Major Producing States Research Articles

Profitability of Coarse Cereals Production in India

This study was aimed at investigating profitability of selected coarse cereals production in major producing states of India through analyzing cost, return and profitability of coarse cereals cultivation. Cost concepts and farm business income measures used for analysis the data ranging from 1980-81 to 2011-12. Net return of coarse cereals cultivation was observed to be highest for maize and it was highest in Bihar (Rs. 15,429/ha) and lowest Uttar Pradesh (Rs. -4,006/ha). Net return from cultivation of sorghum was found to be highest in Andhra Pradesh (Rs. 952/ha) and lowest for Madhya Pradesh (Rs. -1,456/ha). For pearl millet net return was highest in Andhra Pradesh (Rs. 4,995/ha) and lowest for Karnataka (Rs. -1,252/ha) whereas cultivation of finger millet was observed to be at a loss

Profitability of Coarse Cereals Production in India

This study was aimed at investigating profitability of selected coarse cereals production in major producing states of India through analyzing cost, return and profitability of coarse cereals cultivation. Cost concepts and farm business income measures used for analysis the data ranging from 1980-81 to 2011-12. Net return of coarse cereals cultivation was observed to be highest for maize and it was highest in Bihar (Rs. 15,429/ha) and lowest Uttar Pradesh (Rs. -4,006/ha). Net return from cultivation of sorghum was found to be highest in Andhra Pradesh (Rs. 952/ha) and lowest for Madhya Pradesh (Rs. -1,456/ha). For pearl millet net return was highest in Andhra Pradesh (Rs. 4,995/ha) and lowest for Karnataka (Rs. -1,252/ha) whereas cultivation of finger millet was observed to be at a loss

An economic analysis of soybean cultivation in Ratlam district of Madhya Pradesh, India

Soybean is the second important oilseed crops grown in different parts of India after groundnut. Due to its unique qualities it is also known as miracle crop. It has 18–20 per cent edible oil, 45 per cent protein with high level of amino acid such as metheonine and cystine. Madhya Pradesh is one of the major soybean producing states of India. In the year 2011, total area allocated to soybean crop in Madhya Pradesh was 5.66 million hectare with production 6.28 million tonnes. The share of Madhya Pradesh to India's area and production of soybean was 56.04 and 51.43 per cent respectively. The study was conducted in Madhya Pradesh state of India in the year 2012–13. The overall objectives of present study was to find out the cost and return structure and resource use efficiency of soybean cultivation in Ratlam district of Madhya Pradesh. The average cost of cultivation was observed 28562.53 on overall farms. Cost of production per quintal of soybean was 1547.54 on overall farms. The Input-output ratio was lowest in case of small and highest in case of medium farmers. It was observed 1.54 on overall farms.

Emerging Trends and Structural Transformation of Fishery Sector: The Case of Assam

The study was conducted for the state of Assam using secondary data for the period pertaining to 2002–03 to 2012–13 with the objectives to examine the structural transformation of economic and other activities in the fishery sector of the state. It was observed that India has shared 5.68% of total fish production and China is the major fish producing country with low annual growth. In India, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh are the major fish producing states. Share of Assam in country's fish production is marginal. The total fish production in the country was contributed mainly by area followed by productivity and area affect was found to be highly elastic. Area under pond fish and derelict water bodies was found to increase in the state. Nagaon district had the highest number of eco hatcheries in the state with marginal growth. Plan allocation for fishery sector in the state was found to decline with a decline of demand supply gap during the last decade. The fishery sector was found to more promising in contributing to state domestic product and the state needs comprehensive policy for increasing productivity and more area under ponds and derelict water bodies with higher plan allocation in the fishery sector. More Eco hatcheries should be developed in different districts with better extension service for increasing production of fish in the state.

Potential of the Miracle Bean:Soybean Cultivation in Maharashtra

Maharashtra is one of the major soybean producing states of India. The crop occupies a dominant position in the cropping pattern of the state. This paper analyses trends and pattern of growth of soybean over time and across districts of Maharashtra. It calculates profitability of soybean and its competing crops, and discusses major problems/ constraints facing the soybean cultivators. The analysis of the secondary data reveals slowdown in the overall growth in case of soybean at the state and district level in the post 2000 period. The major factor for this seems to be the lower area under irrigation in case of this crop. The analysis of the field level information reveals relative profitability of soybean cultivation. Though the farmers are more concerned about the economic constraints relating to prices, the technological factors (relating to quality and availability of inputs) are also important for increasing yield and total production. In view of the increasing demand for edible oil, increasing reliance on imports to satisfy the domestic demand and for limits to area expansion, it is important to sustain the current level of production of soybean. Provision of irrigation and other quality inputs such as seeds and support from a strong extension machinery may lead to an increase in the yield and reduce the yield gap, especially in the case of marginal farmers and arrest slowdown in the soybean sector.

Garlic Trading - A Potential Agribusiness Venture in India

Specialized commodity trading is gaining momentum in many parts of this nation. One such specialized trading is Garlic Trading. In respect of Garlic markets, India is having 21 important organized assembling wholesale markets. Among these organized wholesale markets, large number of private and unorganized markets is functioning in all the major garlic producing states. These markets handle a significant quantum of garlic bulbs and acts as a wholesale market in those regions and are becoming price takers. One such market is functioning over a long period of time in Tamil Nadu is the Vadugapatti Garlic wholesale Market of Theni District and the other one is Mettupalayam market wherein the Nilgiris Cooperative Marketing Society, Mettupalayam is one of the institution facilitates garlic marketing and supplies to Vadugapatti. Besides, Madhya Pradesh, Utter Pradesh and Rajasthan are the states supplying Garlic to Vadugapatti Wholesale Market of Tamil Nadu. Selected members of Vadugapatti Garlic Merchants Association have been interviewed following the Case Study Approach to study the garlic marketing practices prevalent among the sample farms. The study focused on the marketing channels prevalent in Garlic trading, price spread and marketing efficiency and the status of export of garlic to different countries from India. These are also presented and discussed in detail.

Occurrence of antimicrobial residues in Brazilian food animals in 2008 and 2009

Brazil is one of the most important countries as a producer and exporter of cattle and poultry. In 2009 cattle accounted for 30% of the export market and 41.4% for poultry meat. The Brazilian National Residues and Contaminants Control Plan (PNCRC) follows the guidelines set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and checks compliance maximum residue limits (MRLs) to ensure the quality of these commodities. Kidney samples (n = 2978) were analysed between January 2008 and December 2009. Fifteen antibiotics of the macrolide and aminoglycoside groups (clindamycin, eritromycin, lincomycin, tylmicosin, tylosin, amikacin, apramycin, dihydrostreptomycin, gentamycin, higromycin, kanamycin, neomycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin) were determined by a microbiological screening method (FAST) and confirmed/quantified using liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS). In 2008, 1459 samples were analysed by a screening test and liquid chromatography with only one sample (0.07%) exceeded Brazilian legislation limits (>MRL). In 2009, 1519 samples were analysed and none exceeding Brazilian legislation limits (>MRL). The slaughterhouses of 16 states were monitored during the year of 2008, and 18 states were monitored in 2009, being the major producing states most sampled by the PNCRC.

Artificial Market Prices and Subsidies: Implication for Indian Agriculture

Agriculture in India is the most important segment of the economy. Growth of Agricultural sector is crucial for Indian economy as it employs two-third of its population and contributes nearly one-third of national income. However its importance in the economic, social and political fabric of India goes well beyond what is indicated by its contribution to the economy. The large number of poor agricultural households and their income vulnerability are major concern among policy makers. These concerns have driven both agricultural policies and public expenditures in agriculture in India as well as in other part of the globe. Agriculture is also one of the major sources of export earnings of our country and is crucial for improving the balance of payments. In recent years, the export of agricultural and allied products accounted for about one-fifth of total export earnings of India. India's share of agricultural export has remained very low in many commodities despite inherent strength of Indian agriculture with the exception of few commodities. Present paper is an effort to evaluate competitiveness of Indian wheat and rice in international market. Keeping in view the overall food-grain production, marketable surplus and number of farmers, among the major food-grain producing states, here Uttar Pradesh has been taken for comparison of trade competitiveness. Since agricultural trade is highly distorted due to huge subsidies and support to agriculture in developed countries; paper also evaluate competitiveness of these commodities in alternative case, if both countries withdraw their subsidies to these commodities in form of Producer Support Estimate (PSE). The Paper is divided in four parts; Part one is about the methodology to calculate trade competitiveness. Trade competitiveness of wheat and rice at normal prices and at PSE adjusted prices has been calculated in part two. Part three evaluate the implications of agricultural subsidy and part four is the concluding part with suggesting some corrective measures for fair agricultural trade and due space of developing countries in international agricultural trade.

Getting the Last Gasp: Deliquification of Challenging Gas Wells

This article, written by Technology Editor Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper IPTC 11651, "Getting the Last Gasp: Deliquification of Challenging Gas Wells," by A.V. Bondurant, SPE, B.D. Dotson, SPE, and P.O. Oyewole, SPE, BP plc, prepared for the 2007 International Petroleum Technology Conference, Dubai, 4–6 December. The paper has not been peer reviewed. A common characteristic of "challenging" unconventional gas resources—namely, low-permeability sands, shale, and coalbed methane (CBM)—is that the ultimate recovery depends on economic removal of liquids accumulation, generally termed "deliquification." The problem affects thousands of wells, and the solution involves not only technology development but also knowledge management and building resource capability. Industry is working on a variety of deliquification technologies for challenging gas, with developments ranging from adapting existing oilfield technologies to developing gas-specific technologies to developing "on the horizon" technologies. Examples in each stage of development are presented. Introduction A distinguishing characteristic of North American land-based gas production is the large number of low-rate wells. In the continental US, the majority of gas wells produce less than 100 Mscf/D. The low rates reflect the maturity of North American gas production and the predominance of challenging production from low-permeability-sand (<0.1 md), shale, and CBM reservoirs. Low-rate gas wells almost always cease production because of liquid accumulation in the wellbore. Consequently, deliquification is of great importance. From a worldwide perspective, the current need for deliquification of low-rate wells is more modest. As production from high-rate wells declines, similar technical and economic challenges will be faced outside North America and will benefit from the solutions developed there. For this study, a gas well is any well making 50 bbl/MMscf or less of stock-tank hydrocarbon liquids. An actively producing well is one having production reported in the second half of 2005. Production data from several eastern states, which tend to have very-low-rate gas wells, were not readily available and, therefore, were not included in this analysis. With these definitions, data were collected on 235,000 active producing gas wells in the major producing states for the second half of 2005. Approximately 150,000 wells that produce less than 100 Mscf/D/well pro-duce approximately 7.5 Bcf/D collectively, 10% of the North American gas consumption. Most of these wells either are impaired by liquid accumulation or are producing with some form of artificial lift for deliquification. Deliquification in North America involves a very large well count, with generally a small incremental effect on each well.

Impact of brick kilns on land use/landcover changes around Aligarh city, India

Bricks are one of the most important building materials used in India. The Indian brick kiln industry, which is the second largest producer in the world, second only to China, has more than 100,00 operating units, producing about 140 billion bricks annually. Brick making is a traditional, unorganized industry generally confined to rural and peri-urban areas. The Gangetic plain of North India accounts for about 65% of the total brick production. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal are the major brick producing states in this region. The availability of good fertile alluvium soils in North India makes the fringe areas of North Indian cities be dotted with brick kilns and consequently this has become one of the major forces in bringing about land use/landcover changes around cities. In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine the impact of brick kilns on the landuse/landcover changes, and to evaluate the forces, which have compelled the villagers to bring about these changes around a North Indian city of Aligarh.

Production Unit Trends and Price Characteristics within the United States Pecan Industry

The United States pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] industry is based on about 10,107,170 trees (about 15% nonbearing) comprising about 492,137 acres (199,168 ha) of orchards (34% in Texas, 27% Georgia, and 17% Oklahoma) dispersed among about 19,900 farm operations (36% in Texas, 16% Georgia, and 7% Oklahoma) in 24 states. Fifty-six percent of this acreage is on farms with ≥100 acres (40.5 ha) of trees (i.e., 5% of total farms). An evaluation of production related changes over the last decade indicate fundamental changes occurring in the nature of the U. S. industry. These include a) movement toward agricultural industrialization as reflected by fewer small-farms and more large-farms; b) reduced percentage of young (i.e., nonbearing) trees in most major producing states; c) substantial decline in number of farms and acres in the southeastern regionhistorically the primary production area-yet substantial growth in the northern region of production; d) a national 3% increase in the number of pecan farms and 14% increase in acreage; and e) substantial demographic changes, such as the enhanced importance of the southwestern region including New Mexico with diminished importance of many southeastern states. States also drastically differ in degree of biennial bearing, as measured by the biennial bearing index (i.e., K = 0.04 - 0.73; where 0 = no production variation and 1 = maximum variation), average production efficiency of both orchards [Epa = 192 - 1,224 lb/acre (215 - 1,374 kg·ha-1)] and trees [Ept = 19 - 60 lb/tree (8.6 kg/tree)], variation in grower prices (cv = 18 - 36%), and relationship between price and national supply of pecan (r2 = 0.94 - 0.03). For the pecan industry as a whole, average price received for nut-meats is as closely associated with national supply of pecan nut-meats as that of almond and pistachio and is far better than that of walnut-pecan's primary competitor. The supply of pecan meats on-hand at the beginning of the season, plus supply from the current season's crop, plus the price of walnut meats accounts for 80% of price variation in average United States pecan meat price.

Variation in Parasitic Potential of Heterodera glycines Populations

A great deal of variation in parasitic potential has been observed among the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines Ichinohe populations in the USA. To best utilize sources of genetic resistance to SCN, this variation needs to be characterized. Fifty‐eight populations of the SCN were collected from 10 major soybean producing states. These populations were compared for infraspeeific variation in parasitic potential on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes ‘Peking’, ‘Pickett’, Plant Introduction (PI) 88788, PI 90763, and ‘Lee 68’. Race structure, genes for parasitism (capability of a nematode population to produce at least one cyst on a resistant genotype), and levels of parasitism (percentage of cysts that developed on resistant genotypes compared with the susceptible cultivar Lee 68) were assessed. Race was present in 45% of locations; it was the most widespread population. Race 6 was present in 19% of the locations. Frequency of occurrence of other races (Races 1, 2, 5, 9, and 14) ranged between 3 and 9%. On the basis of reproduction on genotypes, 83% of the populations tested had genes to parasitize Pickett. All populations from Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, North Carolina, and South Carolina produced cysts on this genotype. Average level of parasitism was greatest on Pickett and lowest on PI 90763; 91% of SCN populations tested had <10% level of parasitism on PI 90763. The SCN gene frequencies demonstrated that nematode populations with predominant genes for parasitism on Pickett and Lee 68 were widespread especially in the southern soybean producing states in the USA. Cultivation of varieties with resistance derived from Peking and Pickett in these regions should not be very effective. For management of SCN‐caused yield losses, cultivation of soybean varieties with resistance derived from P190763, PI 88788, and PI 437654 should be encouraged.

Efficient Rail Way Freight Rates: Australian Coal

Coal transport in Australia is a non-contestable market: rail authorities have an effective, legislatively-based monopoly over the transport of coal in the major producing states of Queensland and New South Wales. Pricing policies and practices are critical to efficient resource allocation in non-contestable markets. The objectives of this paper are to explore pricing options for the rail freight of bulk minerals, and to illustrate their application to the export coal industry. Pricing options for both dedicated and multi-user lines are discussed and existing export coal rail freight contracts scrutinised. The paper concludes by highlighting desirable changes in pricing practices.

Limited Resource Farmers and the Marketing System

tifying and finding solutions to the problems they face.' Much of this effort has focused on identifying enterprises that are profitable on a small scale; that is, enterprises which require little land and capital but provide a high return to the producer. These alternative crops include new and improved varieties of traditional cash crops and other nontraditional enterprises, such as fruits and vegetables, herbs and spices, ornamentals and specialty animals (French, Whatley). The success of fruit and vegetable producers in California, Florida, Texas, and Arizona has triggered discussions as to whether other areas in the United States, particularly the southern states, could compete with these major producing states (Capps, Babb and Long). Coupled with this push for diversification is the belief that LRFs may benefit from alternative enterprises because they suffer adversely from price fluctuations and low net returns from production of traditional crops. Colette and Wall allude to the high income potentials of vegetables but argue that these crops tend to be very risky enterprises and that LRFs usually have insufficient cash reserves to carry them over a bad year. Efforts have also been directed toward the marketing problems facing LRFs (Christy, Dagher, McLean-Meyinsse). While much attention has been given to alternative enterprises, a full understanding of the marketing system, including market risks, strategies, and alternative market outlets, requires more attention by producers, policy makers, and our profession. Most farmers allocate more time, energy, and resources to production than to marketing. Limited-resource farmers, in general, have not invested the resources required to identify and use viable marketing plans and strategies that can exploit the full potential gains these markets offer sellers of agricultural products. In some cases, LRFs have identified marketing niches and developed innovative marketing strategies (Wysong and Handwerker). The strategic behavior exhibited by small farmers has profit performance implications, such as (a) providing the consumer with high quality, usually fresh products, and (b) gaining the net margins that accrue from performing specific marketing services or functions.

Crop Yields: Random, Cyclical, or Bunchy?

AbstractThis paper investigates whether changes in weather have random effects on crop yields. The data are yield series of several crops for the United States, individual major producing states, and major producing areas. Statistical tests show little evidence of nonrandomness in these series. There is almost no evidence of cycles or bunchiness prior to 1932, none for national average yields or the weighted average for major producing areas. Since 1932 there is some evidence of autocorrelation; however, this appears to reflect the uneven application rate of high yielding inputs, such as fertilizer and hybrid seed.

Regulation and the Price of Natural Gas

The price of natural gas in the field has been steadily increasing in the last few years. Whereas the average field price of gas in the major producing states of Kansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas was 3.1 cents per Mcf in 1945, it was an estimated 8.9 cents in 1954 with prices ranging up to 24 cents on new longterm contracts.' Less than a decade ago the price of natural gas in the field was thought by many observers to be too low, that it was not selling for its intrinsic or relative value in terms of other fuels.2 Development of efficient methods of producing and laying high-pressure seamless pipe have made possible the tremendous growth in the interstate natural gas pipeline network and the increase in effective demand and use of natural gas during the last decade. Pipelines now reach out from the basic supply source of the Southwest to all corners of the nation.3 Now consumers tied to the Southwest by thousands of miles of interstate transmission pipelines, fear the price may be rising too high.4 Prior to the increase in effective demand and use, large quantities of natural gas were flared or sold for inferior industrial uses such as boiler fuel or the production of carbon-black.5 The reasons for such disposal of a potentially valuable resource were the conditions surrounding its discovery and extraction and the fact that the superior demands were largely ineffective.6 Gas has been

Effects of World War II on California Oil Reserves: ABSTRACT

The enormous demands of World War II for California oil were met successfully. Production was increased from 230,263,000 barrels in 1941 to 326,555,000 barrels in 1945. This is an increase of 41.8%. The comparable figure for the balance of the United States is 18%. During the period 1941 to 1945, inclusive, California produced 18.2% of total United States oil production and 11.7% of total world production. It increased its proportion of total United States production from 16.4% in 1941 to 19.1% in 1945. One other record of past performance is of interest: California had produced to December 31, 1945, about 22% and 14% of total cumulative production from the United States and the world, respectively. This performance was accomplished by development of about 245,000 proved roductive acres, a small area compared to that in other producing states. Average ultimate recovery from California fields is estimated to be about 44,000 barrels per acre. Other major producing states have estimated ultimate recoveries of 8,000 to 14,000 barrels per acre. California pools have sufficient thickness to compensate for their restricted area extent. Despite the drain on California's oil resources by World War II, production in the middle of September, 1946, was about 870,000 barrels daily; the daily average during 1941 was about 631,000 barrels. During the period 1941 to 1945, inclusive, the discovery of new pools and new fields in California added estimated reserves equal to about one-third of production during that period. Additional reserves must be discovered in order to continue to meet the unprecedented peacetime demand for California oil. More new pools in present producing areas probably will add larger amounts to reserves than will new fields (Tidelands excepted). It will require intensified geological effort to find End_Page 2088------------------------------ these new reserves. There still is ample opportunity in California for the competent and imaginative geologist who can evolve a productive program from a mass of factual information. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2089------------