side stream filter was disposed to effluent treatment plant (ETP), while the filtered water will be recycled to the cooling tower inlet. The water parameter was measured by using various flow rates, pressure, and other factors. Significant water savings were demonstrated in the pilot. Maximum make-up water and outflow were both reduced by 14% and 48%, respectively. To save the most water, permeate recovery must be as high as possible. Water savings were minimal due to silica scaling on the membranes. Selected membranes are capable of lower total dissolved system (TDS) rejection than the 88% of total required membranes in the primary study, which might help to save water. The increased energy consumed by membrane treatment was compensated for by lower water outlays. To prevent scaling antiscalent chemical with chemical dosing system was installed along with membrane system.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Improving the quality of water treatment in boiler rooms through the use of natural sorbents

The article is devoted to the important requirements of the present time to the issues of operating reliability of heat-stressed boiler surfaces, the condition of the pipeline heat supply system and the quality of makeup water. The fight against the formation of scale and corrosion is the main task which is solved in the process of process water preparation, since significant contamination of the surfaces of heat exchange equipment with various kinds of deposits of mineral salts and the presence of corrosion products lead to a significant decrease in the efficiency of heating equipment operation, and the consequence is usually its failure. One of the essential factors in the operation of heat exchange equipment is the quality of the organization of the water-chemical regime - the determination of the necessary technological parameters, the composition of the filter load, the doses of all reagents, allowing to minimize the process of formation of mineral deposits and the area of corroded material structures. The article presents experimental data on the influence of natural sorbents on the quality of artesian water preparation for the needs of the population. The results of scientific research on the determination of composition and sorbent dose for water purification in the process of water treatment to prevent the formation of deposits and corrosion of equipment materials are presented. The assumption is confirmed that the use of natural sorbents reduces the content level of all “problematic” elements in the process of water treatment to standard values.

On the reduction of the residual oil saturation through the injection of polymer and nanoparticle solutions

Polymer flooding has been traditionally applied to achieve favorable mobility ratios compared to water flooding, and thus increase formation sweep efficiency in oil displacement processes. Based on laboratory studies, several authors have reported lower residual oil saturations, Sorc, to the waterflood residual oil saturation, Sorw, when viscoelastic polymers were used during polymer flooding. The reported mechanisms contributing to the observed reduced residual oil saturation include mobility control, improved sweep efficiency, and improved microscopic displacement efficiency. The limitations of polymer flooding are obvious: high oil viscosity requires high concentration of polymer which increases the process cost, presence of clays which increases polymer adsorption, formation brine and water make-up salinity and type of ions which will affect the injected polymer viscosity, and extensively fractured formations which will cause sweep challenges. This review paper summarizes the most recent research findings, observations, conclusions, and reported physical mechanisms contributing to more efficient oil displacement processes and lower than Sorw residual oil saturation. The discussion focuses on viscoelastic polymer oil displacement processes and includes formation water and polymer solution salinity, resistance factor (RF), and polymer molecular weight effects. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) during polymer flooding is examined and results obtained are also reported in this review. More specifically, the polymer-NP system rheological behavior for several different types of NPs and surface modified silica NP are examined to find the most efficient system for oil displacement. Mechanisms contributing to more effective oil displacement processes when carefully screened NPs are added into the viscoelastic polymer solutions include interfacial tension reduction, formation wettability alteration, increased injected polymer solution viscosity, and prevention of asphaltene precipitation.

Boiler blowdown recovery

One way to reduce the heat loss of the steam boiler is to reduce the blowdown rate and recover the heat from the purged water. Purging the boiler, although necessary, represents a loss of treated water and a loss of heat because the purged water is water brought to saturation. Blowdown recovery must be done according to the available users/consumers. The paper analyses the recovery of blowdown of a steam boiler of 420 t/h capacity by using a flash separator and a makeup water preheater. The flash steam is used for the feed water deaeration. The heat recovered from the blowdown can reach 97%, and the recovered water can reach 43%.

An intelligent operational supervision system for operability and reliability analysis of operators manual actions in task implementation

In the paper, we present a framework for comprehensive operational feasibility analysis from both functional and structural safety perspectives using the measures of hazard and reliability. Within the framework, a pattern-matching algorithm is proposed for operation supervision and underlying human error mode identification using procedure-based action library. An intelligent operational supervision system is further developed in integration with operational mission reliability analysis. The capabilities of procedure-guided operation navigation and supervision as well as operability and reliability of operators manual actions are validated by a case study of reactor boron and water makeup system for manual makeup task implementation in QT virtual simulation environment. The validation results show that the intelligent operational supervision system is capable of procedural operation navigation and supervision. The trend impact of proactive operations can be effectively profiled using the measures of reliability in synchronous prediction and supervision.

Improving the environmental friendliness of a solid fuel boiler house using SHF energy

To reduce harmful emissions, solid fuel consumption and increase the efficiency of the boiler plant, an automated system with a combined heating device and a condensing air heater connected in series was designed. In a combined heating device (SHF + flue gases) equipped with a magnetron, quality control and additional preparation of solid fuel with a high moisture content (up to 80%) for combustion are carried out. In the condensing air heater, the heat of the flue gases coming into it from the combined heating deviceand the latent heat of vaporization are extracted. The use of this system allows reducing the moisture content and temperature of flue gases, the volume of harmful emissions from the boiler plant in the form of nitrogen oxides and dioxides (NOx), carbon oxides (CO), ash, volatile coke residues. By increasing the volume and reducing the corrosiveness of the condensate formed from the flue gases in the condensation air heater during the drying process of fuel with a high moisture content, it can be subsequently used as process and make-up water. Practical application of the system makes it possible to reduce the cost of generating heat energy by the boiler house by increasing the use of low-calorie fuel with a high moisture content in the form of waste from logging, wood processing, low-grade coal and peat, which also has a positive environmental effect.

Studying optimum conditions to reduce low carbon steel corrosion in cooling towers system of Al-Daura refinery

The behaviour of corrosion of low carbon steel in makeup and recirculating water of cooling towers installed in AL-Daura Refinery was studied in the absence and presence of different concentrations of the commercial ku-2050 inhibitor (25 to 2000 ppm) at different pH values (7-8.5) and for different periods of immersion (1 day to 6 weeks) using Weight Loss method under static conditions (velocity=0). Factorial and Taguchi methods were applied to analyse the data by the software Minitab 2021. The analyses aimed at obtaining mathematical expressions to show the correlation of the corrosion rate with the working parameters. Monte Carlo Simulation technique was used to evaluate the effects of random events facing the corrosion process. Sensitivity analysis was utilized to see how corrosion rate variates by the variation in the working parameters in mathematical expression. The inhibitor efficiency results showed the direct increase with increasing in conc. of ku-2050 up to 500 ppm in makeup water while in recirculating water this increase continued up to 800 ppm of ku-2050 inhibitor.

ANALISIS PERFORMA MENARA PENDINGIN MECHANICAL INDUCED DRAUGHT ALIRAN COUNTERFLOW PADA PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA PANAS BUMI LAHENDONG UNIT 5

In the geothermal power plant process, the main cooling water system is required to maximize the power plant, one of them is using the cooling tower. The Cooling Tower is an incredibly vital cooler. So, the performance must be noted is still in accordance with initial conditions. The purpose of this research is to determined the performance of Mechanical Induced Draught counterflow Cooling Tower in Lahendong Geothermal Power Plan Unit 5 with quantitative research for 7 days with 10 hours of operational work. In Lahendong Geothermal Power Plant Unit 5. The result of this research showed the performance of Mechanical Induced Draught Counterflow Cooling Tower in Lahendong Geothermal Power Plan Unit 5. The range increased up to 14.2 C, in the morning because of the high humidity, the effectiveness which also increases in the morning and the airflow conditions which still remain. So, this research will be concluded when the performance of Mechanical Induced Draught Counterflow Cooling Tower Geothermal Power Plant Unit 5 is still in normal operation conditions and needs to do Make-up Water amounts of 387.81 m3/h.

The Carbon Footprint of Construction of Make-up Water Cooling System

The Carbon Footprint of Construction of Make-up Water Cooling System