Major Work Research Articles

Alchemical tafsīr: Qur’anic Hermeneutics in the Works of the Twelfth-Century Moroccan Alchemist Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs

ABSTRACT Beside the codenames and esoteric symbols inherited from Graeco-Egyptian antiquity, the later Arabic alchemical tradition also adopted motifs drawn from the Qur’an: from the blessed olive tree of the famous Light Verse (Q 24.35) to the burning bush and Moses’ staff. This interweaving of scripture and alchemical theory is especially noticeable in one of the major works of the post-Jābirian corpus, Shudhūr al-dhahab (Shards of Gold) by the Moroccan poet Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs (fl. sixth/twelfth century), as well as in Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs’s self-penned commentary, Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr (The Solution to the Obscurities in the ‘Shards’). But was the use of such motifs simply a literary device or did Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs claim to discern a hidden alchemical meaning embedded in the qur’anic text? Focusing on this unexplored strand of the Islamic exegetical tradition, this article examines the premises put forward by Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs in support of an alchemical reading of scripture.

In Stanisław Lem's Orbit

In Stanisław Lem's Orbit

PLAGIARISM IN CLASSIC ARABIC POETICS (COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AL-JUMAHI AND AL-QAIRAWANY’S THOUGHTS)

This research aims to present an interpretation of literary criticism on the occurrence of plagiarism in classical Arabic poetry. The topic of plagiarism, contrasted theoretically, has not been extensively discussed in previous studies. Al-Jumahi was the first to disclose the problematic aspects behind the outstanding reputation of Arab poetry. Conversely, Al-Qairawany presented related theories more systematically. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method using a contrastive approach towards the two major works of these figures, namely <em>Thabaqat Fuhul As-Syuara</em> and <em>Al-Umdah fi Al-Mahasin li As-Syuara wa Adabihi wa Naqdih</em>. The findings reveal that Al-Jumahi and Al-Qairawany start from the same premise, albeit from differing perspectives. Al-Jumahi contends that all forms of imitation are acts of plagiarism, entirely unacceptable in the literary world. On the other hand, Al-Qairawany asserts that if imitation does not compromise the principle of creation and innovation, it can still be accepted as original literary work. Consequently, there is a significant development from the criticism of the Al-Jumahi period to the Al-Qairawany period.

Ismail al-Faruqi’s Tawhidic Approach in the Context of IOK

This study analyzed Ismail Raji al-Faruqi’s (1921-1986) fundamental ideas of education from the perspective of IOK and tawhidic framework and his critical contribution in articulating modern Islamic worldview and expounding its progressive and inclusive outlook. It set forth to discusses the ideas of Islamization of knowledge as envisaged and propounded in his major works that highlight the doctrine of tawhid and its overarching principle such as Islamization of Knowledge: General Principles and Work Plan, Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life dan etc. The study is based on library research using qualitative approaches by documenting sources derived from some major works of al-Faruqi and other relevant materials. The data was analyzed using descriptive, analytical, and comparative method. The study found that al-Faruqi has bring forth universal Islamic worldview that propounded transcendental religious and philosophical outlook based on his rational and universal premises. His philosophical ideal was founded on critical methodology of tawhid that was instrumental in projecting his Islamization of knowledge movement and in propounding its scientific and rational outlook in order to revived the spirit of reform and reconstructing ijtihad and reclaiming the universal and creative ummatic world order.

하이데거의 시간 이해

This paper discusses Heidegger's understanding of time. His theory of time is entirely connected to the question of being. Time is not a physical sub-stance or a natural reality as duration, but a ground where the meaning of existence is revealed. From this point of view, Heidegger first conducts an existential analysis to understand time. The reason for this analysis is that the question of existence is made in Dasein, the ground of the openness of existence. After introducing this point of view, this thesis clarifies the understanding of time shown in Heidegger's major work, Existence and Time.
 For this purpose, the whole history of Existence and Time is briefly summarized first. Here, after referring to the previous lecture notes The Concept of Time and von Hermann's Being and Time explanations, I briefly explain the understanding of time shown in Volume 11 of Augustine's Confessions, which provided insight into Heidegger's theory of time. After that, the understanding of time shown in Being and Time is analyzed. Here is the time of existence and the meaning of existence. The analysis proceeds with the terms of the moment and the time of decision, the transcendence of time and de-self, and the deliberative thought of time explanation. After explaining Heidegger's understanding of time in this way, the last chapter 4 discusses how the theory of time in Being and Time corresponds to the understanding of time in contemporary physics.
 Through this analysis, it is revealed that time is real, and that without time, there is no existential event for human beings, and all reality does not exist. It also concludes Heidegger's argument that time cannot be understood as a physical reality and must be understood ontologically in temporality. Along with him, he emphasized the need for a philosophical shift to newly explained reality through a new understanding of time beyond traditional realism.

The Role of Women Characters in the Select Novels of Salman Rushdie

Salman Rushdie, a postmodernist immigrant, is considered as one the greatest novelist of the 20th century. His apt use of magical realism, incorporates mythology, religion, history, fantasy, and humor into the real world. He narrates his life story and relates it to the national history of India. Rushdie uses the magical realist technique to deal about the postcolonial people of India, and various postcolonial issues. His writing focuses on India’s history, politics, and identity as seen through his narrators. There is a blending of fantasy and reality with his fantastical fiction. Salman Rushdie presents women as strong characters to break free from their oppressive roles through his works. He develops strong female characters who face life with great fortitude and strength rather than meek personality. This research article critically investigates the role of women characters in selected novels by the acclaimed author, Salman Rushdie. A corpus of three major works—Midnight’s Children, The Satanic Verses, and Shame—has been selected for detailed analysis. The study aims to illuminate the varying dimensions of women’s representation, their influence, and the evolution of their roles in these narratives, serving as mirrors to the sociopolitical realities of their time. The article applies a combined theoretical framework of feminist literary criticism and postcolonial discourse to unpack the intricate characterizations and their wider implications. Findings reveal that Rushdie’s women characters are often depicted as multi-dimensional, complex individuals who actively influence the plot and resist conforming to traditional roles. They embody strength, resilience, and liberation in the face of cultural, political, and religious adversities, breaking the mold of passive feminine stereotypes. Despite being enmeshed within patriarchal societal structures, these characters often subvert normative constraints, highlighting the intersection of gender, power, and resistance in Rushdie’s novels. Through the use of magical realism, Rushdie juxtaposes reality with the fantastical, further challenging conventional expectations of women in literature. Rushdie’s depiction of women provides significant insights into the complexities of postcolonial feminist identities, societal norms, and cultural heritage. His novels, while being grounded in their specific contexts, resonate on a universal scale, enriching the discourse around the representation of women in literature.

How familiar are German dermatologists with placebo and nocebo effects and to what extent are these targeted in clinical practice: A survey within the dermatological community.

Every medical treatment inevitably comprises not only physiological, but also psychological components, reflected by placebo and nocebo effects, which significantly affect treatment outcome. However, the extent of knowledge on the mechanisms steering placebo and nocebo effects in the dermatological community in Germany is currently unclear. To assess the state of knowledge about placebo and nocebo effects in the German dermatological community, to evaluate whether this knowledge is already being used in clinical practice, and to investigate whether German dermatologists are interested in learning more about the topic. German Dermatologists, the majority working in their own practice, were asked to fill in an online survey addressing the knowledge about placebo and nocebo effects and the feasibility of special techniques to enhance placebo and minimize nocebo effects within the clinical routine. N = 154 complete (79%) or partial (21%) responses to the survey were recorded in the online database and included in the analysis. All participants reported to know what the placebo effect is and 59.7% (74/124) indicated that they already had experience with prescribing or recommending a treatment without active substances. In contrast, only 62.0% (80/129) stated to know what the nocebo effect is. Participants showed a rather superficial knowledge regarding placebo and nocebo mechanisms. The majority of participants (76.7%, 99/129) expressed their willingness to be further educated about the underlying mechanisms mediating placebo and nocebo effects and the possible application in clinical practice. The current survey offers a so far unique insight into the state of knowledge of German dermatologists on placebo and nocebo effects. The results indicate a need for education about this topic. Encouragingly, however, German dermatologists considered communication strategies to maximize placebo and reduce nocebo effects and expressed motivation to be trained to implement these strategies in everyday clinical practice.

Историческая фонетика бурятского языка в русскоязычной документации XVII в. (к постановке проблемы). Часть 1

Introduction. It is in the mid-to-late 18th century at latest that the main phonetic characteristics of Buryat that distinguish the latter from other Mongolic languages — reflected in its western and eastern dialects — took shape. The initial period that had witnessed the formation of these specific elements still remains somewhat unclear. The paper analyzes authentic sources and attempts to show a possibility that the areal phonetic features of Buryat emerged within local population groups of Baikalia as far back as the early-to-mid 17th century. Goals. The article analyzes ethnonyms (and other onyms) relating to the Buryat population and recorded in seventeenth-century Russian-language documents to identify spelling (pronunciation) specificities characteristic of Buryat dialects. Materials and methods. Part One of the study deals with discussions over some general chronology of phonetic changes that have resulted in the shaping of Buryat, and distinguish the latter from other Mongolic languages. The paper examines major related works, analyzes methods and approaches employed by the researchers. Results. Our insights into scholarly publications conclude there is no compromise view on the lower chronological limit that would serve as terminus a quo for Buryat phonetic features. According to some researchers, key processes that fundamentally rebuilt the Buryat consonant system had begun in the 17th century and proceeded to completion by the early 18th century, while others insist those had emerged only in the late 17th century to culminate throughout the 18th century. Conclusions. Scholars that have dealt with Buryat phonetics tended to focus on eighteenth-century linguistic materials and rarely turned to other sources, such as Russian loanwords in Buryat, Mongolian loanwords in Evenki and Yakut, chronological attributions of the latter be further explored in historical contexts of phonetic systems of recipient languages, with due account for actual circumstances of interaction with native speakers of Mongolic languages. The absence of original written sources shall definitely leave these questions unanswered. So, historical linguistics can independently serve as a promising tool for such historical reconstructions.

Artificial intelligence-assisted mindfulness in tourism, hospitality, and events

PurposeFollowing the increasing trend of artificial intelligence (AI) research in hospitality literature, this critical reflection paper aims to identify AI-assisted mindfulness as a critical yet under-investigated issue and to contribute feasible directions for future research.Design/methodology/approachThe authors first conceptualize a framework explaining the effects of mindfulness design in AI interventions on improving human mindfulness. The authors then identify opportunities for interventions in AI-assisted mindfulness for the tourism, hospitality and events industries. Finally, the authors propose potential themes for AI-assisted mindfulness research.FindingsThis study contributes three major conceptual works. First, we conceptualize a framework of AI-assisted mindfulness, showcasing that the scope of AI-assisted mindfulness spans from AI interventions to state mindfulness and then to trait mindfulness. Second, the authors offer two approaches to strategic thinking, one from mindfulness (i.e. mindfulness-focused niche markets and activities) and one from AI applications (i.e. AI-facilitated devices and platforms), to identify opportunities for AI-assisted mindfulness interventions. Third, for both management- and marketing-oriented AI-assisted mindfulness research, the authors propose 18 themes.Research limitations/implicationsThis critical reflection paper offers directions for future knowledge creation in AI-assisted mindfulness in the tourism, hospitality and events industries.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this critical reflection paper serves as the first in hospitality and tourism literature to systematically propose the research issue of AI-assisted mindfulness, offering directions and themes for future research.

“that which is common to us all”: Karl Ove Knausgaard as Reader of Joyce

In his monumental autobiographical series of novels My Struggle, acclaimed Norwegian novelist Karl Ove Knausgaard devotes a considerable number of pages to discuss James Joyce’s fictional works. In the last volume of the series – The End –, practically the entire body of Joyce’s fiction – from early works such as Stephen Hero and Dubliners to the modernist masterpieces Ulysses and Finnegans Wake – is included in a discussion on the Irish novelist’s literature. Only one among Joyce’s major works is not tackled by Knausgaard in The End: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Nonetheless, it is precisely Knausgaard who writes the preface to a celebrated Centennial edition of Joyce’s first novel in which, amidst other topics, he ponders over what he understands to be “the very essence of literature.” The article aims at highlighting some key aspects of Knausgaard’s take on Joyce’s fictional output and provide enough evidence to support the hypothesis that the Norwegian writer’s conceptualization of the literary phenomenon, including Joyce’s work, is based upon questionable essentialist premises.

Radierter Patriotismus

In his late novel Doktor Faustus (1947) – written in exile in the USA during the Second World War – Thomas Mann has the fictional “German composer” Adrian Leverkühn “take back” Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony with his last cantata “Dr. Fausti Weheklag”. The humanism of the “Ode to Joy” with its final exultation “Alle Menschen werden Brüder” had been discredited by dictatorship, terror, war and the Holocaust, and by patriotic and nationalistic appropriations by various political systems. In the course of Germany’s coming to terms with its past – the so-called “Vergangenheitsbewältigung” – from the mid-1960s onwards, a number of composers reacted to the scandal of the misuse of this major classical work of art and its liberating message with compositions whose direct reference to Beethoven’s Ninth can also be understood as “retractions” of this symphony. This article investigates different approaches to Beethoven’s controversial work in Bernd Alois Zimmermann’s Requiem für einen jungen Dichter (1967–1969), Hans Werner Henze’s Sinfonia N. 9 (1995–1997), Andreas F. Staffel’s Beethoven off set – oder: ich nehme sie zurück die neunte Symphonie (2015–2019) and many other works.

György Lukács and the Eighteenth-Century Novel

AbstractThis article explores György Lukács’s reflections on the relationship between the eighteenth-century novel and early modern capitalism. As such, it offers a critical overview of Lukács’s treatment of this subject in two major works –The Theory of the NovelandThe Historical Novel – in the process, focusing on the evolution of his approach as a literary critic and contextualising this in relation to his wider theoretical writings. Ultimately, it seeks to demonstrate how the later Lukács’s critical approach differs from contemporary criticism dealing with the same subject, in particular concerning his engagement with the ramifications of his analysis for the present.

Dickens and the Anatomy of Evil: Sesquicentennial Essays ed. by Mitsuharu Matsuoka

Reviewed by: Dickens and the Anatomy of Evil: Sesquicentennial Essays ed. by Mitsuharu Matsuoka Jen Baker (bio) Mitsuharu Matsuoka, editor.Dickens and the Anatomy of Evil: Sesquicentennial Essays. Athena Press, 2020. Pp. xiv + 366. ¥3,636. ISBN: 9784863403376 (hb). Setting the scene of this project commemorating 150 years since Dickens’s death, the editor notes that, owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, it almost did not make its deadline. Yet, in true tribute to Dickens’s own strict adherence to deadlines, the collection was successfully published (in even greater tribute) on Christmas day of 2020. The influence for the work, as Paul Schlicke identifies in his Introduction to this edited collection, is that “[a]mong Dickens’s firmly held beliefs is the conviction of the existence of evil” (2), and each of the twenty essays anatomizes the “various kinds of evil” (ix) at play, focusing on one of Dickens’s major works, roughly in chronological order of publication. Schlicke frames the collection according to what he argues Dickens saw as the primary evils–murder and the abuse of children. As well as the thorough and solemn evil of murderers and abusers like Sikes and Murdstone, there are the “comically grotesque figures,” taking on “allegorical status more powerful than any realism” (4). Tomoya Watanabe identifies Jonas Chuzzlewit as such as character, while Mark Weeks shows another function of the comic grotesque through an examination of affective laughter in Pickwick Papers, seeing overflowing embodied experiences and energies in the novel as an antidote to “the evil seen to be inflicted upon bodies by the law” (26). Unique in Dickens’s works, suggests Schlicke, is an evil showcased in The Haunted Man–a type that is not an “active ingredient” but the “negation of goodness” that comes with the removal of memories which create positive qualities such as empathy (5, 6). Yet, almost conversely, suggests Yasuhiko Matsumoto of Dickens’s unfinished Edwin Drood, the constant access to imagination Jasper possesses, and to which the reader is partly privy, “presents an uncomfortable possibility that imagination, often regarded as a foundation for empathy, can serve evilness” (365). The private, rather than public, setting of The Haunted Man is expounded in Hiroshi Enomoto’s analysis of the Christmas books, where he suggests that, “[r]ather than taking social evils at face value,” Dickens “addresses them as [End Page 251] private experiences in order to make his writing resonate with a wider range of people” (167). Expanding on the cast of specific “evil” types of character, both Keiko Kiriyama and Sari Nishigaki separately explore how James Harthouse of Hard Times and Compeyson of Great Expectations, respectively, are evil dandified figures, each of whom “succeeds in concealing his true character” through his good and gentlemanly looks ([Nishigaki] 318). Each author charts the breakdown of their character’s “chain of evil”–the former owing to an innocent antithesis, the latter through a more complex thread of forgiveness and consolation. Mitsuharu Matsuoka offers an alternative focus by considering how the wider material and economic context of postal anonymity had positive aspects for customers, but “also caused maladies or evil effects, including […] the promotion of valueless products, defrauding recipients, blackmailing for money, and threatening to reveal dark secrets” (244), in Bleak House. Yet, what many of the essays in the collection essentially argue is that there are characters, narrative and generic tensions, topographical descriptions through which the reader is “led to doubt” the “indisputability” of the otherwise “clear demarcation between Good and Evil,” and the unstable or inconsistent aspects “shake and endanger the seemingly unassailable distinction” (44). For Mio Hatada, even with positive guardianship in Oliver Twist, the child figure is nevertheless shown to be both “promise and threat” and this strongly suggests “that the seemingly innocent and good Oliver might prove no exception to this dual-sidedness” and can be viewed as “the source of the collapse” between good and evil (47, 58). Similarly, Keiko Inokuma suggests that “behind various episodes that reveal his immaturity, David Copperfield shows the flickering image of an almost nefariously mature David,” for “[w]hat appears to be innocent and pure contains what could be mature and even evil” (217, 221). Both point to...

Emil von Sauer: Liszt's Forgotten Prot�g� by Anita Crocus (review)

Reviewed by: Emil von Sauer: Liszt's Forgotten Protégé by Anita Crocus Donald Manildi Emil von Sauer: Liszt's Forgotten Protégé. By Anita Crocus. Eugene, OR: Luminare Press, 2022. [x, 409 p. ISBN 9781643889641, $19.95.] Index, bibliography. The name Emil von Sauer (1862–1942) is likely to resonate with assiduous collectors of historic piano recordings, but to others he is apt to be an unknown quantity. This was not always so, since Sauer belongs to the elite coterie of virtuosos who assembled in Weimar in the early 1880s to attend the master classes of Franz Liszt. Along with such colleagues as Moriz Rosenthal, Eugen d'Albert, Rafael Joseffy, and Arthur Friedheim, Sauer helped perpetuate Lisztian principles of piano technique and interpretation well into the twentieth century. Like most of his colleagues, he pursued a career that encompassed extensive concertizing, serious composition of piano music, and important pedagogical work. But because his performing career was almost entirely confined to Europe, Sauer did not establish a significant reputation in the US. Indeed, during his seventy-nine years he made only two tours of North America (in 1899 and 1908). Born in Hamburg, Sauer was not a child prodigy, but he was nonetheless encouraged by his mother to undertake serious piano study. His progress enabled him to play for the visiting Anton Rubinstein, who urged the young Sauer to audition at the Moscow Conservatory, where Rubinstein's brother Nicholas was the director. Sauer spent two years under Nicholas's intense supervision until the latter's death in 1881. Three years later, Sauer ventured to Weimar and attended Liszt's classes. Sauer later claimed that he gained little from Liszt's teaching and that Nicholas Rubinstein was clearly the most decisive influence on his playing. He viewed Liszt mainly as an inspirational force and always expressed admiration for him as a man and musician, frequently [End Page 609] earning acclaim for his interpretations of major Liszt works. By the 1890s, Sauer was performing frequently in Germany and Austria and began a fruitful fifty-year relationship as a favorite soloist with the Wiener Philharmoniker. His recitals brought him to all the larger and smaller European centers, and he became a sought-after teacher at Vienna's conservatory, despite a few interruptions generated by heavy outside commitments and the demands of his family. Sauer's reputation was such that he received over two dozen awards and decorations from various countries. Sauer married Alice Elb in 1887, and their union produced nine children. After Alice's death in 1939, Sauer married his young Mexican pupil Angelica Morales, who was forty-nine years his junior. The two had frequently played duo-piano recitals together. Their marriage resulted in two more children. Sauer's personal and professional stories all unfolded, of course, against the backdrop of European political upheaval. Until now there have been no extensive English-language treatments of Sauer's life and career. The first forty years of his life were chronicled in Sauer's own memoir, Meine Welt (Stuttgart: Spemann Verlag, 1901), but Sauer lacked the time and energy to write a sequel. An annotated English translation of Meine Welt is badly needed. It appears that Anita Crocus prepared her own translation as part of her research for this biography, but she does not explain what, if anything, has prevented her from offering it for publication in its entirety. The present volume is Crocus's first book. Her academic background is in Latin American and European history. It was a fortuitous encounter with Sauer's youngest son, Franz, who was her mentor at the University of the Americas in Mexico City, that provided the impetus for this biography. Crocus has diligently pursued extensive—though not always exhaustive—research into Sauer's life and has given us a general overview of his long presence as one of the main figures during the so-called golden age of pianism. Her narrative proceeds in a generally straightforward fashion, but it is marred by too many digressions into incidental historical background, such as the lengthy introduction of Gustav Mahler and his wife (p. 114ff) and of Richard Strauss and his wife (p. 133ff). Tighter editorial control could...

Reflexiones ecocríticas sobre ficción escrita por el premio Nobel Mario Vargas Llosa

This article examines anthropocentric and ecocentric tendencies in two major works written by Mario Vargas Llosa, The Storyteller and The Dream of the Celt, to identify the value of those novels in ecocritical terms. I provide this analysis in the context of recent academic dialogue which notes an apparent contradictory relationship between the presentation of abuses of Amazonian people and their environment, and the portrayal of Westernized protagonists as their saviors in fiction written by Vargas Llosa. This essay provides a solution to this paradox and other apparent contradictions in his narratives and posits that even though the anthropocentric literary discourse concerning the environment has declined throughout the latter part of the twentieth century, in part, due to the rise of the environmental movement, this type of discourse has changed in Vargas Llosa’s literature, rejecting early twentieth century misconceptions of the natural world but holding onto technocentric neoliberal beliefs.

루소(Rousseau)의 행복관과 인간 교육

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between happiness and education, focusing on Rousseau's books. To this end, his view of happiness and the purpose of education were examined, focusing on the contents of happiness and education in his major works. Rousseau told children not to use competition, jealousy, and fear as a means of education. This is because self-love necessary for self-preservation turns into selfishness and becomes the source of unhappiness. He also made 'human and citizen' his educational goal. The teacher guaranteed the child's freedom as an authoritative leader and led the child to discover knowledge and value as a free being. This is because the balance of duty as a citizen and life as an individual is the foundation of happiness.

Kitab Nasa’ih Al-‘Ibad Dan Tanqih Al-Qaul Oleh Syaikh Nawawi Al-Bantani: Kajian Perbandingan Terhadap Metode Penulisan Hadis

The works of Nasa’ih al-‘Ibad and Tanqih al-Qaul by Shaykh Nawawi al-Bantani are among the several major works referred to in the Archipelago in Islamic knowledge related to religious advice and aspects of Targhib wa Tarhib. Both works contain many hadiss. However, there is no position of the hadis presented in the two works because the methodology is not as relevant as the methodology of the authoritative work of hadis. Therefore, this study aims to look at the methodology of writing the hadis of the work Nasa’ih al-‘Ibad and Tanqih al-Qaul by Shaykh Nawawi al-Bantani. In addition, this study also does comparative research on the methods of the two works to find out the points of similarities and differences between the two works. The methodology of this study is qualitative through the method of literature and content analysis design of the works of Nasa’ih al-Ibad and Tanqih al-Qaul. This study found that there is a similarity in the methodology of hadis writing in the work Nasa’ih al-‘Ibad and Tanqih al-Qaul, which is the writing of hadis without sanad and only states mukhrij hadis only, writing hadis without sanad and mentioning Rawi al-A’la at the level of Sahabat, using the lafaz (sighat) of Ruwiya and Qala at the beginning of the hadis as well as writing the hadis using matan (Narrated by bi al-Lafz). While the difference is that in the work Nasa’ih al-‘Ibad Shaykh Nawawi al-Bantani wrote hadis without sanad by adding rawi a`la at the level of tabi`in and some additional sighat. In the book Tanqih al-Qaul, he added the method of writing hadis without sanad only mentioning Muhkrij al-Hadis and rawi a’la at the beginning of the matan, adding some words or sighat hadis and using the method of stating the source of hadis such as the name of the wor and the author of the work.

“Commit professional suicide or take up my pilgrim’s staff again?”: A cultural examination of how female managers resolve shock events in developing regions

How do key cultural aspects of individualism/collectivism and gender egalitarianism shape the decision making of female managers from developing regions when handling major work–family conflicts (WFC)? We address this question by drawing on a qualitative study of 50 female managers from developing countries in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa who work in one particular male-dominated industry. We examine the major WFC incidents experienced by our study participants through the theoretical lens of work–life shock events outlined by Crawford et al. We contribute to the episodic approach to WFC research by shedding light on important aspects of the sociocultural role of extended families and the collectivistic values prevalent in developing regions, as well as on pervasive (low) gender egalitarian norms. The accounts of our female managers reveal how major events are perceived and how women use multifaceted methods to handle them, allowing us to propose a decision-making framework and associated cues with three broad types of decision making: (1) self-directed—choosing work; (2) consultative—choosing work; and (3) consultative—choosing family. Alongside this, we offer revealing insights into how the abovementioned cultural aspects help to shape the logic of consequences (through which people assess the impact of alternative actions) and the logic of appropriateness (through which people act according to their identity), thereby influencing WFC decision making during major episodes of conflict.

Forgotten Clones: The Birth of Cloning and the Biological Revolution. By NathanCrowe. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2021. pp. 336. $60 (Hardcover).

Forgotten Clones: The Birth of Cloning and the Biological Revolution. By NathanCrowe. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2021. pp. 336. $60 (Hardcover).

The Development of the Russian Film Industry in the Era of Digital Media Exemplified by A. Fedorchenko’s Film <i>Big Snakes of Ulli-Kale</i>

The relevance of this research lies in understanding of Russian cinema as a rapidly developing cultural industry with the influence of digital media on these processes. A clear example of this process is A. Fedorchenkos creative work, including his last major work, Big Snakes of Ulli-Kale. According to the author of the article, digital media, providing new opportunities for creative self-realization, contribute to the directors traditional desire for the most complete control over the means of artistic expressiveness of film production.