Majority Community Research Articles

Identity Politics and National Integration; A Case Study of the Sunni-Shia Conflict in Sampang, 2012

This research attempts to examine the identity politics conflicts that occur between Sunni-Shia in Sampang. This conflict was based on religious identity that is used as a force in exerting pressure on different groups. On the other hand, national integration is needed as a form of acknowledging and accommodating differences through policies issued. Integration must be a two-way adaptation process involving changes in values, norms and behaviors. This study aims is also to determine whether the Sunni-Shia conflict in Sampang which is motivated by identity politics has now reached the direction of national integration or not. David Miller's theory of identity politics and Chantal Lacroix's national integration was used in this study. The methodology used is qualitative specifically with a case study approach. The findings showed that the Sunni-Shia conflict in Sampang has been seen towards integration of Tajul Muluk attitude and his followers’ decision to leave their faith and return to the doctrines of the majority community, Sunni. This makes the absence of a two-way adaptation process appears by abandoning their beliefs and following the wishes of the majority. The role of the state in fighting for freedom of religion and belief in Indonesia was very weak even though the constitution in Indonesia guarantees freedom of religion is strong enough. Therefore, the application of their efforts should have some supervisions.

Chasm in Hegemony: Explaining and Reproducing Disparities in Homophilous Networks

In networks with a minority and a majority community, it is well-studied that minorities are under-represented at the top of the social hierarchy. However, researchers are less clear about the representation of minorities from the lower levels of the hierarchy, where other disadvantages or vulnerabilities may exist. We offer a more complete picture of social disparities at each social level with empirical evidence that the minority representation exhibits two opposite phases: at the higher rungs of the social ladder, the representation of the minority community decreases; but, lower in the ladder, which is more populous, as you ascend, the representation of the minority community improves. We refer to this opposing phenomenon between the upper-level and lower-level as the chasm effect. Previous models of network growth with homophily fail to detect and explain the presence of this chasm effect. We analyze the interactions among a few well-observed network-growing mechanisms with a simple model to reveal the sufficient and necessary conditions for both phases in the chasm effect to occur. By generalizing the simple model naturally, we present a complete bi-affiliation bipartite network-growth model that could successfully capture disparities at all social levels and reproduce real social networks. Finally, we illustrate that addressing the chasm effect can create fairer systems with two applications in advertisement and fact-checks, thereby demonstrating the potential impact of the chasm effect on the future research of minority-majority disparities and fair algorithms.

Litigating the Limits of Religion: Minority and Majority Concerns about Institutional Religious Liberty in India

Western religious liberty advocates tend to focus on restrictions placed on minority religious communities, particularly when advocating abroad, that is, outside of the country in which they reside. In all contemporary democracies, however, adherents of religious majorities also express concerns about religious liberty. For this reason, the article considers both minority and majority concerns about institutional religious freedom in India. This essay provides an overview of religious freedom issues, with a particular focus on institutions, though, as I acknowledge, it is not always simple to distinguish individual from institutional matters of religious freedom. After describing various minority and majority concerns about institutional religious freedom in India, and demonstrating that many of them are related to the Indian government’s distinctive approach to managing religion and religious institutions, I make the argument that while some cross-cutting issues provide the possibility of interreligious understanding and solidarity in matters of religious liberty advocacy, such solidarity will not emerge without considerable effort because of the fact that debates about religious liberty in India often fundamentally involve debates about the very nature of religion itself, and these debates tend to divide rather than unite India’s majority and minority religious communities.

Past Violence and Present Belonging in Belfast: Two Sisters Remember their Childhood Experiences with Paramilitary Violence on Shankill Road

SUMMARYBelonging is a shifting concept in Northern Ireland as demographics change and people seek to move past the violence of the Troubles. For older adults in the two majority communities, especially in the lower‐income areas most impacted by the Troubles, belonging can illustrate a sectarian divide over group identity: one is either an Irish Catholic or a British Protestant. Young adults who grow up in these hard‐hit neighborhoods, still struggling with high unemployment and low school completion rates, must also find a place for themselves. I explore constructions of identity and belonging in the narratives of two sisters, Angie and Ellie, who grew up in one such neighborhood, the predominantly Protestant Shankill Road in Belfast, in the last decades of the Troubles. Their childhood and adolescent recollections include IRA bombings and extreme security measures, but it was the violence of the loyalist paramilitaries affiliated with their own community that most influenced their present constructions of personal identity and sense of belonging to the wider Protestant community.

GERAKAN DAKWAH DAN IMPAKNYA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KOMPOSISI MUSLIM DI SABAH

The Sabah population census conducted since the beginning of independence until today indicated a significant change as the composition of Muslims shifted from a minority to a majority community. This shift suggests that there are factors contributing to the increase in Muslim composition. Thus, this study aims to examine the dakwah process in Sabah and its impact on changes in the composition of Muslims. This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis and an interview approach. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and arranged thematically. The study found that one of the key factors in influencing the composition of Muslims in Sabah is the dakwah efforts carried out in the state. It was even clearer from 1967 to 1976, during the dakwah movement of the All Sabah Islamic Organization (USIA) led by Tun Datu Mustapha. The dakwah effort led by Tun Datu Mustapha was recognized as a period of rapid growth in the composition of Muslims where the composition was shifted dramatically from 38.7% in 1967 to 53%in 1976.

“HONOUR”- BASED VIOLENCE AND THE POLITICS OF CULTURE IN CANADA: ADVANCING A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF MULTI-SCALAR VIOLENCE

Since 2015, in Canada, political discourse on “honour”-based violence has shifted away from highly problematic understandings of “culture” as the cause of violence among racialized, Muslim, and immigrant communities. Instead, talk of culture has dropped out of the equation altogether in favour of more structural definitions of gender-based violence (GBV). In this article, we ask what gets lost when culture is not taken into account when talking about or trying to understand forms of GBV. Drawing from theoretical conceptualizations of culture — defined as “situated practices of meaning-making” that shape all experiences of violence, and societal responses to violence — we argue for a multiscalar approach to culture. To illustrate this framework, we first offer a critical analysis of Aruna Papp’s 2012 memoir Unworthy Creature as an exemplar of stigmatizing uses of culture and a key text promoted by the Conservative federal government at the time. We then turn to interviews we conducted with service providers serving South Asian survivors of GBV in Toronto from 2011 to 2013. Our analysis illustrates how to talk about culture as a key ingredient shaping multiscalar violence, regardless of whether that violence occurs in majority or minority communities. We conclude with three policy implications for addressing HBV moving forward.

Abstract P889: Virtual Outcomes: A Possible Strategy to Improve Retention in a Primary Stroke Prevention Trial

Background: Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke and an important contributor to the racial disparities of stroke incidence. Thus, working within the communities in which racial disparities of stroke are prevalent is important.Trials working with such communities may have low participant retention at least partially attributable to social determinants of health such as limited time, transportation and access to medical care. Trial outcome adaptations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic allowed us to compare in-person to virtual retention strategies as a possible strategy to improve trial retention. Methods: Reach Out is a health system focused, multi-component, health theory based, mobile health behavioral intervention to reduce blood pressure (BP) among Emergency Department (ED) patients at a safety net hospital in the under-resourced, minority, majority community of Flint, Michigan. The primary outcome is change in systolic blood pressure. Outcomes were conducted in-person from 10/4/2019 to 3/13/2020 at various locations throughout the community that were convenient for each participant. As a result of COVID-19 and the resulting state mandated stay-at-home order, outcomes were converted to phone, text, and picture-based elements. Virtual outcomes consists of: 1) a texted picture validating BP cuff is in correct body placement; 2) 3 self-reported blood pressures; and 3) telephone outcome survey. Virtual outcomes were offered at times convenient to participants throughout the daytime, evening, and weekend. Results: Prior to COVID-19, 6-month outcomes were conducted in-person. Of possible in-person outcomes, 76 of 140 (54%) were completed. Tele-outcomes commenced on 4/9/2020. As of 8/18/2020, 63 of 132 (48%) 6-month tele-outcomes, and 38 of 59 (64%) 12-month tele-outcomes have been completed. Total tele-outcomes completed are 101 of 191 (53%). 6 participants have completed 12-month tele-outcomes, who did not complete 6-month in-person outcomes. Conclusion: In a mobile health behavioral intervention to reduce hypertension among patients who received care at a safety-net ED, we found that participant retention was similar between in-person and virtual outcome assessments. Virtual outcomes obviate the need for transportation and childcare, barriers to participation for some participants and could help increase the retention rate in future trials.

Comparison of subgingival and gingival margin plaque microbiota from dogs with healthy gingiva and early periodontal disease.

The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether canine gingival margin (GM) plaque is a reliable surrogate for subgingival (SG) plaque from a microbial community (microbiota) perspective. SG and GM plaque samples were collected from 381 dogs visiting pet hospitals in the USA, China and Thailand. Dogs with clinically healthy gingivae through to early periodontitis were included in the study. The samples were subject to next generation Illumina sequence analysis to allow microbiota comparisons to be made between the two plaque sources. Overall, the SG and GM samples indicated commonality via the majority community that were shared between them; health associations led to the identification of some significant taxa-specific differences. GM microbiota exhibited lower variability and diversity and were shown to reflect a sub-population of those associated with SG plaque. Both plaque niches, however, demonstrated similar changes in microbial signatures with health and early periodontal disease and did not indicate divergent trends. The key, most abundant microbiota of GM plaque strongly reflect those observed with SG plaque across health and early periodontitis. Microbiota in plaque from above the gum line may therefore be employed as a biomarker of oral health. This opens up the potential to use plaque, sampled from conscious dogs, to define oral health status and improve the diagnosis, treatments and interventions for periodontal disease.

Predlozi za unapređenje stanja u obrazovanju romske dece na osnovu mišljenja roditelja Roma i neroma

The article deals with education as one of the key factors for better social integration and improvement of living conditions of the Roma population. The research is focused on the attitudes of parents of Roma and nonRoma children in order to find concrete solutions to overcome the problem of education of Roma children in the municipality of Ub. The research included 55 parents of non-Roma children, 50 parents of Roma children and three parents of Roma children with disabilities. The results show that Roma children need support in terms of education from an early age, that it is important to raise the awareness of Roma parents and children about the need for education, that parents must be involved in school events and the child's progress. Greater engagement of teaching staff is needed in order for everyone in the school environment to feel equal, to enable education that would qualify them for working with Roma children, and to adapt teaching materials to the needs of children. Children from the majority community need basic knowledge of Roma culture to help Roma peers integrate more easily.

India needs to follow a comprehensive policy toward protect secularism: A critical analysis

Ideology of Secularism was framed by India's freedom fighters and legislators based on the location, structure and types of India's culture and religion for protect multi-people interests. Basically, India is a country where diversified people are living with diversified interest and happiness.The government and its policy should be guardian of all religion without creating stumbling blocks to interest and welfare any religion habits, customs and convention.Because, once this formula was broken by an any anti-social elements or wrong government policy it would be highly and deadly dangerous to secularism and India's integrity. To avoid these kinds of forth coming dangerous of anti-secularism activities from the any community and political parties, the government needs to adhere strictly a common wheel polices and approaches irrespective of the caste, class and religion.The vision of India's ancestor on secularism is to make a pivotal parts of India's government that should be looked frequently by the ruler and administrator to ensure the integrity of India and protect secular identity of various people. This type of oversee attitudes of ruler and administrator makes people to feel that they are part and parcel of multi religious country of India without socio, economic and political draw backs. In India there are lot of anti-secularism and minority violence are increasing from the government side instead of arising from the people side.In old days policies were legislated for integrate people interest for maintain ideology of secularism. The present government is treating and enacting policy against the secularism and minority communities on account of minority people could not do any think against majority community. Therefore this study has been focusing on importance of secularism for the integration of India's in future as well as at present and suggests to accommodate minorities’ interests and stop killing them in India.

The City Left Behind: Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Vilnius During and After World War II

The population of Wilno/Vilnius numbered over 200 000 people when the Second World War broke out. The city found itself at the crossroads of Polish, Lithuanian and belated Belarusian nation building efforts. In the first phase of the war, the multi-ethnic city which was also a centre of a voivodship and where Poles were the majority community, came under Lithuanian authority. The Soviet military and diplomatic actions played a key role in this change. The arrival of the Soviet troops halted the extensive “Lithuanianization” process that had begun. As a result, tensions between the Polish community and the Lithuanian state eased. The Extermination of the Jewish population the city commenced with the German invasion on 24 June 1941. Before the Soviet troops reached the Vilnius Region, the Polish Home Army (AK) gained control over the rural areas. Despite the Polish plans, Vilnius was liberated with the help of the Soviet Red Army on 13 July 1944. The relationship between the Polish and the Soviet army quickly turned hostile. Moreover, violence continued to accompany population movement. Even though the Old Town remained largely intact, the demographic profile of Vilnius altered dramatically. First, it became a Russian dominated space. Following the collectivization, as a result of the influx of the Lithuanians intensified and they gradually became the majority in the city.

The Use of Regional Languages or Minorities in Kosovo Based On the Legislative Structure

The paper includes the legal aspect and political harmonization of human rights and freedom in the context of an analysis about the legitimate and executive function of the state of Kosovo. Guaranteeing civil rights it’s a part of and obligation that Kosovo institutions have, that are accorded in the legal structure of the fundamental human rights. This approach, mostly has to do with the majority community in Kosovo, that legally and politically are constitutional category.

La lengua de los sefardíes: del contexto de los Balcanes al contexto del multilingüismo en el territorio israelí

In this paper we deal with the language of Sephardic Jews, Judeo-Spanish, from the perspective of sociolinguistics, emphasizing the facets necessary for the language maintenance. The general aim of the paper is to analyze the presence and the role of this language in majority and minority social communities in the contexts of the Balkans and the Israeli territory, while the specific aim is to examine which domains of language use were crucial for its maintenance within society. The ultimate goal of this research is to draw attention to the importance of maintaining this minority language as an important part of Sephardic culture and universal culture as well. We conduct this sociolinguistic research through the analysis of the available literature, relevant books and articles on Judeo-Spanish. The results of the conducted research have led us to the conclusion that, except the native speakers’ support which is also very important, support for the language in the public domain is crucial for the language maintenance and survival within society.

Was Gandhi a Multiculturalist? Exploring the Rhetorical Leadership of Mahatma Gandhi

The Post-Second World War world witnessed the renewal of ethnicity as a major concern in politics, as a centre of popular political mobilization, and major source of domestic, inter-state as well as intra-state conflicts. Political society/state confronted the challenge from people belonging to different cultural/religious majority and minority communities and more difficulty in keeping them together. This issue is haunting many states and their political leaders as well as peoples since the dawn of 21st century. Moreover, the present scenario in world poses a serious challenge to the multicultural and diverse society. The deepening of the crises entails the relevance of the present study. It is also significant to understand Gandhian perspective of Multiculturalism in the context of the changing character of Nation-States which is marked by the absence of any single national identity. This research project draws upon Mahatma Gandhi for conceptualization of this term. This also brings in to focus the concepts of multiculturalism evolved by Gandhi to achieve political relevance and autonomy.

REVOLUSI MENTAL MELALUI PENERAPAN KEBIJAKAN GERAKAN MAGRIB MENGAJI DI KABUPATEN LEBAK

Maghrib Mengaji Community Movement or better known as GEMMAR Mengaji is a national program of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia which is launched in every Province and Regency / City in Indonesia(Revelation, 2018). Indonesian Muslims constitute the majority community where almost all Indonesian citizens are predominantly Muslim. According to the 2010 statistical data, Muslims in Indonesia totaled 207,176,162 people or 87.18% followed by Christianity with a percentage of 6.96%, in the next position, namely Catholicism with a percentage of 2.91%, Hinduism 1.69%, Buddhism. 0.72, and Khong hu chu 0.05%. Today people prefer to spend their time watching television than reading the Koran or other positive activities(Kristiawan, 2016). This also happens in Lebak Regency as an area which also has the characteristics of the majority being Islam. So that with the implementation of the perda, the magrib reciting movement can bring about mental changes in thinking, especially among children and adolescents for a better life. The method used in this research is a qualitative method. The results in this study indicate that the implementation of the maghrib recitation regional regulation is quite good if viewed from the communication dimension which shows the socialization carried out by the implementing agency, resources in the form of incentive support for reciting teachers, adequate facilities in the implementation of magrib recitation, and the number of teachers. sufficient recitation.

PERKEMBANGAN REGULASI RUMAH IBADAT DALAM KONTEKS NEGARA BANGSA (NKRI) PERSPEKTIF MAQASHID AL-SYARI’AH

The background of this research is the phenomenon that occurs in the Indonesian society that shows the gap between das sein and das sollen. Evidenced by the destruction, rejection, and burning of houses of worship. Rules should bring benefit to all people, not only to the majority. The rejection of the majority community towards the establishment of the Synagogue is a sign that there is a possibility of errors in the regulations or the community. The method used is the library method. The results of this study are the development of the houses of worship regulations can be grouped into two models. The first model is to detail or complete the previous regulations, which are in the licensing, monitoring and conflict resolution items. The second model is to bring up new regulations that did not exist in the previous regulations, namely in the presence of the religious harmony forum (FKUB) items and sources of funds, temporary houses of worship, temporary permits for building utilization, and transition mechanisms. While the second formulation produced Maqashid Al-Shari'ah's views on the development of the houses of worship regulations can be categorized into three groups. The first category is Dharuriyat, namely: the establishment of houses of worship and the formation of the religious harmony forum (FKUB). The second category is Hajiyat, the main purpose of making regulations on houses of worship is the realization of religious harmony under the auspices of the religious harmony forum (FKUB). They are: Supervision, Reporting and Resolution of conflicts. The third category is Tahsiniyat, if this regulation is not enforced it will not interfere with the realization of the main objective. This regulation is in the form of: Temporary Worship House, Temporary Permit for Building Utilization and Transition Mechanism for Worship.

MINORITY LANGUAGES IN KOSOVO

The paper includes the legal aspect and political harmonization of human rights and freedom in the context of an analysis about the legitimate and executive function of the state of Kosovo. Guaranteeing civil rights it’s a part of and obligation that Kosovo institutions have, that are accorded in the legal structure of the fundamental human rights. This approach, mostly has to do with the majority community in Kosovo, that legally and politically are constitutional category.

A Beautiful, Sad Tale about Nonexistent Socialism in Hungary: The Story of Gyuri Cséplő

In the 1970s, director Pál Schiffer and his colleagues filmed the life story of Cséplő Gyuri (1978), a documentary feature about the prospect of a Gypsy protagonist breaking free from a slum in socialist Hungary. The original footage from the production is held in the Vera and Donald Blinken Open Society Archives in Budapest. The footage brings to light how the Gypsy/Romani protagonist of the film was cast, how he was brought from a Gypsy settlement in Németfalu to Budapest, how the film was screened, how audiences reacted, and what the filmmakers debated withlocal communities. The tragic early death of Gyuri Cséplő raised the question among the filmmakers how it would be possible to break free from poverty and from Gypsy settlements. In a socialcritique, the filmmakers presented a parallel world outside that of modern socialist Hungary. The theory of multiple modernities – and studies written as a result – suggest that modernization is not a singular phenomenon; that it affected various social and ethnic groups and actors in divergent ways. This microhistory investigates what differences can be revealed between the perspectives of minority and majority communities in socialist Hungary.

The Negotiation of Zainichi Identity and Resistance to Japanese Domination in Kazuki Kaneshiro Literary Text

This study discusses the identity negotiation and resistance of the Zainichi minority to Japanese domination as the majority group in the literary text by Kazuki Kaneshiro. Zainichi is Korean people who came and have settled in Japan before and during World War II. As a minority group in Japan, Zainichi often faces discrimination from Japanese people due to his identity. Issues regarding the issue of Zainichi's identity are a dominant theme raised in the literary work of Zainchi (Zainichi bungaku). One of the authors of Zainichi's literary works is Kazuki Kaneshiro who wrote a novel entitled Go in 2007. Go novel as a literary text of Zainichi will be used as research data to reveal how Zainichi's identity negotiations are articulated by Zainichi characters and how their resistance against Japanese domination as the majority community group. By using postcolonial studies and analyses the structure of the narrative text, this research can reveal the forms of identity negotiation and resistances dis-course represented by Zainichi characters. Identity negotiation is seen through using Japanese name by Zainichi characters while interacting with the Japanese and changing the nationality from Korean to Japanese. Meanwhile, physical violence, mimicry (imitation), a mockery of Japanese behaviours, and maintaining their identity and Korean culture as resistances to counter the Japanese domination in the novel Go.

Ethics in International Practice

Purpose Credible information on the numbers of people in Majority World countries who have communication and swallowing disorders does not seem to exist; however, there is evidence of the need for communication therapy services in those countries. Certified speech-language pathologists who provide clinical services for people with communication and swallowing disorders overseas must adhere to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Code of Ethics. The purpose of this article is to discuss the requirements for the exercise of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice in the context of international practices. Method The relationship between cultural authenticity and ethically provided services is considered. There is also a discussion of the ethics and outcomes of short-term volunteer programs for clients in Majority World countries and communities. Guidance for development of needed services and programs in the Majority World is offered. Examples of culturally relevant and ethically developed service and collaboration projects are cited. Results The codes of ethics of several Minority and Majority World speech-language therapy associations are reviewed to reflect their requirements for the ethical practices that must be adhered to during clinical practice beyond their members' national borders. There is also guidance on the importance and influence of clinicians' attitudes and demeanor in their work in Majority World countries. Conclusions Ethical clinical practice in Majority World countries requires adherence to the clinician's professional association's code of ethics. Equally important are information and attitudes that enable the clinician to develop and provide services from a perspective of cultural humility and understanding of the community's attitudes, needs, and expectations. An important and necessary aspect of ethical practice is the clinician's personal attitudes and knowledge of the country they bring to their clinical practice.