Major Sporting Events Research Articles

The Role of Engagement on the Relationship Between Motivation and Future Volunteering Intention: The Case of the 30th Southeast Asian Games

Volunteering in major sporting events has become a trend, for sports volunteers are considered one of the most valuable human resources to the event. This study intended to establish a structural model that describes the role of engagement on the relationship between motivation and future volunteering intention in a sporting event. It aimed to provide implications for organizers and volunteer coordinators to effectively retain experienced volunteers and motivate them to engage in future events. The participants of the study were the 168 sport event volunteers at the 30th SEA Games – Clark Cluster. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling to test the causal relationships of the variables. The study found that skill enrichment, privileges of volunteering, and social enrichment positively influenced volunteer engagement, while community contribution, skill enrichment, positive life experiences, and volunteer engagement positively influenced intention to volunteer in the future. The study concluded that volunteer engagement has no mediating role between motivation and future volunteering intention. Sport event organizers must manage volunteers by satisfying their personal and social needs toward volunteering and providing moral support through proper work design, efficient training, and an inclusive working environment to keep them engaged and committed in sustaining their volunteering act.

Prevalence of Knee Injury in East Java’s Puslatda Fencing Athletes

Background: Fencing is one of many sports that are held in major sports events, both nationally and internationally. Fencing also has a high risk of injury, and knee injury is the most common injury site according to the authors' observations. Even so, studies on knee injuries in fencing athletes are very scarce, especially in Indonesia.Aim: To ascertain the prevalence of knee injuries and its intrinsic risk profile in fencing athletes at East Java Puslatda (regional training center).Material and Methods: The method used in this study was descriptive observational based on athletes’ health screening data, which were obtained from Sport Clinic Dr. Soetomo Academic General Hospital and athletes’ fitness data obtained from KONI.Results: This research involved 14 fencing athletes that were active in the East Java regional training center. Out of the 14 athletes who were included in this study, it was found that 1 athlete (7.1%) had a knee injury and 13 athletes (92.9%) had no knee injury. The athlete who had injured was a senior overweight female, had history of knee injury, average VO2max, normal knee ROM and alignment, and did 1-2 times leg strengthening exercises every week.Conclusion: The prevalence of knee injuries in fencing athletes at East Java regional training center is 1 in 14 athletes.

A new dimension of risks in sports: the cyber domain

The digital era and the increasing technological reliance of sport are showing a new face of threat and present a new challenge to the sports organizations – assuring the cybersecurity of the organization, the event, the team. While cybersecurity is a central topic during the design and implementation of the security of major sports events for more than a decade, the sports organizations get newly introduced in the domain, and unfortunately, some happen to learn lessons painfully – by suffering a cyber-attack. The present article aims to examine different kinds of cyber threats to which sports organizations are exposed by studying the most common types of attackers, motivation, and the means used for an attack. The applied methodology includes a literature review and case study performed on cases from three types of categories: major sports events; sports administering bodies, clubs, and athletes. The results of the analysis provide systematic information about the most common attackers’ types, motivations, and approaches which can be used as a foundation for further development of cybersecurity risk assessment of sports organizations.

Message Impartiality in Social Media Discussions

Discourse on social media platforms is often plagued by acute polarization, with different camps promoting different perspectives on the issue at hand—compare, for example, the differences in the liberal and conservative discourse on the U.S. immigration debate. A large body of research has studied this phenomenon by focusing on the affiliation of groups and individuals. We propose a new finer-grained perspective: studying the impartiality of individual messages. While the notion of message impartiality is quite intuitive, the lack of an objective definition and of a way to measure it directly has largely obstructed scientific examination. In this work we operationalize message impartiality in terms of how discernible the affiliation of its author is, and introduce a methodology for quantifying it automatically. Unlike a supervised machine learning approach, our method can be used in the context of emerging events where impartiality labels are not immediately available. Our framework enables us to study the effects of (im)partiality on social media discussions at scale. We show that this phenomenon is highly consequential, with partial messages being twice more likely to spread than impartial ones, even after controlling for author and topic. By taking this fine-grained approach to polarization, we also provide new insights into the temporal evolution of online discussions centered around major political and sporting events.

Impacts of International Sports Events on the Stock Market: Evidence from the Announcement of the 18th Asian Games and 30th Southeast Asian Games

Abstract: This paper assesses the influence of hosting major international sporting competitions on the host countries’ stock market performance before and after the announcement of such events. Specifically, this study explores whether stock markets of hosting countries experience cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) during the aforementioned period. For the purposes of investigation, the study considers announcements of the 18th Asian Games and 30th Southeast Asian Games hosted by Indonesia and the Philippines, respectively. The LQ45 index of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and PSEi index of the Philippines Stock Exchange (PSE) were chosen to test the significance of these events. It is found that only PSE experienced a significantly positive CAAR for the event. Findings of this study can make a significant contribution to helping national governments and investors understand the significance of sports to the economies of developing countries and how major sports events can improve stock market efficiency.

Insider Perspectives of a Major Sport Event Referendum

ABSTRACT In Western democratic societies, decisions to allocate public funding towards a sports stadium or event are generally made via representative democracy by elected policymakers. Increasingly, referendums are occurring to facilitate direct democracy. In this study, we examine insider perspectives of a potential Commonwealth Games bid referendum in New Zealand. The two research questions are: (1) To what extent do insiders support the initiation of a referendum to host a major sport event? and (2) What is the underlying rationale for that support or lack thereof? Interviews with 17 major event insiders (i.e., those with experience and/or decision-making authority) indicated unanimous opposition to the referendum. Several themes emerged related to their lack of support, including civic paternalism, challenges of providing voters with sufficient information to make informed votes and negative perceptions of past referendums. The results suggest the rationale for avoiding referendums extends beyond the expected apprehensiveness that voters will reject a proposal to host a major sporting event.

The Mediating Role of Major Sport Events in Visitors’ Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Intention to Revisit a Destination

Sport events represent a popular motive for travel and can bring a huge influx of visitors with multiple benefits for a destination. The purpose of this article is to analyze the effect of previous experience with the destination on future behavior in the form of intention to visit/revisit it and to shed more light on the relationship between visitors’ satisfaction and their future revisit intentions depending on their previous experience with the destination and the sporting event. The research setting was EuroBasket 2015, Zagreb, Croatia (EB), the largest and the most important basketball competition for national teams in Europe. A face-to-face survey with visitors of each of the 15 played games was conducted on site. In total, 765 questionnaires were collected. For the purpose of this paper, only foreign visitors (461 questionnaires) were included in the analysis. The connection between past experience and future intention to visit was tested with Pearson’s chi-squared test, differences in satisfaction levels—using the t-test for independent samples. In the next step of the analysis, we performed an analysis of impact asymmetry (IA) and of impact range (IR). The necessary input data were obtained through an OLS regression model with binary-coded dummy variables. The results showed that repeat visitors are more likely to express an intention to revisit the destination than first-time visitors, but the level of total satisfaction with EB was the same for both groups (first-time visitors and repeat visitors). The most influential event attributes for overall satisfaction were organization of EB in general, layout of the arena, and preparation of the city for the event. The study expanded the theoretical understanding of the visitors’ satisfaction with sporting event attributes as well their intention to revisit the destination.

Sequential round-robin tournaments with multiple prizes

We examine the fairness and intensity of sequential round-robin tournaments with multiple prizes and heterogeneous players. A tournament is called fair if the winning probabilities in each match depend only on the players' characteristics but not on the sequence of matches. We show that tournaments with three players will be fair if and only if the second prize is valued half of the first prize. The optimal prize structure may, however, be subject to a trade-off between fairness and intensity (measured by the players' expected aggregate effort). By contrast, there is no prize structure for which tournaments with more than three players will be fair if the sequence of matches is exogenously fixed. Our analysis suggests that many tournaments of major sporting events are inherently unfair.

Legal framework for the use of intellectual property in sports activities

Key words: sports activities, sports activities legal regulation, temporary laws, ambushmarketing, image rights, local rulemaking
 The article analyses the legal regulation of the use of intellectualproperty in sports activities. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that theincome of the global sports industry is increasingly depending on the use of the intellectualproperty by sports organizations.The author notices that adoption of temporary laws aimed at protecting the intellectualproperty rights of sports organizations who organize major sporting events ina country are distinctive features of sports activities. There were two similar laws inthe Ukrainian legislation. Although these laws contained some gaps, this experienceshould become a basis for the introduction of the concept of ambush marketing on aregular basis in the domestic law.Analysis of international agreements in the sporting sphere shows that nowadaysamong the world sports organizations, only intellectual property of InternationalOlympic Committee has an exclusive basis of protection. At the same time, the factthat in general the use and protection of intellectual property is given too little attentionin international agreements in the field of sports gives greater importance tolocal regulations adopted by sports authorities.According to the established practices of foreign sports organizations, professionalrules and contracts between the athlete and the organization contains mutual restrictionsof the use of a number of intellectual property objects constituting the athlete’simage. To date, in Ukrainian practice, only regulations and contracts of several footballorganizations contain the similar provisions, which at the same time have a numberof shortcomings. One of the issues is terminological ambiguity in image rightslegal phenomena, which is still new to Ukrainian practice, and therefore requires theconsistency of definitions between different sports organizations.Thus, although Ukrainian legislation creates the background for domestic sportsorganizations to benefit from their intellectual property, it still requires the adoptionof some new important definitions.

Susan: Wha's Like Her?

Susan: Wha's Like Her?

Fan in Chief: Richard Nixon and American Sports, 1969–1974

Fan in Chief: Richard Nixon and American Sports, 1969–1974

Discussion: COVID-19’s impact on sports and athletes

As major sport events have been cancelled and postponed in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the necessity to protect and provide a holistic approach to the professional athlete has never been greater. To do so one must understand the negative consequences for athletes in relation to the cancellation and postponement of such events caused by a communicable pandemic. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of how athletes were affected during the current COVID-19 pandemic. It will also discuss the role of athletes during a pandemic. Athletes like other celebrities can be role models. They can encourage appropriate behaviours including social distancing to help stall the spread of the virus through social media. The article ends with a short discussion on the resumption of sports after lockdown. In such a context of uncertainty, maximum caution is needed for resumption of sports to ensure a smooth return to previous high levels of training and fitness.

NFV orchestration over disaggregated metro optical networks with end-to-end multi-layer slicing enabling crowdsourced live video streaming

Network infrastructure must support emerging applications, fulfill 5G requirements, and respond to the sudden increase of societal need for remote communications. Remarkably, crowdsourced live video streaming (CLVS) challenges operators’ infrastructure with tides of users attending major sport or public events that demand high bandwidth and low latency jointly with computing capabilities at the networks’ edge. The Metro-Haul project entered the scene proposing a cost-effective, agile, and disaggregated infrastructure for the metro segment encompassing optical and packet resources jointly with computing capabilities. Recently, a major Metro-Haul outcome took the form of a field trial of network function virtualization (NFV) orchestration over the multi-layer packet and disaggregated optical network testbed that demonstrated a CLVS use case. We showcased the average service creation time below 5 min, which met the key performance indicator as defined by the 5G infrastructure public private partnership. In this paper, we expand our field trial demonstration with a detailed view of the Metro-Haul testbed for the CLVS use case, the employed components, and their performance. The throughput of the service is increased from approximately 9.6 Gbps up to 35 Gbps per virtual local area network with high-performance VNFs based on single-root input/output virtualization technology.

Local resident support for hosting a major sport event: the role of perceived personal and community impacts

ABSTRACT Research Question Resident support is critical for the successful hosting of major sport events and is closely linked to event impact perceptions. This study investigated determinants of support for a major sport event. The key independent variables were perceived event-related personal impacts and perceived event-related community impacts. Research Methods Residents (n = 603) of two potential Commonwealth Games host cities in New Zealand were asked about their support for the event. Event impact perceptions (costs and benefits) across personal and community dimensions were measured. The triple bottom line approach complements social exchange theory and social representations theory to underpin this study. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between impacts and event support. Ordinal logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between the levels of the event impacts (i.e. personal and community) and event support. Paired sample t-tests were used to explore difference between personal and community quality of life perceptions based on each of the event impacts. Results and Findings Overall, residents were supportive of bidding for the Commonwealth Games and various event impact perceptions are related. Based on Social Representations Theory, residents likely view the positive benefits of hosting a major event of this type as outweighing the negative. Several significant impacts emerged – both positive and negative. Positive impacts (pride) were perceived to have the greatest effect on event support, whereas each of the negative impact perceptions (opportunity cost, justice) were linked to decreased event support. Implications The results of this study provide important insights on community member perceptions of major sport events. The tendency of community members to focus on negatives could be counteracted with targeted communication strategies.

Security of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi

Given the fact that major sporting events such as the Olympic Games attract attention all over the world, the aspect of their security has become even more important, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Organizers of this type of mass sports event treat the issue of safety as top priority. The paper examines the empirical data from scientific publications, press releases and formal government documents that pertain to Russia's preparation to properly secure the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics in terms of security. The aim of this article was to identify the threats to the Winter Olympics in Sochi and to characterize the security system organized by Russia against this background. The conducted research confirmed that the greatest threat in Russia was the high activity of national liberation groups, fighters and terrorists from the Sochi area, which clearly intensified in the period preceding the Olympics. In addition, the security system created by Russia involved many different state bodies, including agencies, police and law enforcement services, and the army. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the security system created in Sochi may be a good example for other countries that will try to organize the Olympic Games in the future.

Research on Sports Video Image Based on Clustering Extraction

Today, with the continuous sports events, the major sports events are also loved by the majority of the audience, so the analysis of the video data of the games has higher research value and application value. This paper takes the video of volleyball, tennis, baseball, and water polo as the research background and analyses the video images of these four sports events. Firstly, image graying, image denoising, and image binarization are used to preprocess the images of the four sports events. Secondly, feature points are used to detect the four sports events. According to the characteristics of these four sports events, SIFT algorithm is adopted to detect the good performance of SIFT feature points in feature matching. According to the simulation experiment, it can be seen that the SIFT algorithm can effectively detect football and have good anti-interference. For sports recognition, this document adopts the frame cross-sectional cumulative algorithm. Through simulation experiments, it can be seen that the grouping algorithm can achieve a recognition rate of more than 80% for sporting events, so it can be seen that the recognition algorithm is suitable for recognizing sports events videos.

Return to Basketball Play Following COVID-19 Lockdown.

Due to concerns regarding the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), major sporting events and activities have been temporarily suspended or postponed, and a new radical sports protocol has emerged. For most sports there are few recommendations based on scientific evidence for returning to team-game activities following the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions, the extended duration of lockdown, and self-training or detraining in the COVID-19 environment, and this is especially true for basketball. A post-lockdown return to the basketball court ultimately depends on the teams—coaches, trainers, players, and medical staff. Nevertheless, our current scientific knowledge is evidently insufficient as far as safety and return-to-play timing are concerned. This situation presents a major challenge to basketball competition in terms of organization, prioritization, maintaining physical fitness, and decision-making. While preparing an adequate basketball return program, the players’ health is the major priority. In this article we briefly discuss the topic and propose multiple strategies.

Canadian Government Involvement in Calgary’s Failed 1968 Winter Olympic Bid

In the early 1960s the Canadian government in Ottawa saw international events, including major sporting events, as a way to bolster Canada’s position globally. To support Calgary’s bid for the 1968 Olympic Winter Games, the Canadian federal government formed an interdepartmental committee to work with the Calgary Olympic Development Association to try to improve the Canadian city’s chance of winning the Olympic Games. The inclusion of sites within Banff National Park for some of the proposed competition venues required federal government involvement, but John Diefenbaker and Lester Pearson’s governments became even more involved in the bid process than was typical at the time because of the importance with which they viewed the Olympic Games to their broader public diplomacy efforts. The extensive work to support Calgary’s (ultimately unsuccessful) 1968 Olympic Winter Games bid foreshadowed the importance of federal government involvement in the bidding stages and not just their involvement in the organizing of the Olympic Games themselves.

The creation of shared value in the major sport event ecosystem: understanding the role of sponsors and hosts

ABSTRACT Research question Building on the growing demand for organisations to generate both economic and social value, this study explores the creation of shared value (CSV) by major sport events (MSEs) and their sponsors. Research methods Semi-structured interview data were collected from multinational, senior industry practitioners with a sponsorship remit. Template analysis was employed to generate a model of shared value creation that extends prior literature. Results and findings Findings indicate that sponsors and MSEs can utilise organisational capabilities, consistency and cultivation to create shared value. This process is boosted by a symbiotic relationship between MSEs and sponsor(s). The length of sponsorship also affects positive outcomes arising from CSV by a number of additional actors within the ecosystem, including host citizens, athletes, and consumers. Implications This study posits a model that advances the concept of CSV and its application within the context of MSEs. It contributes to developing enduring sponsor-MSE relationships aimed at creating a lasting footprint with a range of actors within their ecosystem. Also, the study provides nuanced insights for practitioners and academics about the importance of CSV.

Redesigning the Games? The 2020 Olympic Games, Playbooks and new sports event risk management tools

ABSTRACT Rationale/Purpose More than a year into the pandemic, scholars and practitioners have highlighted several of the organizational implications of coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) on worldwide cultural festivals and sporting events. Following COVID-19, numerous major sporting events, including the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics, were postponed in February and March 2020. As the new dates of many rescheduled sporting events approach in time, the article discusses pressing questions related to sporting event risk, safety and security. Design/Methodology/Approach The paper is conceptual and employs insights and frames from the risk management literature for its examination of sporting events staged in the mid- and late 2020 and early 2021. Findings We analyse risk management strategies and safety practices at recent sporting events that have been staged throughout the pandemic. Our argument is that the rescheduled sporting events – exemplified by the 2020 Olympics – have been subject to organizational, social and spatial redesign processes. Practical Implications The paper can provide emerging lessons and considerations for sporting event stakeholders in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Research Contributions The paper adds to our understanding of emerging risk management strategies and safety practices that event stakeholders have adopted in the context of COVID-19. This is supplemented by an emerging and multidisciplinary research agenda.