Major Source Of Livelihood Research Articles

Climate Change and Environmental Conflict in The Lake Chad Region

Environmental conflicts manifest in different ways, with context-specific impacts on the affected regions. Emerging as a crucial point of national and international security, issues of climate change have taken the fore. In the Lake Chad Region, more people have become more susceptible to the climate change, given the poverty level, unemployment and inadequate governance in these regions. Christened as the world’s most complicated humanitarian disaster, the receding lake which has served as a major source of livelihood in time past is now a haven for violent conflict and extremist groups. Assuming top on the agenda of African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council and the UN Peacebuilding Commission meetings held in 2022, its importance cannot be underestimated. To this end, this paper strengthens the evidence on climate-related conflict in the Lake Chad Basin and its simultaneous effect on human security. Using qualitative method, data was gathered through secondary sources, such as journal articles, reports from the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC), books and online sources on the subject matter. Data gathered were analyzed using content analysis. Findings reveals that the vulnerability of the area based on poverty, historical antecedents to conflict and crime, as well as the growing population makes the response to the receding lake naturally violent. It is recommended therefore, that the Lake should be revived and nourished by joint collaboration from states within the region and international actors as a long term plan. Also, resilient measures through employment opportunities and skilled training should be available for the youths and most vulnerable people.

Household vulnerability and adaptive capacity on impacts of climate change and adaptability solution in Soroti District, Uganda

Abstract. Ogallo EA, Wambua BN, Mukhovi MS. 2022. Household vulnerability and adaptive capacity on impacts of climate change and adaptability solution in Soroti District, Uganda. Intl J Trop Drylands 6: 63-76. This study aimed to assess the vulnerabilities, impacts, and adaptation strategies of households in the Soroti District, Uganda. The data from household surveys, interviews with key informants, and focused group discussions were used to obtain data on climate change and variability impacts, adaptation strategies, and vulnerability. The rainfall and temperature data from Soroti meteorological station was also used to determine climate variability and change. The Microsoft Excel 2007 and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16 program entered all the quantitative data. The results were then represented in tables, graphs, and charts. The temperature and rainfall analysis show that the area's climate has recently changed. These scenarios were confirmed by people's perception, along with increased drought, floods, and incidences of diseases and pests. That could have serious implications for agriculture, the major source of livelihood within the district. For instance, the delay of the 2013 March-April-May (MAM) rainfall onset and extended dry spell between the seasons led to subsequent poor harvests and serious crop failure. Other major impacts of climate change and variability on livelihoods include low fish catches, decreased water availability, lack of animal feeds, and decline in soil fertility. Although the entire district is vulnerable to the impact of climate change and variability, vulnerability is heightened for women, children, the poor, and the less educated. However, the residents have adopted certain coping and adaptation strategies to deal with the climate change impacts. The current coping strategies include selling household assets, wage labor, petty trading, and reducing consumption. Adaptation strategies include shifting planting dates, off-farm jobs, planting different crops, diversifying crops, and diversifying from farm to non–farm activities. However, these strategies are insufficient due to overarching stressors such as over-dependence on rainfed agriculture, poverty, and lack of information and technology. Moreover, there is an urgent need to alleviate poverty and unemployment within the district by creating employment opportunities for the locals and enhancing the micro-financing efficiency to improve resilience and adaptation to climate change and variability. There is also a need for robust contingency planning and the relevant institutions' involvement in early warning. Local knowledge integration in climate policies also could enhance resilience and improve adaptation.

Implementation and Evaluation of the Government Schemes Provided in Mattathur Panchayath Post 2018 Kerala Floods.

Between June 1 and August 18, 2018, Kerala experienced the worst ever floods in its history since 1924. During this period, the state received cumulative rainfall that was 42% in excess of the normal average. . In Mattathur Panchayath 2233 people were moved into camps, 117 houses were destroyed out of which 72 houses were destroyed beyond repair. There were also major losses towards the agricultural sector and for people depending on agriculture and animal husbandry as a major source of livelihood. The 2018 floods paved way for a huge agricultural loss in Mattathur Panchayath. The major sectors that were affected by the floods were paddy fields, Banana along with nutmeg and coconut plantations. Government schemes are provided for the upliftment and rebuild mission due to the losses caused by the floods. The schemes implemented have been beneficial and effective to the majority of the respondents taken for the study in the Panchayath. This study focuses on these schemes and deals with various schemes and its effectiveness in Mattathur Panchayath.

Assessment of Major Wetlands’ Current Situation and Their Contribution To Livelihood Improvement, South Wollo, Ethiopia

The wetland ecosystem is among the most important ecosystems globally. It is a source of ecosystem services that can contribute to the income and means of livelihood for communities living near the vicinity of wetlands especially in developing countries. Ethiopia is among the least developing countries in Africa where many communities around the wetlands depend on ecosystem services for their livelihoods. However, these wetlands are being degraded both by anthropogenic and natural factors. The objectives of the study were to assess the status of the major wetlands and their contribution to the livelihoods of communities in South Wollo Zone of Amhara Regional State located in North-Eastern Ethiopia. Districts in South Wollo with wetland potential were selected purposely in collaboration with Zonal Agricultural Office experts. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 114 respondents living around the wetlands for the interview. In addition to this, three focus group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted to gather data focused on types of wetlands, major provisioning ecosystem services, and major threats to wetlands. In the study area, 9 natural and 3 manmade major wetlands were identified. These wetlands have provisioning ecosystem services such as food production; source of grasses for animal feed; ceremonial activities; roof making and handicrafts; and water for drinking, livestock watering, and irrigation which are the major sources of livelihoods. Though these wetlands have important roles in livelihood, they are highly affected by settlement, conversion for agriculture, overgrazing, excessive water abstraction, deforestation, sand mining, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Therefore, wetland management intervention plan should be prepared and implemented through a community-based restoration approach.

Perception of Farmers Regarding Climate Change: A Comparative Study of Hisar and Shimla

The term climate stands for general weather conditions prevailing over a period of many years, while climate change refers to significant variation in average weather conditions during a long time period that may be several decades or more. Agriculture is the major source of livelihood for almost 60% of the India's total population. Its different regions are highly vulnerable to various natural disasters like avalanches, earthquakes, floods, drought etc. stressors of water resources” [1]. The present comparative study was conducted in the purposively selected Haryana state and Himachal Pradesh state. One district from each state i.e., Hisar from Haryana and Shimla from Himachal Pradesh were selected at random. A total sample of 240 farm families, 40 from each village (total six village, 1 village from each block) was selected purposively comprising of 120 farm families of Hisar district and 120 of Shimla district. The result was analysed by the statistical tools viz., frequency, percentage, weighted mean score, spearman;s rank correlation and mean. Result showed that in both Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, maximum respondents were familiar about the term climate change but they were unaware about many related terms. Result also elucidated that increasing population and food and water scarcity were perceived most important threat in Haryana and economic situation and unemployment & poverty, food and water scarcity were most important threats perceived in Himachal Pradesh and in Haryana maximum changes were noticed in terms of extreme heat and cold and pattern of rainfall whereas, in Himachal Pradesh maximum changes were observed in pattern of rainfall and season shift. Result also observed that in Haryana most important problem caused by global warming included heat waves which ranked first followed by lesser rainfall and water shortage ranked second and third respectively while in Himachal Pradesh most important problems included lesser snow with ranked first followed by lesser rainfall (rank II) and reduced lake ice cover (rank III).

A Study of Sustainable Nutrition Security and Agricultural Production in Odisha

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) vision 2030 creates a centralized structure of international collaboration to encourage sustainable development. The challenge for countries around the globe is lack of nutrition, which is vital not only for human growth and development, but also for treatment and prevention of diseases. The second SDG, "End hunger, achieve food security and better nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture," includes nutrition as a key component to enhance healthy, sustainable diets while simultaneously ensuring global food security. Good nutrition is dependent on availability and supply of food. Agriculture is the backbone of all food systems and it is important for ensuring healthy, safe, affordable, and sustainable diets for children. On the other hand, the association between agriculture and nutrition status is far from clear. Agriculture continues to be Odisha’s economic backbone and a key source of livelihood for majority of the state's population, mostly concentrated in rural areas. Researches done in areas of the growing trend of agriculture production and nutritional status of Odisha are generally lacking the interlink between these two. An effort has been made in the present paper to connect these two vital areas of research through Govt. programs (TPDS, MDM, and ICDS), implemented by the Government of Odisha.

ENTREPRENEURIAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN SHEEP HUSBANDRY SECTOR OF J&K

The Indian agrarian society is transforming with socio-economic development and demand for livestock has been on the increase exponentially. The demand is expected to rise further with increase in population and purchasing power in the coming decades. Sheep livestock has a pivotal role in Jammu & Kashmir as a traditional source of income, energy, manure and fuel. Entrepreneurship in this sector is not taking effect despite institutional and government push. as the prospect entrepreneurs and traditional breeders face various challenges at the gass root level. The present study explores the challenges and opportunities with a generic view of the sector in Jammu and Kashmir. A primary data analysis was conducted on data collected via survey questionnaire from 100 respondents across various verticals of the trade. Frequency analysis indicated that the sector is a major livelihood source in the region and a great potential opportunity to organize a thriving business. However, enterprising in this sector isn’t free of challenges. The sector requires identification of challenges, and innovation to overcome them

The perceived impact of tourism development and sustainable strategies for residents of Varkala, South India

Tourism is an important business for contemporary society and is emerging as a major economic activity globally. Technological expansion and economic divergence have created a tourism friendly environment in the present age of globalization. India has a great geographical, historical and cultural heritage that drives tourism in the country. The Varkala cliff is a geoheritge site and popular tourist destination in Kerala where inhabitants earn a means of living by involving them in medical, pilgrim, beaches, and nature-based tourism. The tourist inflow to Varkala has increased tremendously over time. This paper investigates the impact of tourism the on the local community and alternative strategies of livelihood for residents in Varkala. The aims and objectives of the research are achieved through the use of a mixed method approach (qualitative and quantitative). Semi-structured questionnaires were prepared for 100 households and detailed face to face interviews were conducted with the 13 chief informers. Data were analyzed using correlation, regression analysis and ANOVA tests to examine the relationship between tourism and income level of the local community. The major findings of the paper show that tourism is the major source of livelihood for the local communities in Varkala. While the tourism activities in the study area provide a meaningful source of livelihood, it is imperative to find alternative strategies of producing income, due to the instability and seasonality of the tourism industry. The investigation suggests managers within the study area should formulate plans, policies and strategies that will improve the tourism industry and involve local community members in the decision making process and management of tourism activities.

Implication of Agricultural Science Education on the Development of the Nigerian Economy

The introduction of agricultural education in Nigeria educational system is necessary as it helps learners acquire knowledge and skills in agriculture which will improve the quantity and quality of agricultural production with a view to better the living standard of the people. Agricultural education has been progressing overtime due to the benefits derived from agriculture. The agricultural sector is a major source of livelihood for most citizens, but the paper noted that production hurdles have significantly stifled the performance of the sector. The paper argued that if the problems bedeviling agricultural sector as well as agricultural education such as inadequate funding, low societal acceptance, lack of qualified manpower, lack of good roads and infrastructures among others can be addressed, the Nigerian economy will be in a better shape as it relates to food security, employment of the youth and provision of raw materials. The paper finally concluded that agricultural education is an innovative programme aimed at self-reliant and employment creation in the country. Apart from the income generation and economic empowerment it can give to the youths, it preoccupies them and keep their minds out of mischief and violence, thereby, enhancing peace and national security which are of utmost importance to the Nigerian economy, and recommends adequate funding to acquire necessary tools and equipment, qualified teaching personnel and in-service training for the teachers as well as incentives for learners of agricultural science.

Rural Livelihood Activities

Rural households are found to depend on diverse portfolio of activities and income sources. This study sought to explore the diverse livelihood activities of rural households in Awra Amba Community. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used to collect data. Content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results of the study revealed that almost all members (94%) of Awra Amba community are depending on non-farm activities because of the scarcity of land. As a result, they are dominantly weavers (86%) and the rest are traders. The results of the study indicated that weaving is their major source of livelihood and a backbone for their survival.

Contribution of Agriculture in the Enhancement of Refugees Livelihoods in Nakivale Settlement

Uganda has significantly continued to receive a large number of refugees in the region and this is positively correlated with its proportional increase in peace and stability. The presence of favorable climatic conditions enhances agricultural productivity and this has triggered redirecting refugees into agricultural production as the major source of livelihood. However, in Ugandan setting, it has not yet been clearly established how agriculture has practically enhanced the livelihoods of the refugees. The study therefore aimed at identifying the agricultural activities practiced by refugees living in Nakivale refugee settlement, identifying the challenges faced by refugees involved in agriculture and their possible solutions as well as examining the contribution of agriculture towards livelihoods of refugees in Nakivale Refugee settlement. The study utilized a case-study approach to analyze the contribution of agriculture in the enhancement of livelihoods in the context of a single settlement and a sample size of 80 respondents was chosen using simple random sampling and an interview guide was used to collect primary data from the respondents. It was revealed from the study that crop production is the main agricultural activity practiced by refugees living in Nakivale refugee settlement in a bid to improve on their food security and household incomes. The study further revealed that climate change, diseases/parasites and diseases, limited land and low prices for the produce are the most serious challenges facing refugees’ farmers. It is concluded that food security in Nakivale refugee settlement is rather influenced by agricultural production and the associated dynamics that ultimately determine the well-being of the refugee communities. It is important to appreciate that any variation in factors of production, weather and produce prices will determine livelihood status of the community for such a specific period of time. It’s recommended that farmers should adopt climate smart farming to mitigate effects of climate change, supporting farmers with agricultural credit and other agricultural inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, farming tools, land, farmers training, improved seeds which are high yielding and quick maturing, market linkages for improved productivity and production.

NUTRACEUTICAL ASPECTS OF AZOLLA: A LOW-COST ORGANICINPUT FOR LIVESTOCK

Livestock has a significant role in the world economy. Livestock is the major source of livelihood for about 20.5 million people in India and livestock resources contribute 4.11% of the country's GDP and 25.6% of total agriculture GDP. On the other hand, there is a huge gap between demand and supply of feed and fodder in India, which can be reduced by exploring natural feed resources as supplements. To complete the shortage of feed and optimum production of livestock, it is significant to explore some non-conventional nutritive feed resources. The aquatic fern, Azolla has been identified as one of the most efficient substitutes for livestock as it can be easily digested due to its low lignin with high protein content having especially essential amino acid lysine. Its unique nutrient aspects make it an ideal feed for livestock, poultry, goat, fish, and pigs. Nutraceutical aspects of Azolla bio-feed technology will be taken up in a big way by the dairy farmers, especially, by those who experience land scarce conditions for fodder production.

Role of Economy as Social Institution in Cholistan Desert

Cholistan is the second largest desert of Pakistan with semi-nomadic culture. Based on its landscape, Cholistan is divided into two parts, i.e., Greater and Lesser Cholistan. This study review highlights the economic activities of native people of Cholistan, challenges faced by people and ways to improve the economic standard of native people. Due to its rough terrain, Cholistan is hardly accessible from outside except specialized vehicles. The entire Cholistan is the least populated area and the existing population is scattered among sand dunes. Cholistan is deprived of socio-economic development and hence there is a lack of basic amenities of life such as drinking water, food, education, healthcare and housing. Due to the scarcity of irrigation water and the landscape of Cholistan, there is hardly any possibility of agri-farming and production grains for livelihood. Animal herds are a major source of livelihood and sustenance for the people of Cholistan. Local people own larger herds of cows, camels, goats and sheep, which are vital for survival, i.e., food sources and money for purchasing necessities. Cholistani people do not possess formal education and skills and are unable to avail any job opportunity in the formal sector. As a result, Cholistani people are choiceless except to depend upon animal husbandry. All the family members, including women, participate in animal husbandry and other small scale agri-farming for earning a livelihood. Life is simple, and daily needs of local people are very limited, and economic activities are few in Cholistan. Social institution is playing their role to educate the people and fulfilling the economic needs of the Cholistani people.

Bluetongue Disease in Small Ruminants in Palestine: A retrospective Study Between the period of 2005-2019

Small ruminant’s livestock industry provides a major source of livelihood for many people worldwide, particularly the rural poor in developing countries. Bluetongue (BT) is a reportable infectious non-contagious disease of the small ruminant that has considerable socioeconomic importance in livestock in Palestine. The objective of the current study was to investigate the epidemiological analysis of BT within small ruminants in Palestine over 14 years 2005 – 2019. The retrospective numbers of BT outbreaks, cases, and deaths from the World Organization for Animal Health were analyzed. The study indicated that BT is enzootic in Palestine, reported started from 2009. A total of 273 outbreaks include 1628 cases resulted in 351 deaths were reported. A total of 273 outbreaks, 1628 cases, and 351 deaths were recorded in small ruminants. The incidence rate average was 5.5%, and the average mortality rate was 1.6%. The case fatality rate ranged from 0.0- 39.29 % with an average of 20.2%. No vaccination practice was applied in Palestine. Temporal analysis obtained that BT is more endemic in the low-temperature season between September and December, with a higher peak in November, displaying `overwintering` of BTV in Palestine. At least five BTV serotypes BTV (2, 4, 5, 6 and 8) were continuously present in Palestine. Multiple serotypes were recorded in the same outbreak period increase the risk for re-assortment of individual BTV gene segments. Efficient data recording, enhance owner awareness, use of the vaccine and a systematic BT monitoring program are required to control and eradicate the disease.

Survival- versus opportunity-driven environmental reliance: Evidence from Uganda

We investigate whether environmental reliance can be better understood if household categories are identified based on their level of reliance rather than the prevalent approaches based on what they earn (total household income) or own (assets). We conduct quantile regressions of environmental income and reliance (measured as the share of total household income from the environment) on different household and contextual variables, using a sample of 268 households from Hoima and Kibale districts in Uganda. We hypothesize that environmental reliance for the most reliant is a ‘survival-led’ coping mechanism resulting from low asset levels, while environmental reliance for the least reliant is ‘opportunity-led’, induced by the ease of access to environmental products and markets. The analysis shows that the most environmentally reliant households are driven by necessity, particularly low levels of agricultural farmland and other household assets, supporting the first hypothesis. We do not find strong evidence, however, for the second hypothesis, namely that market proximity induces the least reliant (and generally more asset-rich) households to increase their environmental income. We suggest that environmental policy interventions should be differentiated. In areas where environmental income is a major source of livelihood, law enforcement programs that regulate environmental extraction need to be complemented with alternative income sources. Small farm size is a major push factor into environmental reliance, hence enhancing land productivity and farm income is a potential policy towards the most reliant households. Farm size had no significant effect on environmental reliance among the least reliant households, while higher off-farm income is associated with less environmental reliance.

Analysing Challenges and Strategies in Land Productivity in Sikkim Himalaya, India

Agriculture is the major source of livelihood in rural areas and is considered the backbone of the Indian economy. In Sikkim, agriculture is being practiced by 80% of the rural population, and having no other major livelihood options has created immense pressure on the farmers and agricultural land. Agriculture sector is under great stress as the farmers are being confronted by various challenges in Sikkim Himalaya in recent years, such as land degradation, climate change and socio-economic problems. Despite the number of indigenous agriculture management methods being practised in Sikkim Himalaya, the agricultural production system is weakening. In this context, this paper presents an analysis of challenges faced by indigenous communities, local farmers and potential sustainable strategies for their management in Rani Khola watershed of Sikkim Himalaya. Data and information were collected by field observation, questionnaire surveys of 300 households, key informant interviews and focus group discussions conducted during 2017–18. Data processing and analysis were carried out with a combination of techniques, such as the application of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS)-based data processing and descriptive statistics. Major challenges identified in the watershed are water scarcity (80%), climate change (88%), soil erosion and runoff (72%), higher investment cost (100%), lack of irrigation facilities (77%), fragmentation and size of landholdings (100), human–wildlife conflict (59%) and pests and disease (60%). Some possibilities and innovations that could address these problems are the use and retaining of various indigenous soil and water conservation (SWC) measures, diversified farming systems, community involvement in the government development process, better irrigation facilities, strengthening the local economy, coordinated planning between stakeholders and development of market feedback mechanism within the system.

Okra Production Constraints and Awareness of Seed-Borne Fungi Infection in Ten Major Okra Growing Communities of the Ashanti Region of Ghana

Okra production is one of the major sources of livelihood for the majority of farmers in the Ashanti region of Ghana. In view of this a survey was conducted among okra farmers in 10 major okra growing communities in Ashanti region of Ghana namely Mankranso, Mfensi-Adankwame, Beposo, Abompe, Kotokuom, Nkwanta-Kesse, Atwima Mim, Abaesua, Offinso and Nerebehi between October, 2017 and March, 2018 to assess their production constraints and awareness of seed-borne fungi infection menace and it management in okra. Data were obtained from 100 okra farmers selected using multi-stage sampling procedure through the use of structured questionnaire and interviews. Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows. Descriptive statistics were used and means were presented using tables and graphs. There was a clear dominance of male (75 %) as against female (25 %). Ninety-one percent (91%) of the farmers were married. Fifty four percent (54%) had basic education and 43% had no formal education. Approximately, 42 % of the farmers have been in okra production for over 10 years. Fifty three percent of the farmers intercropped okra with other vegetables. Majority (38%) of the farmers cultivated okra from two to three hectares. Most of the farmers (34 %) ranked pest infestation followed by diseases (24 %) as the major constraints of okra production. Majority (77 %) of the farmers were not aware of seed-borne fungi of okra and therefore most (73 %) of them did not manage the infection. Farmers should therefore be educated by extension officers on seed-borne fungi to create their awareness of the seed-borne infection in the study areas for effective management.

COVID-19 pandemic and informal women workers in peri-urban communities in Nigeria

ABSTRACT COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown policy it engendered restricted the entrepreneurial freedom and skills promoted by the neoliberal market structure. It also undermined the strings of social networks and collective organisation which protect the individual informal workers, particularly women in the peri-urban areas. Using the qualitative dominant methods, this research probed into the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on informal women workers in peri-urban communities in Nigeria. The study argued that the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying lockdown devastated the informal economic activities of women in peri-urban areas due largely to lack of social protection programmes to support vulnerable populations. It also undermined Nigeria-Cameroon trade relation which is a major source of livelihood for most people, reduced the personal income of informal workers in the peri-urban areas and government revenue in Taraba State. The study concluded that providing financial capital, material palliatives and affordable social protection facilities to informal women workers in peri-urban communities is relevant for sustainable economic development in Nigeria.

Challenges and economic benefits of scrap metal trade at Kumasi Suame Magazine, Ghana.

The scrap metal trade has become the major source of livelihood for countless people at Suame Magazine. Most of the collectors are school drop-outs with very little knowledge about neither safe ways of practicing the trade nor the environmental implications of their activities such as the burning of cables to retrieve scrap metal. The trade has reduced unemployment to some extent and if it is given enough attention, the nation as a whole can benefit enormously from it. Demand for scrap metal will always be there due to the technological age we find ourselves in. Nonetheless, the trade has its challenges and negative impacts on the environment. Most respondents indicated that the scrap trade does not generate enough financial reward to cater for themselves and their families despite the risks and dangers they daily subject themselves to. However, it serves as a means to an end.

Chiuri (Aesandra butyracea) and Beekeeping for Sustainable Livelihoods of Chepang Community in Raksirang-6, Makawanpur, Nepal

Chiuri trees and beekeeping are the major sources of livelihood among the Chepang community. The study was performed to assess the role of Chiuri on livelihood improvement of the Chepang community through beekeeping and to analyze the efforts of CFUGs to conserve the Chiuri in Silinge Community Forest User Group, Raksirang-6, Makawanpur district, Nepal. Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Survey and Individual interview in households were carried out for the study from January to March 2019. With the increasing demand for organic honey made from Chiuri, the locals of the Chepang village in Makawanpur have started generating a good income from beekeeping. The majority (63%) of the respondents reported that the trends of the status of beekeeping were increasing in households. The selling of honey was the main source of income for the people of Silinge CFUGs. 1/3 of households earned the money in the range of NRs 200,000 (US$ 1,720.83) - NRs 300,000 (US$ 2,581.24). Physical capital and financial capital have significantly increased, whereas human, social and natural capitals were in increasing trends. The relationship between Chiuri and honey bees was very positive for both. The marketing system of Chiuri is not well developed in the study area. The Chepang community will get more prices after certifying their products as organic. Organic Certification of Nepal (OCN) should conduct studies about organic honey.