Major Reaction Research Articles

Unveiling the Multifaceted Management of Oral Mucositis in Cancer Patients: A Narrative Review.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a major and common adverse reaction to cancer treatment, occurring in all patients who undergo radiation therapy or chemotherapy that includes the mucosal areas of the oral and oropharyngeal region. The pathophysiology of OM remains incompletely understood, and there are many unanswered questions about the risk factors for developing OM. Multidisciplinary clinicians and researchers must collaborate to better understand and expand treatment strategies for OM and other inflammatory conditions in oncology. This will lead to the development of more effective treatments and reduce the burden of OM in cancer patients. This article comprehensively reviews the risk factors and patient factors associated with OM, its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, grading, and management.

Mpox Neutralizing Antibody Response to LC16m8 Vaccine in Healthy Adults

BackgroundVaccination against mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is needed to prevent outbreaks and consequent public health concerns. The LC16m8 vaccine, a dried cell-cultured proliferative live attenuated vaccinia virus–based vaccine, was approved in Japan against smallpox and mpox. However, its immunogenicity and efficacy against MPXV have not been fully assessed. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of LC16m8 against MPXV in healthy adults.MethodsWe conducted a single-arm study that included 50 participants who were followed up for 168 days postvaccination. The primary end point was the neutralizing antibody seroconversion rate against MPXVs, including the Zr599 and Liberia strains, on day 28. The secondary end points included the vaccine “take” (major cutaneous reaction) rate, neutralizing titer kinetics against MPXV and vaccinia virus (LC16m8) strains, and safety outcomes.ResultsSeroconversion rates on day 28 were 72% (36 of 50), 70% (35 of 50), and 88% (44 of 50) against the Zr599 strain, the Liberia strain, and LC16m8, respectively. On day 168, seroconversion rates decreased to 30% (15 of 50) against the Zr599 and Liberia strains and to 76% (38 of 50) against LC16m8. The vaccine “take” (broad definition) rate on day 14 was 94% (46 of 49). Adverse events (AEs), including common solicited cutaneous reactions, occurred in 98% (45 of 48) of participants; grade 3 severity AEs occurred in 16% (8 of 50). No deaths, serious AEs, or mpox onset incidences were observed up to day 168.ConclusionsThe LC16m8 vaccine generated neutralizing antibody responses against MPXV in healthy adults. No serious safety concerns occurred with LC16m8 use. (Funded by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan; Japan Registry of Clinical Trials number, jRCTs031220171.)

A conceptual design of two-stream alkali-activated materials

To properly control the reaction kinetics and fresh properties evolution in conventional alkali-activated materials (AAMs), a conceptual design of two-stream AAMs has been proposed in this study. This is achieved by dividing the solid and liquid components in AAMs, including blast furnace slag (BFS) and electric arc furnace slag (EFS) precursors, as well as aqueous sodium hydroxide and silicate activators into two separate streams A and B, where a very limited reactivity is expected in individual streams to ensure sufficient workability retention. Moreover, a final-stage intermixing is required to combine individual stream mixtures and trigger the major activation reaction. Fresh and hardened properties of combined mixtures were checked at different stages. The microstructure and reaction products were investigated to understand the strength development. Low dynamic rheological parameters and good workability retention have been detected in all individual stream mixtures, accompanied by limited exothermic heat flows after the initial dissolution confirmed by calorimetry tests. Further, Portland cement (PC) is partially blended into stream A to alter the early stiffening process in combined mixtures and meet various setting demands after intermixing. However, this might lead to a reduction in mechanical properties, associated with the formation of porous microstructures and an increase in the Ca/Si ratio in reaction products. Eventually, the conceptual design is validated in different scenarios including self-compacting and 3D-printing concrete applications.

Engineering Pt‐Cu diatomics electrocatalysts enables highly efficient urea synthesis

AbstractThe rational design of novel heterogeneous urea‐synthesis electrocatalysts (HUECs) poses an immense challenge due to their inherent complexity. Moreover, the ideal HUECs must also possess the ability to suppress two major competitive reactions: hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and N2 reduction reaction (NRR). However, this daunting task can be made feasible with the use of heterogeneous diatomic catalysts that have been supported by unambiguous theoretical models. Herein, we report a design for an efficient platinum‐copper diatomic electrocatalyst (Pt1Cu1‐TiO2) for urea production based on theoretical predictions. Through rational screening of 8 Pt‐diatomics HUECs, we discovered that Pt1Cu1‐TiO2 can effectively suppress HER and NRR while promoting the adsorption of CO2 and N2. Subsequently, we experimentally fabricated Pt1Cu1‐TiO2 which exhibited optimal urea electrosynthesis activity of 51.71 molurea molPt+Cu−1 h−1. Pt1‐Cu1 diatomics in Pt1Cu1‐TiO2 could synergistically encourage the activation of *CO2/*N2 and crucial C‐N coupling with an optimal energy barrier (0.25 eV).

Can astronomical observations be used to constrain crucial chemical reactions? The methoxy case. SOLIS XVIII

ABSTRACT To understand the origin of interstellar molecules we rely on astrochemical models, the gas-phase networks of which contain ≥7000 reactions. However, just a tiny fraction of them have parameters derived in laboratory experiments. Theoretical quantum mechanical (QM) calculations can also provide this information. Unfortunately, sometimes theoretical predictions and experimental values disagree, as is the case for the paradigmatic reaction CH3OH + OH → CH3O + H2O. Both laboratory experiments and QM calculations found an unexpected increase in the rate coefficients with decreasing temperature. However, experimental and theoretical estimates of the rate coefficients diverge by up to two orders of magnitude at the low temperatures of interest in interstellar chemistry. This work aims to test whether astronomical observations can help untangle this confusing situation. To this end, we first carried out new QM calculations to derive the rate coefficients of the major destruction reaction of the methoxy radical, CH3O + H, and then we compared astronomical observations from the IRAM/NOEMA Large Programme SOLIS with astrochemical model predictions. Our new rate coefficient for the CH3O + H reaction is 5–10 times larger than that in the astrochemical data base KIDA in the 10–100 K range. When including the new methoxy destruction rate coefficients, the comparison between observations and model predictions favours the rate coefficients of the CH3OH + OH reaction from QM calculations. We conclude that QM calculations are an important alternative to laboratory experiments when it comes to the harsh conditions of interstellar objects and that astronomical observations can be used to constraint the rate coefficients of relevant reactions.

Electron-Induced Damage by UV Photolysis of DNA Attached to Gold Nanoparticles.

Photolysis of DNA attached to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with ultraviolet (UV) photons induces DNA damage. The release of nucleobases (Cyt, Gua, Ade, and Thy) from DNA was the major reaction (99%) with an approximately equal release of pyrimidines and purines. This reaction contributes to the formation of abasic sites in DNA. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed the formation of reduction products of pyrimidines (5,6-dihydrothymidine and 5,6-dihydro-2'-deoxyuridine) and eight 2',3'- and 2',5'-dideoxynucleosides. In contrast, there was no evidence of the formation of 5-hydroxymethyluracil and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, which are common oxidation products of thymine and guanine, respectively. Using appropriate filters, the main photochemical reactions were found to involve photoelectrons ejected from AuNPs by UV photons. The contribution of "hot" conduction band electrons with energies below the photoemission threshold was minor. The mechanism for the release of free nucleobases by photoelectrons is proposed to take place by the initial formation of transient molecular anions of the nucleobases, followed by dissociative electron attachment at the C1'-N glycosidic bond connecting the nucleobase to the sugar-phosphate backbone. This mechanism is consistent with the reactivity of secondary electrons ejected by X-ray irradiation of AuNPs attached to DNA, as well as the reactions of various nucleic acid derivatives irradiated with monoenergetic very-low-energy electrons (∼2 eV). These studies should help us to understand the chemistry of nanoparticles that are exposed to UV light and that are used as scaffolds and catalysts in molecular biology, curative agents in photodynamic therapy, and components of sunscreens and cosmetics.

Perioperative lenvatinib combined with tislelizumab plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with high-risk of recurrence: A prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial.

503 Background: Early recurrence is common after surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and associated with poor prognosis. There is no standard of care neoadjuvant therapy. The combinations of lenvatinib, anti-PD-1 antibodies and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) (triple therapy) has shown better trend in tumor response and survival outcomes on unresectable HCC. This study aims to explore the efficacy and safety of triple therapy in the neoadjuvant therapy of resectable HCC patients with high-risk of recurrence. Methods: This prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial (ChiCTR2100048249) enrolled patients with primary resectable HCC who had not received prior anti-tumor therapy. TACE will be performed once on Day 1. Tislelizumab (an anti-PD-1 antibody, 200 mg) intravenously once every 3 weeks and lenvatinib (bodyweight ≥ 60 kg, 12 mg; < 60 kg, 8 mg) orally daily was initiated within 7-10 days after TACE treatment. Surgery was performed 8 weeks after treatment. After 4-8 weeks of surgery, patients continued to receive tislelizumab and lenvatinib for 6 months. Primary endpoint was relapse-free survival (RFS). Secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) by mRECIST, major pathological reactions, R0 resection rates, overall survival, and adverse events (AE). Results: From April 2022 to June 2023, 29 patients (median age, 54 years) from ten Chinese hospitals were enrolled, all Child-Pugh A and ECOG PS 0, mostly males (79.3%) and HBV infection (93.1%). According to mRECIST, the ORR was 89.7% (26/29, CR 4, PR 22), and the DCR was 96.7% (28/29). No grade 3 or above AE were observed. The most common AE were rash (4/29, 13.8%), thrombocytopenia (3/29, 10.3%), fatigue (3/29, 10.3%), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (2/29, 6.9%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (2/29, 6.9%), and hypertension (2/29, 6.9%). In 29 patients, 26 patients had received surgical treatment (R0 resection rates were 100%), 20 patients (20/26, 76.9%) achieved major pathological reaction (necrosis > 90%), and 4 patients (4/26, 15.4%) achieved complete pathological response. 2 patient (6.9%) refused surgery. 1 patient (3.4%) developed disease progression and lost the chance of surgery. After a median follow-up of 8.0 months (interquartile range 4.6-12.3 months), one patient died of severe pneumonia caused by COVID-19 infection 9.9 months after operation. Tumor recurrence was detected in 3 patients. The 6- and 12-month RFS rates were 90% and 82.5%, respectively. Median RFS and overall survival were not reached. Conclusions: Lenvatinib, tislelizumab, and TACE were safe and showed promising efficacy as a neoadjuvant therapy for resectable HCC with high risk of recurrence. Clinical trial information: ChiCTR2100048249.

Manufacturing AAl2O4 (A=Cu, Co, Ni, Zn) Spinel Catalysts for Toluene Combustion: Elucidating the A‐site Replacement Effect on the Reactivity

AbstractTo decode the A‐site substitution effect on the reactivity of Al‐based spinel complex oxides, a series of AAl2O4 (A=Cu, Co, Ni, Zn) compounds were manufactured and tested by toluene combustion. It was confirmed that a pure spinel crystalline phase has been successfully synthesized for all the catalysts. The toluene and CO oxidation activity are sequenced as CuAl2O4>CoAl2O4>NiAl2O4>ZnAl2O4. As discovered, both active surface O2− and acid sites are the two critical factors to determine the reactivity, which can adsorb and activate the reactants effectively to form active intermediates, possibly following a Mars‐van‐Krevelen pathway. The activity improves positively with the amount increasing of these two kinds of active sites, thus showing an evident A‐site replacement effect. CuAl2O4 owns the biggest numbers of these two kinds of active sites, thereby exhibiting the optimal catalytic activity. Moreover, it also shows good stability in a dry feed, and considerable ability to resist water vapor and sulfur poisoning. In‐situ DRIFTS results have indicated that benzyl, benzoate, benzaldehyde and benzoquinone might be the major reaction intermediates.

Study on tissue distribution, metabolite profiling, and excretion of [14C]-labeled flonoltinib maleate in rats

Flonoltinib Maleate (FM) is a dual-target inhibitor that selectively suppresses Janus kinase 2/FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (JAK2/FLT3), which is currently in phase I/IIa clinical trial in China for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In this research, we used [14C]-labeled FM (14C-FM) to investigate the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of FM in rats using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry/Radioactivity Monitoring (HPLC-HRMS/RAM) and liquid scintillation counter. The results revealed that FM displayed widespread distribution in rats. Furthermore, FM demonstrated rapid clearance without any observed risk of organ toxicity attributed to accumulation. Profiling of FM metabolites in rat plasma, feces, urine, and bile identified a total of 17 distinct metabolites, comprising 7 phase I metabolites and 10 phase II metabolites. The major metabolic reactions involved oxygenation, dealkylation, methylation, sulfation, glucuronidation and glutathione conjugation. Based on these findings, a putative metabolic pathway of FM in rats was proposed. The overall recovery rate in the excretion experiment ranged from 93.04 % to 94.74 %. The results indicated that FM undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism in SD rats, with the majority being excreted through bile as metabolites and ultimately eliminated via feces. A minor fraction of FM (<10 %) was excreted through renal excretion in the form of urine. Integration of the current results with previous pharmacokinetic investigations of FM in rats and dogs enables a comprehensive elucidation of the in vivo ADME processes and characteristics of FM, thereby establishing a solid foundation for subsequent clinical investigations of FM.

Family of Skeletal Reaction Mechanisms for Methane–Oxygen Combustion in Rocket Propulsion

Analyzing methane–oxygen rocket propellant combinations requires suitable modeling of the major chemical reaction processes. Although several detailed kinetic mechanisms for methane oxidation in air exist, most do not reproduce the reaction pathways of high-pressure methane–oxygen combustion, typical of liquid rocket engines. Moreover, when large-scale computational fluid dynamics simulations are pursued, detailed reaction schemes are not computationally viable. In the present study, we identify a reliable detailed kinetic scheme for liquid rocket applications, and then we perform a wide reduction campaign leveraging computational singular perturbation theory. Enforcing various reduction targets, we obtain a family of seven skeletal schemes, including 11–39 species. Each mechanism targets different combustion modes, namely, homogeneous ignition, complex flows and flame extinction, premixed burning, reaction processes under intense turbulent mixing, and largely off-stoichiometric mixtures, typical of rocket engine preburners. We test the skeletal mechanisms against meaningful validation targets, attaining appreciable predictive accuracy compared with the detailed parent scheme. We expect the proposed family of skeletal schemes to offer a wide and flexible range of solutions—in terms of size, accuracy, and dominant combustion mode—for performing large-scale yet cost-affordable computational fluid dynamics of methane–oxygen flames under rocket-engine-relevant conditions.

Time to major adverse drug reactions and its predictors among children on antiretroviral treatment at northwest Amhara selected public hospitals northwest; Ethiopia, 2023.

Adverse drug reaction is one of the emerging challenges in antiretroviral treatment. Determining the incidence rate and predictors among children on antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to improve treatment outcomes and minimize harm. And also, evidence regarding the time to major adverse drug reactions and its predictors among children on antiretroviral treatment is limited in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the time to major adverse drug reaction and its predictors among children on antiretroviral treatment at selected public hospitals in Northwest Amhara, Ethiopia, 2023. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 380 children on antiretroviral treatment who enrolled from June 27, 2017, to May 31, 2022. Data was collected using a structured data extraction checklist. Data were entered into Epidata 4.6 and analyzed using STATA 14. The incidence rate of major adverse drug reactions was determined per person/months. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify predictors of major adverse drug responses. A p-value less than 0.05 with a 95% CI was used to declare statistical significance. The minimum and maximum follow-up time was 6 and 59 months, respectively. The study participants were followed for a total of 9916 person-months. The incidence rate of major adverse drug reactions was 3.5 /1000 person-months. Advanced clinical stages of HIV/AIDS (III and IV) [adjusted hazard ratio = 7.3, 95% CI: 2.74-19.60)], poor treatment adherence [adjusted hazard ratio = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.21-0.42], taking antiretroviral treatment twice and more [adjusted hazard ratio = 3.43, 955 CI: (1.26-9.33)] and not taking opportunistic infection prophylaxis [adjusted hazard ratio = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.23-0.52)] were predictors of major adverse drug reactions. The incidence rate of major adverse drug reactions among children on antiretroviral treatment was congruent with studies in Ethiopia. Advanced clinical stages of HIV/AIDS, poor treatment adherence, taking antiretroviral treatment medications twice or more, and not taking opportunistic infection prophylaxis were predictors of major adverse drug reactions.

Comparison of efficacy between levonorgestrel intrauterine system and dienogest in adenomyosis: a randomized clinical trial.

Medical management of adenomyosis is an emerging perspective in modern gynecology. Though levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and dienogest (DNG) effectively relieve symptoms in adenomyosis, neither has been approved for the same indication. Our study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of these progestins in treating adenomyosis. To study the efficacy and safety of LNG-IUS versus DNG in patients with symptomatic adenomyosis. Open-labeled, parallel, single-centered, randomized clinical trial. Patients with adenomyosis-associated pain with or without abnormal uterine bleeding were randomly allocated to either LNG-IUS group or DNG group. The primary outcome was a reduction in painful symptoms after 12 weeks of treatment measured by visual analog scale (VAS) score. Changes in menstrual blood loss (MBL), improvement in quality of life (QoL), and adverse drug reactions were also analyzed. The VAS score significantly decreased from baseline in both groups. The baseline and post-treatment VAS scores in the LNG-IUS group were 6.41 ± 1.07 and 3.41 ± 1.04 (p = <0.001) and in the DNG group, were 6.41 ± 0.95 and 3.12 ± 1.40 (p = <0.001), respectively. A significantly greater proportion of patients in the LNG-IUS group experienced lighter MBL as compared to the DNG group [27/30 (90%) in the LNG-IUS group versus 17/22 (77.2%) in the DNG group (p = 0.006)]. Both the groups had improvement in QOL scores calculated by the World Heath Organisation QOL scale (WHOQOL BREF) questionnaire; however, it was more pronounced in the DNG group [(28.76 ± 30.47 in the LNG-IUS group versus 48.26 ± 44.91 in the DNG group (p = 0.04)]. Both the agents were safe as there were no reported major adverse drug reactions. DNG can be an effective and safe alternative to LNG-IUS for the medical management of adenomyosis. The trial was prospectively registered at the clinical trial registry - India (CTRI) vide CTRI number CTRI/2020/05/025186.

Mechanistic explanation and influence of molecular structure on chemical degradation and toxicity reduction by hydroxyl radicals.

This study explored the influence of structural characteristics of organic contaminants on the degradation during an advanced oxidation process (AOP). The target contaminants were acetaminophen (ACT), bisphenol A (BPA), and tetracycline (TC). The Fenton process was selected as the model process in which major reactive species of hydroxyl radicals in most AOPs are generated for target compound degradation. The optimal reagent concentration ratio was [Fe2+]/[H2O2] = 0.5 mM/0.5 mM in an acidic condition, resulting in 83.49%, 79.01%, and 91.37% removals of ACT, BPA, and TC, respectively. Contrarily, the mineralization rates were apparently lower compared to their respective removal efficiencies. Experimental observation also suggested that the aromatic structure was rather difficult to degrade since their unsaturated electron clouds would hinder the attack of hydroxyl radicals due to electric repulsion. The preferred attacking sites of an aromatic ring differ due to the functional groups and structure symmetry. However, the electrophilic attack of the hydroxyl radical is the major reaction for decomposing aliphatic structures of cyclic or branched organics, resulting in the highest removal and mineralization of TC among these three tested chemicals. In addition, an apparent removal of a contaminant may not necessarily reduce its toxic impact on the environment.

Identification of reaction intermediates in the decomposition of formic acid on Pd.

Uncovering the role of reaction intermediates is crucial to developing an understanding of heterogeneous catalysis because catalytic reactions often involve complex networks of elementary steps. Identifying the reaction intermediates is often difficult because their short lifetimes and low concentrations make it difficult to observe them with surface sensitive spectroscopic techniques. In this paper we report a different approach to identify intermediates for the formic acid decomposition reaction on Pd(111) and Pd(332) based on accurate measurements of isotopologue specific thermal reaction rates. At low surface temperatures (∼400 K) CO2 formation is the major reaction pathway. The CO2 kinetic data show this occurs via two temporally resolved reaction processes. Thus, there must be two parallel pathways which we attribute to the participation of two intermediate species in the reaction. Isotopic substitution reveals large and isotopologue specific kinetic isotope effects that allow us to identify the two key intermediates as bidentate formate and carboxyl. The decomposition of the bidentate formate is substantially slower than that of carboxyl. On Pd(332), at high surface temperatures (643 K to 693 K) we observe both CO and CO2 production. The observation of CO formation reinforces the conclusion of calculations that suggest the carboxyl intermediate plays a major role in the water-gas shift reaction, where carboxyl exhibits temperature dependent branching between CO2 and CO.

Experimental and kinetic modeling study on the low-temperature decomposition and autoignition of 2-Azido-N,N-dimethylethanamine: A promising green mono- and bi-propellant

2-Azido-N,N-Dimethylethanamine (DMAZ) is a promising candidate for mono- and bi- propellant. However, the fundamental gas-phase combustion experiments have not been reported, and its chemical kinetic mechanism is not well understood. Therefore, the ignition delay times (IDTs) of DMAZ were measured utilizing a rapid compression machine and a shock tube, covering a wide temperature range of 570 – 960 K, at 10 and 20 bar with varying equivalence ratios. DMAZ was surprisingly found to undergo decomposition at temperatures as low as 600 K, leading to a pressure rise within the chamber. The low-temperature decomposition characteristics of DMAZ were systematically investigated under various fuel concentrations and pressures. A kinetic model of DMAZ was developed, incorporating quantum chemistry calculations for the thermodynamic data of new species and the rate constants of H-atom abstractions. The newly measured IDTs and characteristic decomposition times (CDTs) were further adopted in the model validation. Results show that DMAZ mainly decomposes through N–N2 bond fissions, which are also the major reaction pathways during autoignition. O2 addition to the radicals derived from the decomposition products and subsequent reactions contribute to most of the low-temperature reactivity in DMAZ oxidation. The current kinetic model can reasonably predict the IDTs and CDTs, as well as their dependencies on pressure, equivalence ratio, and fuel concentration.

Hydrothermally fabricated Yb2O3 catalyst for vapor-phase dehydration of 3-methyl-1,3-butanediol to isoprene

Several rare-earth oxides, prepared through a hydrothermal process, were employed as catalysts for vapor-phase dehydration of 3-methyl-1,3-butanediol (3MBDO) to isoprene. Ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3) emerged as the most efficient catalyst for the dehydration of 3MBDO to isoprene. The hydrothermal time and calcination temperature influenced the performance of Yb2O3. The reaction temperature and contact time strongly affect the dehydration of 3MBDO and unsaturated alcohols, while the major side reaction of isobutene formation via decomposition of 3-methyl-3-butene-1-ol was mainly influenced by the reaction temperature. The highest isoprene yield of 92% was achieved at 450 °C and a long contact time of 3.75 h. The poisoning experiment using CO2, 2,6-, and 3,5-dimethylpyridine revealed the importance of base and acid sites of Yb2O3 in the dehydration of 3MBDO, indicating the dehydration of 3MBDO to isoprene proceeded via an acid-base concerted mechanism.

Unexplored Reaction Pathways of Ethylene Carbonate during Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) keeps eluding our grasp. Fundamental understanding of Li-ion battery performance will not be complete until the major underlying reaction pathways of SEI formation and growth have been described.1 Although the SEI has been observed to be a complex and highly diverse matrix of in-/organic crystalline and amorphous aggregates, likely only few compounds are functional, i.e. passivate the electrode while at the same time sustaining the Li+ transport. The aim of the presentation is to provide experimental evidence for hitherto largely unexplored reaction pathways of several commonly observed SEI compounds (such as lithium ethyl dicarbonate, abbr. LEDC) and prove how the formation of the same can be altered by the choice of electrolyte additives. For instance, Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring complemented by Online Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry is demonstrated to separate electrochemical from chemical reactions in a multistep SEI formation process.2-3 Based on our experimental findings, the role and implication of each compound (be it LiOH, Li2O, LEDC, etc.) in the SEI formation process will be discussed.4

Quantifying the Thermochemistry of Kinetic Transitions in a Li/Llzo/Layered Metal Oxide Cathode Solid-State Battery with Varying Cathode States of Charge

The safety of solid-state battery is multifaceted and requires analysis of the thermal runaway onset temperature, total heat released, maximum heat release rate, the amount and toxicity of any gases released, and other factors1. The onset temperature of strong self-heating is particularly important, and hence quantitative analysis of exothermic reactions as a function of temperature is required. We use differential scanning calorimetry to measure heat flow for solid-state cells with a Li metal anode, an LLZO separator, and both LiCoO2 and NMC cathode sheets (which also contain a conductive additive and a binder), and quantitatively analyze the data to develop a thermochemical reaction map consisting of all major reactions that take place upon heating. This quantitative thermochemistry map can serve as a basis to assess cell safety, and in particular the rate and extent of temperature rise. We find that primary reaction that determines the total heat released is lithium reaction with oxygen from delithiated cathode decomposition (i.e., 4Li+O2→2Li2O), but other components in the cell such as conductive carbon, PVDF binder and current collectors also have significant participation in the reaction pathway. As previous studies for graphite/liquid electrolyte/metal oxide cathode cells have shown, reducing the state of charge also reduces the amount of heat released upon heating2, with implications for safe storage and operation of future cells.

Incidence and Predictors of Major Adverse Drug Reactions Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected Children on Antiretroviral Treatment in West Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia: A Multicenter Retrospective Follow-up Study

PurposeMajor adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the leading causes of poor adherence, switching of drugs, morbidity, and mortality. A limited studies was conducted to investigate major ADR in developing countries including Ethiopia, and the purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and predictors of major ADRs among HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in West Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. MethodsAn institutional-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 460 children receiving ART from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2021. A simple random sampling technique was employed, and data were collected using Kobo Toolbox software and then deployed to STATA 14 for analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the log-rank test were used to estimate and compare survival times. Both bivariable and multivariable Weibull regression models were fitted to identify predictors. Finally, an adjusted hazards ratio (AHR) with a 95% CI was computed, and variables with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant predictors of major ADR. FindingsThe overall incidence rate of major ADRs was 5.8 (95% CI, 4.6–7.3) per 1000 child months. Being female (AHR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.52–4.84), tuberculosis (TB)–HIV co-infection (AHR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.32–4.68), World Health Organization stage (III and IV) (AHR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.39–4.56), zidovudine-based (AHR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.11–7.31), and stavudine-based (AHR, 5.96; 95% CI, 1.63–21.84) regimens were found to be significant predictors of major ADRs. ImplicationsThe major ADR incidence rate was high. Health professionals should employ early screening and close follow-up for children with advanced World Health Organization clinical staging, females, those with TB-HIV co-infection, and those receiving stavudine- and zidovudine-based initial regimens to reduce the incidence of major ADRs.

β-Elimination as major side reaction in periodate-oxidation of cellulosic model mono- and disaccharides

AbstractTo structurally characterize periodate-oxidized cellulosic substrates, methyl 4-O-methyl β-d-glucopyranoside and methyl 4’-O-methyl-cellobioside were subjected to periodate treatment at pH 4.8–5.0. Oxidation of the monosaccharide using two molar equivalents of oxidant produced 3-methoxy-2,5-dihydro-2-furanol as main product. To confirm its structure and mode of formation, 6-O-bisdeuteromethyl 4-O-methyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and methyl 4-O-trisdeuteromethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside were synthesized and oxidized to generate 3-methoxy-5-deutero-2-hydro-2-furanol in the former case and 3-trisdeuteromethoxy-2,5-dihydro-2-furanol in the latter case. Oxidation using one molar equivalent of periodate led to preferential formation of hemialdal products and (E)-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-2-butenal. The latter product was also formed upon end-wise oxidation of methyl 4’-O-methyl-cellobioside, wherein the reducing unit was released as non-oxidized methyl β-d-glucopyranoside. This data indicate that periodate oxidation of cellulosic model substrates might be accompanied by peeling reactions and formation of β-elimination products even under slightly acidic conditions. Graphical abstract