Makeup Removal Research Articles

Permanent Makeup (PMU) Removal with Plant Origin Extracts

Permanent makeup (PMU) is a popular application for the correction of face and body imperfections. It can be applied over the facial area to correct the shape and color of eyebrows, to the eyelids to create permanent eyeliner shapes, and the lips to create permanent lipliner and lip shading features. Furthermore, its “medical” use on the scalp and men’s facial hair area to camouflage hair follicles and to cover hairless areas makes it popular for hair transplants. No matter how useful these procedures are, there are always mistakes and the factor of bad application which raises the number of patients who want to “remove” it or “correct” it on their face or body. In order to find a non-laser solution for PMU removal, we investigated the decolorization capacity of common plants and plant origin extracts on mouse models. Two methods were used for PMU decolorization. The first one included the use of traditional tattooing with needles combined with plant origin extracts applied over the tattooed area. The second one included the use of electroporation technology application with the combination of plant origin materials to remove the PMU colorants over the tattooed area. In both cases, the permanent makeup colorants for eyebrows, eyeliners, and lipliners were applied in vivo.

OPINION SURVEY OF WOMEN AND MEN OF DIFFERENT AGES ON FACIAL CARE

Purpose: The aim of the study was to verify the opinion of women and men of different ages about face care, as well as the use of face care cosmetics and care possibilities. Methodology. A total of 160 respondents took part in the study. The level of knowledge concerning the principles of proper skin care, facial skin care related to skin problems, as well as knowledge of the methods and cosmetics used for this purpose were tested. Among the respondents took part 80 women (50 %) and 80 men (50 %), aged 17 to 64 years old. Most of the respondents were those surveyed aged between 20 and 30, with 36 women (22.5 % of all respondents) and 29 men (over 18 % of all respondents). The second largest group is those surveyed between the ages of 30 and 40; in this group, there were 15 women (over 9 % of all respondents) and 21 men (over 13 % of all respondents). The remaining groups are as follows: under 20 – 22 people (almost 14 %), between 40 and 50 – 26 people (over 16 % of respondents), and over 50 – 11 people (less than 7 % of respondents). Together with the survey, the respondents received information about its author, purposefulness, and anonymity of the survey. The survey, which is a research tool, is its own development. The study consisted of answering the survey questions independently without the participation of the researcher. The survey consisted of 11 different types of questions that were designed to motivate the respondents to provide the information sought. These were both metric questions and questions about the subjective experiences of the respondents. Scientific novelty. Almost 40 % of the respondents believe that face care is for them the use of cosmetics for this purpose. Not much more than 30 % of all respondents claim that showering is face care. The answer "make-up removal" was given by over 16 % of all respondents, and "treatments in a beauty salon" was 13.5 %. On the other hand, 2.19 % of respondents answered that they could not assess what facial care meant to them. When examining the frequency of using cosmetics by the respondents, over 50 % of the respondents claim that they use them every day, about 45 % – sometimes, and only 2.5 % do not use them at all. Creams, lotions, tonics, and facial cleansing gels are the most popular cosmetics used for facial skin care. On the other hand, men most often use soap for facial skin care, and women – micellar water. More than half of the respondents declare that they use peels (almost 80% of women surveyed, almost 20 % of men). More than half of the respondents answered that they use a mask; they were mostly women, who were dominated by cleansing and moisturizing masks. The survey also asked about cosmetics eliminating imperfections, where moisturizing and anti-acne cosmetics dominated in both sexes. Conclusions. This study demonstrated that еhe respondents' knowledge of facial care is definitely unsatisfactory. When choosing face care cosmetics, respondents are most often guided by the price and intended use for their skin type. On the other hand, taking into account the division into sex and age, it is rather women who take into account these factors and often pay attention to the composition and brand of the cosmetic. On the other hand, men are very often guided by price, brand, and efficiency, especially at a young age, while later age they are more interested in the convenience of use and the opinion of others. Men are just as often guided by habit. Therefore, it can be concluded that they forget about the most important values of cosmetics.

Application of the Hyperspectral Imaging Method to Assess the Effectiveness of Permanent Makeup Removal

The growing popularity of permanent makeup is associated with an increase in the need for treatments that effectively remove pigments from the skin. The risk of the radiation wavelength not being adjusted to the spectral ranges of individual pigments that compose the final color appears because complex dye compositions are used for permanent makeup. Incorrectly selected laser parameters may reduce the effectiveness of the treatment and increase the risk of thermal damage, leading to scarring and discoloration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of laser permanent makeup removal using hyperspectral imaging. Five different dyes were implemented into the skin of the pig’s ear. Then the dyes were removed using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. During the study, skin measurements were performed with a hyperspectral camera before and after laser application. The results were analyzed using GLCM, reflectance, and quadratic tree decomposition. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the most difficult dye to remove is white because it is characterized by high reflectivity of electromagnetic radiation. After the dye removal, there was a decrease in reflectance and contrast of GLCM and an increase in homogeneity for all dyes except for white. After the laser application, the pigments were distributed more equally in the skin.

BareSkinNet: De‐makeup and De‐lighting via 3D Face Reconstruction

AbstractWe propose BareSkinNet, a novel method that simultaneously removes makeup and lighting influences from the face image. Our method leverages a 3D morphable model and does not require a reference clean face image or a specified light condition. By combining the process of 3D face reconstruction, we can easily obtain 3D geometry and coarse 3D textures. Using this information, we can infer normalized 3D face texture maps (diffuse, normal, roughness, and specular) by an image‐translation network. Consequently, reconstructed 3D face textures without undesirable information will significantly benefit subsequent processes, such as re‐lighting or re‐makeup. In experiments, we show that BareSkinNet outperforms state‐of‐the‐art makeup removal methods. In addition, our method is remarkably helpful in removing makeup to generate consistent high‐fidelity texture maps, which makes it extendable to many realistic face generation applications. It can also automatically build graphic assets of face makeup images before and after with corresponding 3D data. This will assist artists in accelerating their work, such as 3D makeup avatar creation.

Spent coffee waste: A sustainable source of cleansing agent for a high-performance makeup remover

Cosmetic consumers’ demand upon natural/eco-friendly and sustainable products are increasing. Those of cosmetic substances upcycled from agricultural industries are of significance in terms of availability and feasibility. Accordingly, spent coffee grounds left over from processing of coffee products are revealed as a renewable source for cosmetics. Spent coffee oils were prepared by several methods. The fatty acid composition was determined as methyl ester derivatives by gas chromatography. The analyses gave comparative yields of extracts (8–16%) and fatty acids (78–94%). Palmitic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acid constituents followed by oleic and stearic acids. The oil was proved to be practical for cosmetics based on its physicochemical properties, with 95.05 ± 3.05% of makeup removal efficacy. Stable spent coffee oil removers were developed, among which that of 40% oil formulation was significantly better in removal efficacy than the 35% (90.59 ± 1.30 and 81.76 ± 1.06%, p < 0.01). The spent coffee oil remover was safe and satisfied in 20 female volunteers.The oil is evidenced as the sustainable cleansing agent for a high-performance makeup remover. Spent coffee oil is appointed as a promising source of high-value added products, i.e. cosmetics and personal care that the tendency for sustainable/naturally derived cosmetic ingredients is increasing. Successive management of coffee processing waste into a more profitable cosmetic product is highlighted.

Analysis of 275 DIY recipes for eye cosmetics and their possible safety issues.

Some consumers have become very suspicious of certain health products such as medicines, medical devices and cosmetics. This can lead them to choose to make such products themselves. The aim of this work was therefore to analyse recipes for eye makeup and makeup removal products, as well as eyelash and eye contour care products. We collected recipes for do‐it‐yourself products found on blogs and social media (YouTube channels, Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram and TikTok) in French and English and then analyse their composition as well as how practical it is to make these recipes. We compiled and studied 275 recipes for products that can be used in or around the eye (periocular area). This work has shown that the quantities of the various ingredients are very imprecise, that the proposed substances are not suitable for the intended use and that the preservation of the finished products is not sufficiently guaranteed. The results obtained suggest that recipes for products intended for use in the eye or in the periocular area are not safe to use and that their use is likely to have relatively serious consequences.

CUMTGAN: An instance-level controllable U-Net GAN for facial makeup transfer

Instance-level makeup transfer refers to transferring a specific makeup style to a particular face without cosmetic, while keeping its facial structure. To solve the challenges such as face structure loss and uncontrollable shade of makeup transfer in the existing makeup transfer methods, in this paper, we propose an instance-level face makeup transfer algorithm with generative adversarial network (CUMTGAN, Controllable U-Net Makeup Transfer GAN). The network uses the results of face semantic segmentation to put on or remove makeup on specific areas such as eyes, lips, while constraining the parts such as image background. It uses the characteristics of the skip connections of the U-Net structure to achieve hierarchical feature fusion. A Superimposed Module is also proposed to provide a controllable shade of makeup for the generated images, making the control of the makeup more arbitrary. Especially, we propose a new quantitative evaluation method to evaluate facial structure and makeup style respectively. To our best knowledge, it is the first time to evaluate generated samples from two aspects. The experimental results on the MT dataset show that the proposed method can generate natural and visual makeup images and makeup removal images, which is superior to the baseline methods in facial structure and makeup style.

Research on the Skin Concerns of Consumers with Sensitive Skin and Their Attitude and Behavior Toward Derma Products

Consumer reports of self-perceived sensitive skin vary from country to country, with China being the most common. It is a booming market, and it is both an opportunity and challenge for companies who manufacture cosmetics and personal care products to develop sensitive skin-specific products. A study on the cognition of sensitive skin and the evaluation criteria of self-perceived sensitive skin among consumers via comparison by region (China and Singapore), as well as the categories and functions of cosmetics for sensitive skin is conducted. The results are as follows: (1) the skin concerns of consumers with sensitive skin vary by region (China and Singapore), city (Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou), skin type (dry skin and oily skin), and age group (20s and 30s) in China; (2) the participants from Singapore reported more new skin concerns (acne or pimple breakout, clogged pores, and acne scars or acne spots) compared to those from China and believe that the frequency increased following COVID-19; (3) more Singaporean participants perceived “Inappropriate use of skin care products” and “Used products containing harmful ingredient” to be the primary cause of skin sensitivity, whereas those from China felt that “Incomplete makeup removal” is the primary cause; (4) facing skin sensitivity, the participants from both the countries tend to use products specifically designed for sensitive skin and reduce the frequency of using makeup or avoid makeup altogether; the participants from China would also modify their lifestyle habits, while those from Singapore tend to simplify or shorten their skincare routine; (5) compared to other cities, the participants from Wuhan tend to use products specifically design for sensitive skin or derma cosmetics at a lower rate (only when there are signs of skin sensitivity); (6) serum is the most used category among Singaporean participants, while those from China favor the use of face cream over face serum; the number of participants from China who use makeup remover among those in their 20s is higher than those in their 30s; lotion or emulsion is preferred in Shanghai, while face cream is preferred in Beijing; (7) Singaporean participants tend to use two separate products, one of which is related to soothing or calming benefit and the other for functional benefit, while those from China tend to choose functional products from brands that are suitable for sensitive skin or derma cosmetic brands. In conclusion, makeup products for sensitive skin, mild makeup removal, and functional products from derma cosmetic brands are potential products in China, while multi-purpose products and serum have shown high potential under the sensitive skincare category in Singapore.

PSGAN++: Robust Detail-Preserving Makeup Transfer and Removal.

In this paper, we address the makeup transfer and removal tasks simultaneously, which aim to transfer the makeup from a reference image to a source image and remove the makeup from the with-makeup image respectively. Existing methods have achieved much advancement in constrained scenarios, but it is still very challenging for them to transfer makeup between images with large pose and expression differences, or handle makeup details like blush on cheeks or highlight on the nose. In addition, they are hardly able to control the degree of makeup during transferring or to transfer a specified part in the input face. These defects limit the application of previous makeup transfer methods to real-world scenarios. In this work, we propose a Pose and expression robust Spatial-aware GAN (abbreviated as PSGAN++). PSGAN++ is capable of performing both detail-preserving makeup transfer and effective makeup removal. For makeup transfer, PSGAN++ uses a Makeup Distill Network (MDNet) to extract makeup information, which is embedded into spatial-aware makeup matrices. We also devise an Attentive Makeup Morphing (AMM) module that specifies how the makeup in the source image is morphed from the reference image, and a makeup detail loss to supervise the model within the selected makeup detail area. On the other hand, for makeup removal, PSGAN++ applies an Identity Distill Network (IDNet) to embed the identity information from with-makeup images into identity matrices. Finally, the obtained makeup/identity matrices are fed to a Style Transfer Network (STNet) that is able to edit the feature maps to achieve makeup transfer or removal. To evaluate the effectiveness of our PSGAN++, we collect a Makeup Transfer In the Wild (MT-Wild) dataset that contains images with diverse poses and expressions and a Makeup Transfer High-Resolution (MT-HR) dataset that contains high-resolution images. Experiments demonstrate that PSGAN++ not only achieves state-of-the-art results with fine makeup details even in cases of large pose/expression differences but also can perform partial or degree-controllable makeup transfer. Both the code and the newly collected datasets will be released at https://github.com/wtjiang98/PSGAN.

Make-Up Removers and Eye Surface

Purpose: to evaluate the influence on the state of the eye surface and the tear-producing system of decorative cosmetics and cosmetic products with different chemical bases for removing makeup.Patients and methods. The study included 45 (90 eyes) persons without clinical signs of an acute inflammatory process of the eye surface, they were prescribed the use of one of the Biore products: 15 people — makeup removal wipes, 15-micellar water, 15-makeup removal serum. The results of the objective (biomicroscopy, tests for lacrimal production) and subjective examinations are included in the questionnaires developed and standardized for this study (3 visits after the start of the use of cosmetics, 14, 30 days after the start of their use).Results. There were no significant differences (p &gt; 0.5) between the groups that used makeup remover products on different bases — makeup remover serum, micellar water, makeup remover wipes — in all the patients included in the study. Patients with signs of a chronic inflammatory process on the eye surface and dry eye syndrome are less tolerant of makeup remover, which is manifested in a lower subjective assessment of these products after their use compared to patients without signs of an inflammatory process (p &lt; 0.5). A correlation was determined at r = 0.3085, p = 0.0392 between the skin type and the Schirmer test parameters, exactly, the more oily the skin, the higher the Schirmer test parameters, it indicates a possible relationship between the skin type and the functional activity of the tear-forming glands, which indicates the need for further research in this area. The absence of a correlation (p &gt; 0.5) between objective and subjective parameters that characterize the state of the eye surface and the tear-producing system, as well as the number of hours per day when decorative cosmetics are used, indicates that prolonged use of this type of exposure does not lead to the development of a pathological process on the eye surface.

Adversarial learning with collaborative attention for facial makeup removal

In this paper, we propose an adversarial learning method with collaborative attention to remove facial makeup in profile photos using generative adversarial networks (GANs). One challenge of makeup removal is how to preserve key characteristics, such as eye color, while thoroughly removing makeup. A collaborative attention mechanism is proposed to selectively manipulate face regions. In the mechanism, intra-attention takes the self-correlation of faces with makeup into consideration, which restricts inter-attention to pay more attention to regions with heavier makeup while leaving other regions untouched (e.g., eyes and hair). Another challenge is that the similarity between light makeup and non-makeup images results in a small domain gap. In such cases, it is hard to distinguish and thoroughly remove light makeup. To strengthen discriminative ability, we propose using input makeup images as negative samples to train a new-style classifier for the discriminator. The classifier enhances the discriminator to extract more discriminative style features and helps the generator to thoroughly remove light makeup. To validate the proposed algorithm, a large-scale makeup/non-makeup dataset was built. Extensive experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method, achieving new state-of-the-art performance.

Awareness and Practices about Skin Care among Medical Students: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Skin care is defined as practices that help in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the skin. Routine skin care focuses on keeping it clean, balanced, protected and free from irritation. This can be achieved with a simple regimen including gentle cleansing, moisturising and protecting the skin from UV rays. Aim: To evaluate the awareness and practices regarding skin care among medical students. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving medical students studying at a medical college in Western India. A questionnaire consisting of close-ended questions regarding skin care awareness and practices was used as study tool. Data was analysed using the STATA14 software. Results: The study group comprised of 300 participants of which 201 (67%) were females and the rest 99 (33%) were males. The age of participants ranged from 17 to 23 years. Ninety-three (31%) felt that ideally face should be washed twice in a day, while 153 (51%) students were having the awareness regarding makeup removal before sleep. The ideal sunscreen SPF was not known by 211 (70.3%) students while 47 (15.7%) knew that it should be 30-50. Awareness regarding physical exercise, yoga and meditation improving the skin health was seen in 201 (67%) and 235 (78.3%), respectively. Awareness regarding adequate sleep and healthy diet necessary for healthy skin was reported by 261 (87%) and 250 (83.3%) students, respectively. Total 129 (43%) students used Over-The-Counter (OTC) products or face wash to wash their face, 167 (55.7%) used some or other cosmetic products, 226 (75.3%) students didn’t share their cosmetic products with others while 277 (92.3%) students didn’t use sunscreen routinely. Conclusion: Medical students need to be aware about skin care practices, so that they can educate the general public about its importance particularly in country like India where most of the general population is under the influence of advertisements in newspaper and television about routine skin care.

Alternate Light Source Findings of Common Topical Cosmetics and Three Removal Methods

Alternate light sources (ALSs) are a tool used by forensic nurses to aid in the physical examination of patients. Prior research has shown some topical makeup products absorb alternate light similar to the absorption noted in bruises. Therefore, the purposes of this study were (a) to further examine the ALS findings of multiple brands and types of makeup products and (b) to compare the efficacy of three methods of makeup removal. Fourteen makeup products were applied to the forearms of 100 healthy adult volunteers with varying skin tones and then assessed under white light, six alternate light wavelengths, and three color filters, producing 19 total wavelength-and-filter combinations. The results were recorded before and after removal procedures by forensic nurse examiners who were blinded to the removal method. A three-arm randomized controlled trial of makeup removal methods (soap and water, isopropyl alcohol swab, makeup removal wipe) was conducted with the participants. All 14 makeup products produced absorption in at least 10% of the observations. Fluorescence was observed in more than 10% of the observations for only two products. After product removal, four products continued to produce statistically significant absorption findings when viewed under an ALS. One product produced significant fluorescence after removal procedures. There were no statistically significant differences between the removal methods noted in any of these analyses. Our findings support the importance of using alternate light as one component of a comprehensive forensic examination, including history taking and physical examination.

Synthesis, Characterization, Self-Assembly, and Irritation Studies of Polyglyceryl-10 Caprylates.

1,4-dioxane should be less than or equal to 10 ppm in finished cosmetic products according to the recommendation of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, but it is often generated as a by-product during the manufacturing process of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based derivatives. In order to avoid the possible risk caused by 1,4-dioxane, it might be a good choice for preparing cosmetic ingredients by using polyglycerin (PG) instead of PEG as a hydrophilic segment. In the present study, polyglyceryl-10 caprylates were synthesized by the esterification reaction between polyglycerin-10 and caprylic acid. FTIR and 1H NMR were utilized to confirm the chemical structures of the obtained polyglyceryl-10 caprylates. Light transmittance was availed to investigate the water solubility of polyglyceryl-10 caprylates. The self-assembly behavior, size, and size distribution of polyglyceryl-10 caprylates were investigated by dynamic light scattering. The makeup cleansing effect was also evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods. Irritation was evaluated by hen’s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane assay (HET-CAM). Results showed that polyglyceryl-10 monocaprylate could self-assemble into nanoparticles in the water at the concentration range of 2.5–10 wt% with a transparent appearance. The diameter of formed nanoparticles was around 100 nm with a narrow particle size distribution around 0.1 at the concentration of 2.5 wt% or 5 wt%. Polyglyceryl-10 monocaprylate exhibited good removal effect against makeup and excellent removal efficacy against pen eyeliner. The irritation of polyglyceryl-10 monocaprylate evaluated by HET-CAM at the concentration of 4 wt% was moderate irritant (irritation score = 8.4), which was lower than that of PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides (severe irritant, irritation score = 14.1). Therefore, polyglyceryl-10 monocaprylate might be a promising cosmetic ingredient for transparent makeup removing water.

Makeup Removal via Bidirectional Tunable De-Makeup Network

We present a deep learning-based method for removing makeup effects (de-makeup) in a face image. This problem poses a major challenge due to obscuring of the underlying facial features by cosmetics, which is very important in multimedia applications in the field of security, entertainment, and social networking. To address this task, we propose the bidirectional tunable de-makeup network (BTD-Net), which jointly learns the makeup process to aid in learning the de-makeup process. For tractable learning of the makeup process, which is a one-to-many mapping determined by the cosmetics that are applied, we introduce a latent variable that reflects the makeup style. This latent variable is extracted in the de-makeup process and used as a condition on the makeup process to constrain the one-to-many mapping to a specific solution. Through extensive experiments, our proposed BTD-Net is found to surpass the state-of-art techniques in estimating realistic non-makeup faces that correspond to the input makeup images. We additionally show that applications such as tuning the amount of makeup can be enhanced through the use of this method.

Easy on the eyes

Proper eye makeup removal is vital to maintaining eye health. Zoe Wickens reports on why that is and what are the best approaches

Comparison of the degree of semi-permanent makeup removal and histological changes using 1064 nm Q-switched ND:YAG laser

Comparison of the degree of semi-permanent makeup removal and histological changes using 1064 nm Q-switched ND:YAG laser

Face Behind Makeup

In this work, we propose a novel automatic makeup detector and remover framework. For makeup detector, a locality-constrained low-rank dictionary learning algorithm is used to determine and locate the usage of cosmetics. For the challenging task of makeup removal, a locality-constrained coupled dictionary learning (LC-CDL) framework is proposed to synthesize non-makeup face, so that the makeup could be erased according to the style. Moreover, we build a stepwise makeup dataset (SMU) which to the best of our knowledge is the first dataset with procedures of makeup. This novel technology itself carries many practical applications, e.g. products recommendation for consumers; user-specified makeup tutorial; security applications on makeup face verification. Finally, our system is evaluated on three existing (VMU, MIW, YMU) and one own-collected makeup datasets. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of DL-based method on makeup detection. The proposed LC-CDL shows very promising performance on makeup removal regarding on the structure similarity. In addition, the comparison of face verification accuracy with presence or absence of makeup is presented, which illustrates an application of our automatic makeup remover system in the context of face verification with facial makeup.

A Study on Consumer Awareness of Kara Skincare Wet Wipes

The Aditya Birla Group introduces Kara - skincare wipes for the first time across India. The Kara range includes refreshing, sunscreen, deep pore cleansing, toning, makeup removal and moisturizing wipes for a complete skincare regime. Compactly packaged and moistened Kara skincare wipes gives a hygienic, convenient and effective skincare solution to the consumers on the go. These wipes are easy to carry and use. They are highly effective with unique formulations having natural ingredients that nourish the skin. They are alcohol free and dermatological ally safe. Kara is made from Birla Cellulose, a fibre that is 100 percent natural and biodegradable. ‘Kara’ in Greek means pure, pristine, innocent and unblemished beauty and is an outcome of the in-house research and development at the Aditya Birla Centre for Science and Technology, Taloja, Maharashtra near Mumbai. The market for wet wipes is mature in Europe, US, China, Japan and West Asia. In India, this market is gradually picking up with changing lifestyles and the fast pace of life among the young and upwardly mobile population with higher disposable income. Kara skincare wipes fills up the lacuna in this segment as there is lack of availability of quality products at appropriate price points in the Indian market. Kara is readily available pan India at superstores, cosmetic and chemist outlets and modern retail.

Development of a makeup removal technique to evaluate the efficacy of various facial cleansing methods

Development of a makeup removal technique to evaluate the efficacy of various facial cleansing methods