Major Schools Research Articles

Mulla Sadra's Realism on The Principle of Ittihad al-'Aqil wa al-Ma'qul: A Response to Modern Realism

<span id="docs-internal-guid-6eb786c7-7fff-c73a-b069-03c5ca0fb7a1"><span>This article attempts to show Mulla Sadra’s model of realism by tracing it through his philosophical principles, especially the principle of </span><span>Ittihad 'Aqil wa Ma'qul</span><span> (subject-object unity). Furthermore, the study of the Sadra realism model, which is based on the principle of </span><span>Ittihad 'Aqil wa Ma'qul,</span><span> is presented to respond to fundamental epistemic-ontological issues, namely the relationship between the subject’s consciousness and external objects, in order to strengthen belief in the nature and existence of external reality, which is independent of contamination of the subject's mental decisions (mind-independent reality). How does the subject's consciousness relate to external objects? This problem is still an anxiety and has not been resolved by modern philosophers who focus on the discourse of perception, giving rise to various schools of realism, which are represented by two major schools: direct realism and indirect realism. By overcoming these epistemic problems, ultimately, this effort leads to the confirmation of Mulla Sadra's more original and comprehensive model of realism. This paper is attempted using a critical-analytical method, namely analyzing Mulla Sadra's philosophical ideas on the </span><span>Ittihad 'Aqil wa Ma'qul</span><span> principles and the views of modern realism by focusing on the issue of perception. The conclusions drawn from the results of the analysis of the </span><span>Ittihad 'Aqil wa Ma'qul</span><span> were used as a basis for responding to modern realism as well as an affirmation of Mulla Sadra's style of realism.</span></span>

Are Zhuzi contentious? A rhetorical investigation of speech/word radicals in ancient Chinese texts

Abstract In communication, rhetors are inclined to employ contentious rhetorical modes designed to win or compete. Consequently, noncontentious rhetorical modes, such as invitational rhetoric, are underappreciated. This study fosters a better understanding of the rationale and possibility of noncontentious rhetorical modes rooted in texts by traditional Chinese intellectuals. We identify, classify, and interpret indigenous terms identified with speech/word radicals in nine Chinese philosophical classics across five major schools of thought in ancient China using a corpus-driven approach and key concepts of rhetorical studies to delineate the pattern, components, and modes of ancient Chinese rhetoric. The results show that (1) characters with speech/word radicals in ancient Chinese texts follow a pattern between rank and frequency; (2) basic components of rhetorical acts in ancient China can be described based on these terms, and characteristic rhetorical components are identified upon similarities and differences among five schools of thought; and (3) studying rhetorical modes of ancient Chinese rhetoric with speech/word radicals reveals that intellectuals in ancient China adopted both the contentious modes and the noncontentious modes of rhetoric. This study also demonstrates the possibility of studying semantic radicals in texts through digital methods to delineate ancient Chinese rhetoric.

Conservation-restoration in the Czech Republic

This paper brießy summarises approaches to restoring cultural sites and artefacts in the Czech Republic from the establishment of the so-called Czech Restoration School at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague to the current scientiÞc concept of conservation-restoration based on broader interdisciplinary co-operation. Major universities and schools which teach young conservators-restorers are listed, and the activities of professional associations and methodological workplaces are also described. The paper is centred on an overview of regulatory legislative measures in regard to carrying out restoration work. These measures include the so-called restorer’s licence granted by the Ministry of Culture for the restoration of cultural monuments which are works of art or craftsmanship.

An investigation of knowledge and attitudes towards antidepressants: a cross-sectional survey of Jordan’s six medical schools

ObjectiveDepression is Jordan’s most ravaging mental illness. Despite the growth of antidepressant use, only a handful of studies examine the factors affecting antidepressant knowledge among healthcare workers or medical students. Therefore, we aimed to explore the knowledge and attitudes towards antidepressants across Jordan’s six medical schools.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional design, we investigated the knowledge and attitudes towards antidepressants through the Drug Attitude Inventory and a literature-validated knowledge domain. Clinical students from Jordan’s six medical schools were recruited. Differences in knowledge and attitudes scores were examined by year of study, medical school among other factors. A multivariate linear regression model was utilized to assess predictors of knowledge.ResultsWe included a total of 1,234 participants representing Jordan’s six major schools of medicine. About 14.9% of participants had a personal history of antidepressant use while 20.5% reported family history of psychiatric disease. The majority of students demonstrated favorable attitudes towards antidepressants (74.1%). Students demonstrated an average understanding of antidepressants’ mechanism of action, side effects, but not indications in special populations. Senior medical students, higher GPA, higher family income, personal history of antidepressants, and family history of psychiatric illnesses were associated with significantly higher knowledge scores (all p-values < 0.001). In addition to attitudes scores, the aforementioned were positive predictors of knowledge scores in the multivariate model.ConclusionMedical students’ knowledge towards antidepressants leaves room for significant improvement. Yet, it is evident that significant differences for both attitudes and knowledge exist across medical schools which may indicate a gap in either training or teaching methodology.

The Transnational Experience of a Chinese Buddhist Master in the Asian Buddhist Network

Wuqian (1922–2010) was one of the most important modern Buddhist masters in the modern history of Sino-Indian Buddhist relations. In his early years, he studied all the major schools of the Buddhist tradition, focusing on Yogācāra philosophy, probably due to Xuanzang’s influence and in alignment with contemporary Buddhist trends. Furthermore, he became one of the few masters from the Central Plains who received systematic training in Tibetan Buddhist tantric rituals. He went to India in the middle of the 20th century. He dedicated his life to the revival of Buddhist thought in India, especially promoting Chinese Buddhism in Calcutta by establishing Buddhist institutions, managing Buddhist sites, organizing Buddhist activities, and building the Xuanzang Temple. In his later years, he devoted himself to facilitating mutual Buddhist exchanges and monastic visits between Buddhist organizations in mainland China, Taiwan, and India. In 1998, he presented two Buddhist relics to the Daci’en Temple in Xi’an. At the beginning of the 21st century, he established the Institute of Buddhist Studies at Xuanzang Temple in Calcutta. He organized the translation of many important Buddhist treatises, again reflecting his intention of following the spirit of Xuanzang to contribute to Chinese Buddhism. His transnational journey manifested that there was an active Asian Buddhist network during the Cold War era, despite various difficulties.

On the Implication of Spirituality Theory in Yuan Mei’s Poems

As a representative poet and essayist in the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Mei who styled himself Zicai with Jianzhai as his courtesy name was a scholar at the beginning and had a good reputation in his official career. However, he resigned and lived in seclusion in the 14th year of the Qianlong period after witnessing some challenges. Advocating the “spirituality” (Spirituality theory is an idea of poetry inditement and comment in ancient Chinese poetics, which is advocated most strongly by Yuan Mei in Qing Dynasty. It is one of the four major schools of poetry theory in the early Qing Dynasty, together with verve theory, style theory, and texture theory) of poetry inditement, Yuan Mei paid attention to expressing the author’s true emotion and personality. “Spirituality” put forward by him attacked the popular retro-ism and formalism in poetry at that time, which was of progressive significance, although it had limitations due to its overemphasis on subjective emotion. This paper will analyze Yuan Mei’s spirituality theory from the image and emotion of Yuan Mei’s poetry inditement.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOVIET AND RUSSIAN TERMINOLOGY ON THE PRESENT-DAY CHINESE TERMINOLOGY RESEARCH

The Russian terminology school is one of the three major terminology schools in the world. It has always been focusing on the research of terminology and the standardization of scientifi c and technological terms. Since the 1990s, Chinese scholars Zheng Shupu and his students have begun to introduce Russian terminology theory to China. Russian terminology has profound theories, many schools, and strong practicability, which is of great benefit to terminology studies in China. Terminology research has a long history in ancient China and involved various fi elds of ancient social life. Th e terminology community should be committed to digging out the origins, the formation and the development of Chinese terminology, revealing its development phase and characteristics, researching methods and outstanding achievements, reproducing the evolution history of terminology research, reproducing China’s unique state-of-the-art culture and terminology system, clarifying the important results of terminology research, etc.

Psychological theories of dementia

Dementia is not a normal part of aging. It is a slow disease, starting with mild memory problems and ending with severe brain damage. It is not possible to understand, diagnose and properly treat dementia without the contribution of psychological research, which has made and will certainly continue to make an important contribution in this field. It plays a major role in the development of programs aimed at reducing the risk of dementia or awareness programs. A bio-psychosocial approach to understanding the experience of dementia provides an appropriate model for identifying factors that determine the nature of dementia, disease progression, and appropriate interventions. This article focuses on the psychological perspective of the nature and experience of dementia. It provides a theoretical explanation of the symptoms of dementia from the major schools of thought in psychology, namely the psychodynamic, behavioral, developmental, and cognitive schools.

Unwrapping Gifts: Understanding the Inner Workings of Giftedness Through a Panoply of Paradigms in the Field of Psychology

ABSTRACT This article reviews the implications of many of the major schools in the history of psychology for understanding giftedness and its inner workings: operationist, psychometric, psychoanalytic, associationist, behaviorist, Gestalt, cognitive, humanistic/positive psychology, functionalist/pragmatic/constructivist, cultural, and biological. Each paradigm has elucidated different aspects of human nature and functioning, and each has somewhat different implications for how we can understand giftedness. No one paradigm can provide complete understanding of giftedness. Rather, the paradigms should be viewed as different windows toward understanding giftedness, all of which together tell us much more than any individual one. It is regrettable that so many theorists and practitioners have locked themselves into an operationist paradigm, which simply accepts current measurement operations as sufficient for identifying and developing giftedness. The operationist paradigm is wholly insufficient to meet the challenges of the world of the 21st century.

Engineering Students Education in Sustainability: The Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence

In the context of a lack of quantitative research approaching an engineering education in sustainability, this cross-sectional study aims to investigate whether efforts to promote sustainability education contribute to shaping the beliefs, attitudes, and intentions towards sustainability in a sample of Portuguese engineering schools students; in addition, this study investigates whether emotional intelligence impacts the students’ motivation to learn more about sustainability and whether it plays a role in moderating the relationships between those variables. A survey was carried out on a sample of 184 students from two major Portuguese engineering schools. A model was found showing that beliefs, attitudes, and gender are predictors of students’ intentions towards sustainability, explaining 62.6% of its variance. Furthermore, the findings reveal that women have stronger beliefs and intentions towards sustainability than men and that students with higher emotional intelligence are more motivated to learn more about sustainability. In addition, emotional intelligence has a negative and significant moderating impact on the relationship between attitudes and students’ intentions towards sustainability, being stronger for lower levels of emotional intelligence and having a similar, yet non-significant, effect on the relationship between beliefs and students’ intentions towards sustainability. The results suggest that emotional intelligence should be considered a competence and a tool in engineering education in order to enhance students’ inclination towards sustainable development.

Object Relations Theory: A Primer for Rehabilitation Psychologists

Object Relations (OR) has been identified as one of the four major schools of psychoanalysis. This article provides a comprehensive review of OR practice and theory in the context of rehabilitation psychology. Extensive data are presented on five of the most prominent pioneer object relations theorists, including Melanie Klein, W. R. D. Fairbairn, Michal Balint, Harry Guntrip, and D. W. Winnicott. All of these individuals have contributed significantly to object relations theory. Melanie Klein and W. R. D Fairbairn have been credited with founding the object relations perspective, Michael Balint has been touted as the leading object relations theorist, Harry Guntrip was analyzed by both Fairbairn and Winnicott, and D.W. Winnicott is probably the most creative and respected psychoanalytic theorist since Sigmund Freud. All five of these theorists brought a fresh, new perspective on psychoanalytic theory and practice, and their contributions may be used to better understand the personality development of persons with a disability and to inform the practice of rehabilitation psychology.

SPORTS ANXIETY OF ATHLETES AND THEIR COPING SKILLS

This study examined sports anxiety and coping skills in high school students from the Davao del Sur Division using online survey questionnaires for 101 participants who are high school students from three major public schools in Davao del Sur. To address the study hypotheses, correlation analysis using Pearson's product-moment correlation, mean, and linear regression was used. Sports Anxiety among athletes is moderate; the results also showed that the athletes' coping skills are at a high level; In addition, there is a significant correlation between sports anxiety and the coping strategies of athletes; However, there is no significant impact of the range of sports anxiety on athletes' coping skills.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0028/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Adjuvant treatment of surgically treated bone metastasis patients: association with hospital characteristics and trends over time.

Patients with metastatic disease of the bone (MDB) often require surgical stabilization; however, there is not widespread consensus on subsequent adjuvant management. This study aimed to characterize utilization of perioperative adjuvant treatment among MDB patients. We identified 9413 surgically treated MDB patients with primary (breast, kidney, lung, prostate, or multiple myeloma) cancer from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for receipt of chemotherapy, radiation, and bisphosphonates, respectively, in the adjuvant setting (90days before or after surgery) by hospital characteristics-medical school affiliation, surgery volume, and Commission on Cancer (CoC) accreditation. Trends in treatment utilization by year of surgery were assessed via bar charts and Chi-square tests for trend. Patients surgically treated at major medical schools or high-volume facilities (compared to no medical school affiliation and low volume) had significantly higher odds of receiving radiation and chemotherapy, independent of patient and tumor characteristics (OR (95% CI); medical school: radiation 1.33 (1.19-1.49), chemotherapy 1.15 (1.02-1.30); and high volume: radiation 1.22 (1.11-1.34), chemotherapy 1.11 (1.02-1.22)). Patients surgically treated at CoC-accredited institutions, compared to non-accredited, had significantly higher odds of receiving radiation and bisphosphonates [radiation 1.24 (1.13-1.36); bisphosphonates 1.15 (1.04-1.28)]. Use of chemotherapy and bisphosphonates increased while radiation use declined over the study period from 1991 to 2014. Medical school affiliation, hospital volume, and CoC accreditation are associated with receipt of adjuvant treatment to prevent or manage pathologic fractures in MDB patients. Further investigation is needed to determine whether these associations reflect delivery of optimal care.

Money Waqf: The Perception of Pesantren Teacher in Capital City, Indonesia with Multiple Correspondence Analysis

Law of Indonesia, Act, no. 41 of 2004 concerning waqf existed about 15 years ago, but many people do not know about waqf, especially cash waqf. Whereas cash waqf is a major breakthrough in easy, potential and zero cost of fund. This study aims to discuss the teachers of Islamic boarding schools in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia about cash waqf. A sample of 138 teachers from five major Islamic boarding schools in Jakarta. Data collection through questionnaires and analysis using the MCA (Multiple Correspondence Analysis) techniques. The results of the study: teachers' perception of waqf was relatively the same, while the perception of cash waqf varied; teachers' perception of aspects of cash waqf regulation are very diverse, especially with the existence of Law no. 41 of 2004 concerning waqf, the teacher's response to the aspect of interest in cash waqf is very diverse, especially interest in waqf money, quite a lot of teachers do not agree; the common perception of teachers is only on the principle that the management of cash waqf must follow the needs of the community, while for other management, quite a lot of teachers still doubt it.&#x0D;

U.S. Space Policy and Theories of International Relations: The Case for Analytical Eclecticism

Space activities and infrastructure today are critical to international security and the global economy. The space domain is not, however, subject to sovereign control by international law. Like other shared domains, such as the high seas, the polar regions, and arguably cyberspace, space is a domain in which State and non-State actors interact beyond national borders. Given global dependence on space-derived information and an increase in potential adversary threats to space assets, States have taken a number of steps in recent years to protect their national interests in space. Despite its importance and increasing global attention, international cooperation and competition in space is a relatively under theorized topic in international relations. Conversely, international relations theories are not widely used in the development of United States (U.S.) national space policy and the practice of space diplomacy, from a U.S. perspective. The intent of this article is to address this rift between theory and policy by briefly describing major theories of international relations and where they can shed light on how and why States engage in cooperation and competition in space. The article addresses the major schools of realism, liberalism, and constructivism, with applications to space activity. No single theory fully describes the U.S. policy approach to international space activities. Different theories, applied to the same situation, can, however, provide useful perspectives to both theorists and policy-makers. This suggests the use of a mixed, pragmatic approach, referred to as “eclectic theorizing” in international relations literature, as a promising avenue for further research.

EDITORIAL by Dean Alberto B. Roxas

This special issue of the Acta Medica Philippina is dedicated to the 25 years of existence of Clinical Epidemiology in the Philippines. The Rockefeller Foundation in the early 1980’s, issued a call to major medical schools in the world to participate in an initiative which would promote clinical practice based on the best evidence of effectiveness and the efficient use of resources. Thus, the first Clinical Epidemiology Unit (CEU) in the Philippines was established in 1984 at the University of the Philippines College of Medicine (UPCM) under the sponsorship of Dr. Ernesto Domingo, then Chairman of the Department of Medicine UPCM. This issue includes Dr. Domingo’s reflection of the early years of clinical epidemiology and its future directions during his talk at the anniversary conference last July 30, 2009. This issue also pays tribute to the late Dr. Renato Dantes, third Director of the UP-CEU and noted pulmonologist and clinical epidemiologist. His daughter Anna and colleague and friend Dr. Charles Yu reflect on his legacy.One of the milestones of Clinical Epidemiology in the Philippines is the establishment of the Master of Science in Epidemiology – Clinical Epidemiology (MSE-CE) at the UPCEU. Physicians from various specialties and institutions were trained through this program. The UPCEU eventually became the Department of Clinical Epidemiology (DCE) in 1998 under the leadership of Dean Ramon L. Arcadio. Graduates of the MSE-CE became leaders in promoting clinical epidemiology as a discipline in their respective institutions. New CEUs were established in De la Salle Health Sciences campus, University of Santo Tomas and the Cebu Institute of Medicine.For the past 25 years, Clinical Epidemiology has emphasized multi-disciplinary collaboration across various institutions. This form of collaboration is evident in the articles in this issue–clinical economists working with cardiologists and parasitologists in the two cost analysis studies; socialscientists working with clinical epidemiologists to introduce an effective intervention (Zinc in acute diarrhea management) and to develop and validate measurement instrument (Pictorial Pediatric Symptom checklist); and biostatisticians working with various clinical specialties (oncology, radiology, nursing, infectious diseases). Most of the findings in these researches were used for health policy formulation. DCE, in the pursuit of improving its graduate program, also collaborated with the National Teacher Training Center for the Health Professions to evaluate theMSE-CE program.&#x0D; I would like to congratulate the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and its partners and join them in celebrating their 25th anniversary. As you reached this milestone, I encourage you to pause, reflect and identify the lessons that will make your Department stronger in the yearsto come.&#x0D; ALBERTO B. ROXAS, MDProfessor &amp; DeanUP College of Medicine

A Buddhist approach on Freedom of expression: An Asian Approach

There are three major schools within Buddhism namely, Theravada(the school of the Elders ), Mahayana(the Great Vehicle) and Vajrayana(the Diamond Vehicle). There are many similarities among these different schools. This study focuses on freedom of expression based on Theravada Buddhism. The field of communication studies has mostly been represented by Western frames of reference. Some scholars, say such studies reflect Anglo -American bias. Buddhist phenomenological approach would be new genre for studying communication. The Buddhist approach can be applied for every social, economic, political and ethical ground. This paper shows that Asian traditional, philosophical teachings can be applied for contemporary communication issues and problems.

Reform of Talent Training Mode of Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation under the "1+X" Certificate System

In recent years, in order to cultivate the skills of vocational college students, major vocational schools have increased their professional skills training. At present, in the course of mechanical manufacturing and automation, the school mostly adopts the cooperative learning mode. It conducts computer manufacturing skills practice for graduates. At the learning stage, middle school students and company personnel assess them together to improve their professional skills. Under the background of "1+X" certificate, the education of mechanical manufacturing and automation major in vocational colleges continues to realize the "1+X" certificate system, helping students practice knowledge in the process. Based on the "1+X" certificate system, this paper studies how to realize the effective combination of mechanical manufacturing and automation teaching and the "1+X" certification system.

Chinese Philosophy as the Pursuit of the Dao

This paper argues for an interpretation of Chinese philosophy as the pursuit of the Dao rather than the popular reading of it as a kind of wisdom literature. I examine the shared pursuit of two major Chinese schools of thought: Daoism and Confucianism—Dao, and compare it to the task of philosophy represented in the works of two major western thinkers—Hegel and Heidegger. By investigating the Dao comparatively with Hegel’s Concept and Heidegger’s philosophia, I reveal the common quest of philosophical thinking in both traditions.

КИТАЙСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ВЕДЕНИЯ БИЗНЕСА: ГУАНЬСИ МАРКЕТИНГ

The article is dedicated to exploring the Chinese business model of guanxi marketing. Relationship marketing and the Chinese guanxi marketing model manifest in social network structures, resource regulation, and dynamics, making them interconnected but with limited compatibility. This article provides a systematic exposition of the guanxi concept and introduces the theory of «differential mode of association» (chaxugeju) proposed by Chinese sociologist Fei Xiaotong and the major schools of research on guanxi marketing. Comparisons are also made between Western and Chinese approaches to relationship marketing and guanxi marketing. For foreign entrepreneurs and marketers aiming to