Major Problem In Indonesia Research Articles

DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN HARGA BERAS DAN LUAS AREAL IRIGASI TERHADAP PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA

<em>Poverty is one of the major problems in Indonesia is unresolved. Rice is the main food commodities that affect the welfare of million people in Indonesia. Rice is a major source of calories most of the Indonesian people. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of rice policy on poverty in Indonesia. Specifications of research model using simultaneous equations and allegedly with the method Two Stages Least Squares (2SLS). The data used is secondary data with the time span from 1981 to 2014. The results showed that a decrease in the retail price of rice is able to reduce poverty. But the effect is relatively small. Real retail rice price increase 1 percent would increase poverty by 0.037 percent in the short term and amounted to 0.124 percent in the long term. Economic growth to be the only variable that significantly affect poverty. Increase economic growth by 1 percent would reduce poverty by 0.090 percent in the short term and amounted to 0.306 percent in the long term. In an effort to reduce the number of poor people, government purchasing price policy should be followed by other rice policy, such a policy increase the area of irrigated area.</em>

Konstitusi Genetik dan Karakter Fenotipik Galur-galur Padi Pup1 Turunan Varietas Situ Bagendit

<p>Acidity, phosphorus deficiency, and drought<br />stress are major problems in Indonesia’s Ultisol rice farming.<br />Development of rice lines tolerant to those stresses is<br />expected to be able to reduce the consumption of P<br />fertilizer. The objectives of the research were to evaluate<br />genetic constitutive of rice lines (BC2F6 population) derived<br />from Situ Bagendit x Kasalath and Situ Bagendit x NIL-C433<br />crossings, and to evaluate responses of those lines to<br />Yoshida nutrient solution under P deficiency and Al stress<br />condition. The research was conducted at Molecular Biology<br />Laboratory and Greenhouse of ICABIOGRAD, from<br />November 2011 to May 2013. The result of foreground<br />analysis showed that Pup1 locus has been integrated into<br />the genome of BC2F6 rice lines, eventhough some lines (SK5,<br />SK6, SK7, SK8, SK9, SK10, SK19, and SK20) showed<br />incomplete integration. Background analysis indicated that<br />majority (95.7%) of the Situ Bagendit background has been<br />recovered in BC2F6 rice lines. Al stress evaluation showed SN<br />lines were more tolerant to P deficiency and Al stress than<br />that of SK lines. Pup1 locus showed good expression under<br />low P and no Al stress. Based on genome proportion and<br />Yoshida nutrient solution experiments, a total of three lines,<br />namely SK13, SN2, and SN9, have potential good<br />characteristics. Molecular analysis within a marker-assisted<br />backcrossing (MAB) experiment should be carried out at<br />each generation of lines for gaining fully gene segment in<br />advanced generations.</p>

Detection of Enteropathogenic Bacteria under Fingernails of Canteen Workers at Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor

Background : Food poisoning is a major problem in Indonesia as most people do not clean under their fingernails to remove bacteria. This study was designed to detect enteropathogenic bacteria under the fingernails of canteen workers in Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted from October−November 2014 at the Faculty of Medicine’s Microbiology Laboratory to detect enteropathogenic bacteria under the fingernails of canteen workers in Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, 30 canteen workers were selected by random sampling from three canteens. Samples were collected from the fingernails of both the right and left hands by using a cotton swab. Sixty specimens were cultured for identification of the enteropathogenic bacteria by using gram staining method and biochemical tests. Results: The highest percentage of enteropathogenic bacteria found under the fingernails of canteen workers was Klebsiella pneumoniae with a percentage of 45% followed by Enterobacter aerogenes with a percentage of 25.7%, Salmonella paratyphii with a percentage of 9.7%, E. coli with a percentage of 6.4%, and Serratia sp, Proteus mirabillis, Klebsiella oxytoca and Shigella sp. with a percentage of 3.2%. Conclusions: The highest number of bacteria found under the fingernails of the canteen workers is Klebsiella pneumoniae, followed by Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella paratyphii and E. coli which has potential to cause gastroenteritis if cross-contamination occurs between the fingernails and the food.[ AMJ .2016;3(2):309–13] DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n2.798

A qualitative study on barriers in the prevention of anaemia during pregnancy in public health centres: perceptions of Indonesian nurse-midwives.

BackgroundAnemia in pregnancy remains a major problem in Indonesia over the past decade. Early detection of anaemia in pregnancy is one of the components which is unsuccessfully implemented by nurse-midwives. This study aims to explore nurse-midwives’ experiences in managing pregnant women with anaemia in Public Health Centres.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study with semi-structured face to face interviews from November 2011 to February 2012 with 23 nurse-midwives in five districts in Yogyakarta Special Province. Data analysis was thematic, using the constant comparison method, making comparison between participants and supported by ATLAS.ti software.ResultsTwelve nurse-midwives included in the interviews had less than or equal to 10 years’ working experience (junior nurse-midwives) and 11 nurse-midwives had more than 10 years’ working experience (senior nurse-midwives) in Public Health Centres. The senior nurse-midwives mostly worked as coordinators in Public Health Centres. Three main themes emerged: 1) the lack of competence and clinical skill; 2) cultural beliefs and low participation of family in antenatal care programme; 3) insufficient facilities and skilled support staff in Public Health Centres. The nurse-midwives realized that they need to improve their communication and clinical skills to manage pregnant women with anaemia. The husband and family involvement in antenatal care was constrained by the strength of cultural beliefs and lack of health information. Moreover, unfavourable work environment of the Public Health Centres made it difficult to apply antenatal care the pregnant womens’ need.ConclusionsThe availability of facilities and skilled staffs in Public Health Centre as well as pregnant women’s husbands or family members contribute to the success of managing anaemia in pregnancy. Nurse-midwives and pregnant women need to be empowered to achieve the optimum result of anaemia management. We recommend a more comprehensive approach in managing pregnant women with anaemia, which synergizes the available resources and empowers nurse-midwives and pregnant women.

Development of Near-real Time Forest Monitoring (Phase I: Data Preparation)

Deforestation and forest degradation are still major problems in Indonesia, even though the magnitude has been decreasing recently. In order to overcome these problems, an immediate action with accurate and up-to-date information is essensial. Expired information, due to out of date is usually hamper the immediate response. Remote sensing technology seems to be a powerful tool to monitor the change of forest cover. However, an availability of cloud free satellite images in tropical region is another of obstacle. Regarding to the deforestation and forest degradation issues, it needs to develop near-real time forest monitoring, that publicly available to support the transparency in managing the natural resources. As an initial work of the development of early deforestation detection system, we employed the long-term MODIS image datasets, acquired from 2001 to 2013 with 286 time series data totally. Although MODIS data have some advantages in providing basic information related to the real time change detection, these time-series data inevitably contain disturbance caused by atmospheric variability and aerosol scattering. This study is an early phase in developing the near-real time forest monitoring system, which is focused on providing a reliable image datasets to support this system. The results suggested that MODIS data offer great opportunities to support the near-real time forest monitoring system at large scale.

Current HIV Type 1 Molecular Epidemiology Profile and Identification of Unique Recombinant Forms in Jakarta, Indonesia

HIV infection is a major problem in Indonesia. The number of people living with HIV has been increasing from year to year, especially among injecting drug users (IDUs). Since there were only limited data about molecular epidemiology profiles of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia, a cross-sectional study involving 208 HIV-1-seropositive individuals was conducted in 2007 in Jakarta. The majority of participants were 16-30 years of age (64.9%) and 74.5% were male. The most frequent risk factor was injecting drug use (IDU) (45.7%) followed by heterosexual transmission (34.1%). Phylogenetic analysis of gag (p17 and p6) and env C2V3 regions showed 200 (96.2%) of 208 DNA samples were CRF01_AE and only 3 (1.4%) were subtype B. Five samples (2.4%) indicated discordant subtypes between the three aforementioned regions: three of them showed unique CRF01_AE/B recombination patterns in 2.3-kbp nucleotide sequences (from p17 to part of RT), including one sample showing similarity to CRF33_01B, reported previously in Malaysia. This study shows the current predominant subtype is CRF01_AE in every risk group, with a decreasing number of pure subtype B, and the first identification of CRF01_AE/B recombinant forms among HIV-1-seropositive Indonesians.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI), KEBIJAKAN INDUSTRI, DAN MASALAH PENGANGGURAN: STUDI EMPIRIK DI INDONESIA

Unemployment has become one of the major problems in Indonesia in the last eight years. SBY administration decides many economic policies in order to overcome the problem, but it seems not enough. However, the rate of foreign direct investment in Indonesia is increasing in the last three years. Macroeconomic indicators show that everything in its right track. This research analyzes the effects of FDI rate to employment rate in Indonesia. This research uses empirical data from ADB from 1983-2004. This research uses error correction model as a tool of analyses. The result shows that FDI rate does not have effect to employment rate. It means that FDI does not open job opportunity for many unemployer in Indonesia. In the end, this paper discusses the possibility of industrial policy in order to provide direction for government to develop Indonesia’s industry.

Child Malnutrition in Indonesia

This research is concerned with the patterns of child malnutrition in Indonesia since the mid 1980s. Aggregate data show that malnourished children are found among lower income groups. In this study a 10% reduction in the proportion of the population under the poverty line was found to be accompanied by a fall of around 4–6% in the number of children suffering from protein energy malnutrition. It is suggested that poverty reduction as a development goal can make a large contribution to alleviating malnutrition. However, malnutrition, particularly among pre-school children, is still a major problem in Indonesia.