Major Skin Research Articles

Review on Hydrogel Based Systems and their use in Drug Delivery for Wound Healing & Wound Management

Abstract: The largest organ of the human body, the skin, shields the body from the outside environment. Despite having a great capacity for regeneration, major skin abnormalities cannot heal on their own and must be covered with artificial skin. In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in the area of skin tissue engineering to create novel skin replacements. Because of their porous as well as moisturized polymeric structural composition, hydrogels are one of the choices with the greatest ability to imitate the natural skin microenvironment. Naturally derived polymers, synthesized polymers, polymerizable synthetic monomolecules, as well as mixtures of natural and synthesized polymers, can all be used to create hydrogels. They can be used to assist in the regeneration as well as repair of the wounded dermis, epidermis or else both by dressing various wounds permanently or temporarily. Hydrogels possess distinct properties like lightweight, stretchable, biocompatible, and biodegradable; they have the potential to be incorporated as flexible solutions for the care of chronic wounds. Additionally, these characteristics make hydrogels appropriate for use in the pharmaceutical and medical industries. Physical, chemical, and hybrid bonding are all involved in the creation of hydrogels. Several processes, including solution casting, solution mixing, bulk crosslinking polymerization, the free radical mechanism, radiation therapy, and the development of interpenetrating networks, are used to create the bonding. This review primarily focuses on the type of wounds with phases in wound healing and the many kinds of hydrogels based on cross-linking, ionic charge, physical properties, source etc., and it also describes potential fabrication techniques for hydrogel design in biomedical applications, drug delivery as well as wound management hydrogel systems. Hydrogel-based systems for wound recovery and management are described, as well as current research & future prospective of hydrogel-based drug delivery systems in wound healing for topical applications.

Case reports on hand prejuvenation: clinical outcomes in middle-aged women with hyaluronic acid filler plus lidocaine.

Hand rejuvenation with hyaluronic acid filler injections is gaining more attention for its ability to correct volume loss and improve skin quality. The hand dorsum is prone to loss of dermal elasticity and subcutaneous atrophy as individuals age, and administering hyaluronic acid fillers has become an option to restore the smoothness and youthful contour of the hand. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that injections with Definisse Touch Filler Plus Lidocaine are effective and safe for hand rejuvenation. Ten subjects underwent filler placement of 0.5 to 1.0 mL in the dorsal superficial lamina, which is devoid of sensory nerves and major skin vessels, using a blunt cannula via the fanning technique. Measurements were done before, immediately after, and 1 month after the treatment using validated aesthetic scales. There was a significant correction of volume loss immediately after the first treatment and an improvement in skin texture and topography 1 month after the procedure. No lasting or severe adverse effects were observed. To show significant and conclusive results, it is recommended to conduct further prospective, comparative, blinded studies in more subjects followed for longer periods (ie, 12 months or more). Objective analysis of volumetric changes using automated three-dimensional surface techniques is likewise beneficial. Injecting a low G-prime hyaluronic acid along the dorsal superficial lamina via cannula provides an effective and tolerable option for improving the appearance of aged hands.

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effect of Glabridin on Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus Aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is among the major skin infection-causing pathogens in animals and humans. Its ability to form biofilms has become a foremost cause of bacterial infections and the extensive spread of drug resistance, which poses a great difficulty in clinical treatment. Glabridin (Glb), an extract of licorice with antibacterial and anti-infective properties, has a partially understood biofilm-inhibitory mechanism. This study investigated the inhibitory and antibiofilm activities of subinhibitory concentrations of Glb against S. aureus. The crystal violet assay revealed that Glb significantly suppressed biofilm expression. Scanning electron microscopy observations unveiled that Glb reduced S. aureus adhesion and accumulation by disrupting the spatial structure of the biofilm. In vitro extracellular DNA (eDNA) inhibition assays demonstrated that Glb inhibited biofilm formation by S. aureus by suppressing eDNA secretion. In total, 184 differentially expressed genes were obtained through transcriptomic (RNA-seq) sequencing, of which 81 and 103 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Glb regulated the transcript levels of biofilm-related genes through the phosphatase transfer system, two-component regulatory system, and nitrogen metabolism. The qPCR analysis was performed to confirm whether Glb interfered with the expression of regulatory genes involved in S. aureus biofilm formation (SarA, ArlR, FnbA, ClfA, icaD, and icaR) as well as the virulence gene Hla. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Glb has a significant inhibitory effect on biofilm activity and is expected to be a good antibiofilm drug.

Trends in Melanoma Incidence, Prevalence, Stage at Diagnosis, and Survival: An Analysis of the United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) Database.

Background and objectives Melanoma, a major skin cancer, has seen varying trends in incidence, prevalence, stage atdiagnosis, and survival. This study examines these trends using the United States CancerStatistics (USCS) database, covering the period from 1999 to 2021. Methods We extracted data from the USCS database, which integrates the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR). The analysis included new melanoma cases, prevalence estimates (using a 20-year limited duration), stage at diagnosis, and five-year relative survival rates. Incidence rates were adjusted for age using the 2000 United States standard population. Descriptive and trend analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 29 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The analysis of melanoma trends from 1999 to 2021 reveals a significant increase in the annual age-adjusted incidence rate, rising from 15.1 per 100,000 (95% CI: 14.9- 15.2) in 1999 to 23.0 per 100,000 (95% CI: 22.8- 23.1) in 2021. This upward trend is consistent across gender and racial/ethnic groups. The prevalence of melanoma over a 20-year period was 0.279 (95% CI: 0.276-0.282), with males showing a higher prevalence (0.302, 95% CI: 0.298-0.306) compared to females (0.256, 95% CI: 0.252-0.260). The distribution of melanoma stage at diagnosis indicated that 77% of cases were localized (95% CI: 76.5-77.5%), 9.5% regional (95% CI: 9.2-9.8%), 4.7% distant (95% CI: 4.4-5.0%), and 8.8% unstaged (95% CI: 8.5-9.1%). Survival analysis showed a five-year relative survival rate of 99.4% (95% CI: 99.2-99.6%) for localized melanoma and 35.6% (95% CI: 33.7-37.6%) for distant melanoma, highlighting significant disparities in survival based on stage at diagnosis. Conclusions The study highlights a rising incidence of melanoma and emphasizes the critical role of early detection in improving survival outcomes. The findings underscore the effectiveness of early diagnosis and the necessity for ongoing efforts to improve melanoma outcomes across diverse populations.

The FRI classification – A new classification of fracture-related infections

AimTo identify the most relevant factors with respect to the management of fracture-related infection (FRI) and to develop a comprehensive FRI classification that guides decision-making and allows scientific comparison. MethodAn international group of FRI experts determined the preconditions, purpose, primary factors for inclusion, format and detailed description of the elements of an FRI classification through a consensus driven process. ResultsThree major elements were identified and grouped together in the FRI Classification: Fracture (F), Related patient factors (R) and Impairment of soft tissues (I). Each element was divided into five levels of complexity. Fractures can be healed (F1) or unhealed (F2–5). Patients may be fully healthy (R1) or have 4 levels of compromise, with and without end-organ damage (R2–5). Soft tissue condition ranges from well vascularized and easily closed (I1) to major skin defects requiring free flaps (I4). In all three elements, the fifth level (F5, R5 or I5) describes a patient who has an unreconstructible bone, soft tissue envelope or is not fit for surgery. ConclusionThe FRI classification, which is based on the three major elements Fracture (F), Related patient factors (R) and Impairment of soft tissues (I) is intended to guide decision-making and improve the quality of scientific reporting for FRIs in the future. The proposed classification is based on expert opinion and therefore an essential next step is clinical validation, in order to realize the ultimate goal of improving outcomes in the management of FRI.

Regulation of skin pigments in winter jujube fruit treated with elevated O2

Color deterioration is one of the major symptoms of postharvest senescence in winter jujube fruit. Elevated O2 (60 %) was applied to winter jujube fruit during storage at 0 °C and 90 % relative humidity. The changes in three major skin pigments, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin, were quantified to explain changes in skin color. The results showed that elevated O2 maintained the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid during the initial stages of storage, which were 25 % higher chlorophyll a, 34 % higher chlorophyll b, and 18 % higher carotenoid compared to the control on day 7. The maintenance of chlorophyll content under elevated O2 was due to the inhibition of chlorophyll catabolism. Additionally, elevated O2 treatment also maintained carotenoid content by activating its biosynthesis rather than inhibiting its degradation. During the later stages of storage, the accumulation of anthocyanin was enhanced by elevated O2, with a 1.3-fold increase in anthocyanin observed in elevated O2-treated fruit compared to the control fruit on day 21. Elevated O2 treatment effectively activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, leading to the accumulation of anthocyanin. This study elucidated the mechanism by which elevated O2 regulated color deterioration in winter jujube fruit.

A peculiar post-vaccination eruption.

We report the case of a 47-year-old woman who presented with the appearance of oral mucositis and vegetative lesions localized on the major skin folds that appeared after Comirnaty (BNT162b2) BioNTech anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Clinical, histological and immunopathological findings led to a diagnosis of pemphigus vegetans (Neumann variant) and the Naranjo score suggested a probable association with the vaccination. To our knowledge, despite its rarity, one other case of pemphigus vegetans after Comirnaty (BNT162b2) BioNTech anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has already been described in literature.

Multi-omics analysis to evaluate the effects of solar exposure and a broad-spectrum SPF50+ sunscreen on markers of skin barrier function in a skin ecosystem model.

Sun exposure induces major skin alterations, but its effects on skin metabolites and lipids remain largely unknown. Using an original reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model colonized with human microbiota and supplemented with human sebum, we previously showed that a single dose of simulated solar radiation (SSR) significantly impacted the skin metabolome and microbiota. In this article, we further analyzed SSR-induced changes on skin metabolites and lipids in the same RHE model. Among the significantly altered metabolites (log2-fold changes with p ≤ 0.05), we found several natural moisturizing factors (NMFs): amino acids, lactate, glycerol, urocanic acid, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid and derivatives. Analyses of the stratum corneum lipids also showed that SSR induced lower levels of free fatty acids and higher levels of ceramides, cholesterols and its derivatives. An imbalance in NMFs and ceramides combined to an increase of proinflammatory lipids may participate in skin permeability barrier impairment, dehydration and inflammatory reaction to the sun. Our skin model also allowed the evaluation of an innovative ultraviolet/blue light (UV/BL) broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF50+). We found that using this sunscreen prior to SSR exposure could in part prevent SSR-induced alterations in NMFs and lipids in the skin ecosystem RHE model.

A Pilot Study Characterization of the Scalp Microbiome in Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia Shows Shift in <i>Corynebacterium</i>

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Aberrant fibrosis in central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is thought to be driven by persistent low-grade inflammation, but the source of inflammation is unclear. Alterations in the scalp microbiota may contribute to inflammation and thus provide a target for therapeutic intervention. We sought to compare the bacterial and fungal cutaneous scalp microbiota in patients with CCCA versus controls. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Six patients with CCCA and seven controls were sampled at the vertex scalp. 16S rRNA sequencing of V3-V4 region and internal transcribed spacer amplicon sequencing was used to compare bacterial and fungal microbiomes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A significantly higher relative abundance of <i>Corynebacterium</i> was noted in patients with CCCA versus controls. No significant difference in scalp fungal or bacterial microbiota composition was observed. <b><i>Limitations:</i></b> V3-V4 sequencing can be limited in detection of major skin bacterial species. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> CCCA is characterized by a distinct bacterial microbiome community and high relative abundances of <i>Corynebacterium</i>. Future studies should characterize the relationship between <i>Corynebacterium</i> and scalp inflammation and the role it may play in the progression of CCCA.

Implication of the Annexin 1/FPR axis in leishmanial exosome-mediated Leishmania major skin hyperpathogenesis.

Exosomes produced by the protozoan parasite Leishmania (LeishEXO) are well-established drivers of virulence, though mechanisms underlying their exacerbation of experimental leishmaniasis remain elusive. Expression of Annexin A1 (ANXA1), a protein implicated in exosome-mediated pathologies and viral internalization, has been shown to correlate with cutaneous leishmaniasis severity. Given ANXA1's regulation of myeloid cells - the canonical hosts for Leishmania - we studied the potential role of ANXA1 and its receptors FPR1/2 in exerting LeishEXO's effects. Murine and in vitro ANXA1-/- models were used to study the generation of protective TH1 responses during experimental L. major infection with and without LeishEXO. Recruitment of inflammatory cells was assessed using a peritoneal cell recruitment assay and immunophenotyping, and production of inflammatory mediators was measured using a cytokine and chemokine array. Treatment of experimental models with FPR2 antagonist WRW4 and FPR1/2 agonist WKYMVm was used to delineate the role of the FPR/ANXA1 axis in LeishEXO-mediated hyperpathogenesis. We established that ANXA1 deficiency prohibits LeishEXO-mediated pathogenesis and myeloid cell infection, with minimal alterations to adaptive and innate immune phenotypes. FPR2 blockade with WRW4 similarly inhibited leishmanial hyperpathogenesis, while direct activation of FPRs with WKYMVm enhanced infection and recapitulated the LeishEXO-mediated phenotype. This research describes LeishEXO's utilization of the ANXA1/FPR axis to facilitate parasitic internalization and pathogenesis, which may be leveraged in the development of therapeutics for leishmaniasis.

A scalable and cGMP-compatible autologous organotypic cell therapy for Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

We present Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Cell Therapy (DEBCT), a scalable platform producing autologous organotypic iPS cell-derived induced skin composite (iSC) grafts for definitive treatment. Clinical-grade manufacturing integrates CRISPR-mediated genetic correction with reprogramming into one step, accelerating derivation of COL7A1-edited iPS cells from patients. Differentiation into epidermal, dermal and melanocyte progenitors is followed by CD49f-enrichment, minimizing maturation heterogeneity. Mouse xenografting of iSCs from four patients with different mutations demonstrates disease modifying activity at 1 month. Next-generation sequencing, biodistribution and tumorigenicity assays establish a favorable safety profile at 1-9 months. Single cell transcriptomics reveals that iSCs are composed of the major skin cell lineages and include prominent holoclone stem cell-like signatures of keratinocytes, and the recently described Gibbin-dependent signature of fibroblasts. The latter correlates with enhanced graftability of iSCs. In conclusion, DEBCT overcomes manufacturing and safety roadblocks and establishes a reproducible, safe, and cGMP-compatible therapeutic approach to heal lesions of DEB patients.

Effect of Medical Ozone Therapy in Preventing Compromised Nasal Skin in Revision Rhinoplasty.

Ozone is often used as an additive therapy for skin conditions like infectious diseases, wound healing, diabetic foot, and pressure ulcers. The viability of the nasal skin has crucial importance in revision rhinoplasty cases. The study investigates the potential benefits of medical ozone therapy in healing the nasal skin in multiple-operated cases. The study retrospectively examined 523 revision rhinoplasty patients operated by the first author from January 2017 to January 2024. Patients consenting to ozone therapy received 3 major autohemotherapy sessions post-surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with compromised nasal skin (infection, poor vascular supply) and those with normal healing. Age, gender, smoking, diabetes, previous surgeries, grafting materials, and techniques were considered. Of the 523 patients, 12 (2.3%) experienced major skin complications like infection and necrosis, while 511 (97.7%) had no or minor issues, such as discoloration. In total, 301 patients accepted and received ozone therapy. Of the patients without major complications, 299 (58.3%) received ozone therapy, while 212 (41.7%) did not. Among the 12 with major complications, two (16.7%) received ozone therapy, and the remaining 10 (83.3%) did not. Ozone therapy recipients showed statistically fewer skin problems (p<0.05). Costal cartilage as tip and septal extension graft was linked to skin issues (p<0.05). No major adverse effects from ozone therapy were noted. Our findings indicate that ozone therapy may be a safe and potentially effective option for patients undergoing revision rhinoplasty, especially those with compromised nasal skin. It appears to aid in skin healing and regeneration, possibly through enhancing oxygen delivery and modulation of the immune response. Ozone therapy is a promising adjunct treatment for managing skin complications in revision rhinoplasty patients. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

FBP1 orchestrates keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation and suppresses psoriasis through metabolic control of histone acetylation

Keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in epidermis are well-controlled and essential for reacting to stimuli such as ultraviolet light. Imbalance between proliferation and differentiation is a characteristic feature of major human skin diseases such as psoriasis and squamous cell carcinoma. However, the effect of keratinocyte metabolism on proliferation and differentiation remains largely elusive. We show here that the gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) promotes differentiation while inhibits proliferation of keratinocyte and suppresses psoriasis development. FBP1 is identified among the most upregulated genes induced by UVB using transcriptome sequencing and is elevated especially in upper epidermis. Fbp1 heterozygous mice exhibit aberrant epidermis phenotypes with local hyperplasia and dedifferentiation. Loss of FBP1 promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of keratinocytes in vitro. Mechanistically, FBP1 loss facilitates glycolysis-mediated acetyl-CoA production, which increases histone H3 acetylation at lysine 9, resulting in enhanced transcription of proliferation genes. We further find that the expression of FBP1 is dramatically reduced in human psoriatic lesions and in skin of mouse imiquimod psoriasis model. Fbp1 deficiency in mice facilitates psoriasis-like skin lesions development through glycolysis and acetyl-CoA production. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of FBP1 in epidermal homeostasis and provide evidence for FBP1 as a metabolic psoriasis suppressor.

Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction with Prosthesis and Acellular Dermal Matrix: A New Technique of ADM Implantation and Fixation.

Direct-to-implant (DTI) immediate breast reconstruction has proven to be an oncologically safe technique and linked to better overall results. The introduction of new surgical techniques has prompted us to develop an acellular dermal matrix fixation technique that reduces the rate of complications and implant loss. We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who underwent DTI prepectoral breast reconstruction with two different techniques of acellular dermal matrix fixation to the chest wall. Descriptive statistics were reported using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, and means and SDs for continuous variables. Pearson chi-square test was used to compare differences in categorical variables. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the predictors of complications. From October 2019 to March 2023, 90 DTI breast reconstructions were performed, 43 using the standard technique and 47 using the new technique. The new technique demonstrated a significant reduction of major complications (P = 0.010), namely seroma (13.9% versus 2.3%), skin necrosis (9.3% versus 2.3%), implant loss (7% versus 0%), wound dehiscence (9.3% versus 0%), and infection (4.7% versus 0%). Compared with the standard technique, the new one reduced the risk of complications by 76% (OR 0.24; 95% confidence interval 0.09-0.68; P = 0.007) and 73% (aOR 0.27; 95% confidence interval 0.08-0.92; P = 0.037), at univariable and multivariable regression models. No other significant predictor of complications was identified. The procedure performed with the proposed modality proved to be advantageous. Careful fixation of the prosthetic implant and the placement of two drains, were the keys to a drastic reduction in complications.

LncRNA microarray profiling identifies novel circulating lncRNAs in hidradenitis suppurativa.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to be involved in biological processes, both physiological and pathological, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis and types I and II diabetes. LncRNAs are also known to have a critical role in the physiology of skin, and in the pathology of cutaneous diseases. LncRNAs are involved in a wide range of biological activities, including transcriptional post‑transcriptional processes, epigenetics, RNA splicing, gene activation and or silencing, modifications and/or editing; therefore, lncRNAs may be useful as potential targets for disease treatment. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), also termed acne inversa, is a major skin disease, being an inflammatory disorder that affects ~1% of global population in a chronic manner. Its pathogenesis, however, is only partly understood, although immune dysregulation is known to have an important role. To investigate the biological relevance of lncRNAs with HS, the most differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were first compared. Furthermore, the lncRNA‑microRNA regulatory network was also defined via reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analysis, whereby a trio of lncRNA expression signatures, lncRNA‑TINCR, lncRNA‑RBM5‑ASI1 and lncRNA‑MRPL23‑AS1, were found to be significantly overexpressed in patients with HS compared with healthy controls. In conclusion, the three lncRNAs isolated in the present study may be useful for improving the prognostic prediction of HS, as well as contributing towards an improved understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, thereby potentially providing new therapeutic targets.

Safety and efficacy of waterproof casting for early onset scoliosis.

The efficacy of traditional Mehta casting in the treatment of early onset scoliosis (EOS) is well-established. However, waterproof casting has not been previously described. Inherent advantages of waterproof casting include clearance for bathing/swimming, avoiding cast holidays, and improved family satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of waterproof serial casting at controlling curve progression in EOS. The current study is an IRB-approved Level IV retrospective consecutive cohort of EOS patients who underwent a serial 75% body weight traction-elongation-flexion Mehta cast protocol with waterproof cast padding. The addition of 3-point apical translation with stockinettes was utilized during casting. Bracing was initiated after correction < 15° or 1year of serial casting. Seventeen patients at mean age 21.6months, with pre-cast Cobb angle 52.3° (R: 35°-82°), underwent serial waterproof casting. In-cast correction index was 64%; for post-cast, Cobb angle was 18.6°. At mean 5.6years follow-up (R: 2.3-8.9years), 82% successfully avoided surgical intervention, 53% maintained correction < 25°, and 29% are considered "cured". 3/17 (18%) underwent a 2nd round of casting, and a total of 3/17 (18%) ultimately required surgery at 6.2years post-casting. No major cast-related complications, decubiti, or cast holidays were encountered. Serial waterproof casting is safe and efficacious in EOS when compared to published results of traditional Mehta casting. Of 17 patients with mean pre-cast Cobb 52.3°, 82% successfully avoided surgery and 53% maintained mild curves < 25° magnitude at 5.6years follow-up. No major complications or skin decubiti occurred, and advantages include clearance for bathing and avoidance of need for cast holidays during treatment. Level IV.

Herbal Bioactive Compounds for Skin Infections and Inflammatory Conditions

Skin microbiota is an integral part of the human immune system. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the essential components of the normal flora. Approximately 20–30% of healthy individuals are persistently colonized with S. aureus, whereas the remainders are considered low-level intermittent carriers. Despite these natural aspects of existence, S. aureus can be a major opportunistic human pathogen. This versatile microorganism can infect a variety of anatomical sites, causing a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from superficial to invasive infections. It developed a variety of strategies to adopt to a changing microenvironment. This attributed to the emergence of resistance to antibiotics of different classes during the past six decades. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was originally confined to health-care settings (health-care-associated MRSA). Later on, community-acquired MRSA was identified as another source of infections. Recent figures indicate that MRSA strains have been associated with approximately 75% of all S. aureus infections worldwide. Several guidelines have been published to establish an adequate treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) caused by MRSA strains. In the first part of this review, we focus on current treatment guidelines with a focus on medical drug therapy, but drug therapy has its own limitations. Recently, the interest in herbal remedies has greatly increased. There is growing evidence of antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants and their extracts. The second part of this review is dedicated to herbal compounds to circumvent antibiotic resistance. Herbal compounds may potentiate the action of antibiotics and restore the activities of antibacterial agents against which S. aureus has developed a drug resistance. Part 2 focuses on the role of S. aureus in pathology of the two major inflammatory skin diseases, i.e., atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Finally, Part 3 provides an overview on natural compounds with antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and possible use in the treatment of SSTIs,

Evaluation of the Impact of Near-Infrared Multiwavelength Locked System Laser Therapy on Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dogs.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a newly adopted consensus term to replace the therapeutic application of low-level laser therapy. It has been suggested that PMB influences the microbiome which, in turn, has increasingly been shown to be linked with health and disease. Even though the use of PBM has also grown dramatically in veterinary medicine, there is still a lack of evidence supporting its effect in vivo. Our objective was to investigate the impact of a dual-wavelength near-infrared laser source (Multiwavelength Locked Laser System, MLS®) on the skin microbiome in atopic dogs. Twenty adult-client-owned atopic dogs were enrolled in the study. The dogs were treated with MLS® laser therapy on one half of the abdominal region, whereas the contralateral side was left untreated and served as a control. Skin microbiome samples were collected before and after MLS® treatments, and then subjected to NGS-based ITS and 16S rRNA analysis. The results showed that while microbiome composition and diversity were not significantly affected, PBM could play a role in modulating the abundance of specific bacterial species, in particular Staphylococcus, that represent a major skin pathogenic strain. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the potential impact of MLS® laser therapy on the skin microbiome in atopic dogs.

Therapeutic potential of adipose derived stromal cells for major skin inflammatory diseases.

Inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are chronic inflammatory skin conditions continuously under investigation due to increased prevalence and lack of cure. Moreover, long-term treatments available are often associated with adverse effects and drug resistance. Consequently, there is a clear unmet need for new therapeutic approaches. One promising and cutting-edge treatment option is the use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD-MSCs) due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, this mini review aims to highlight why adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells are a potential new treatment for these diseases by summarizing the pre-clinical and clinical studies investigated up to date and addressing current limitations and unresolved clinical questions from a dermatological and immunomodulatory point of view.

The Past, Present, Future: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Human Skin Diseases

When thinking of skin disease, cancer comes up almost immediately as an example. While the American Cancer Society lists 6 major cancer types, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases identifies 13 significant benign skin disorders, reflecting the diversity of skin conditions in dermatology. This topical review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of these major skin cancers and disorders and to summarize conventional diagnostic methods and current treatment approaches.