Major Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Association of Adipose Tissue Fatty Acids With Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Elderly Men.

The major polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue objectively reflect long-term dietary intake, and may provide more reliable information than would self-reported intake. Whether adipose tissue fatty acids predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality needs investigation. To investigate associations between adipose tissue fatty acids and cardiovascular and overall mortality in a cohort of elderly men. We hypothesized that polyunsaturated fatty acids reflecting dietary intake, are inversely associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. In the Swedish cohort study Uppsala Longitudinal Cohort of Adult Men, buttock fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography in 1992 to 1993 and 2008. The study participants were followed during 11 311 person-years, between 1991 and 2011 (median follow-up, 14.8 years). In this community-based study that took place from 1970 to 1973, all men born in 1920 to 1924 in Uppsala, Sweden, were invited and 2322 (82%) were included (at age 50 years). At the reinvestigation at age 71 years, 1221 (73%) of the 1681 invited men participated. Adipose tissue biopsy specimens were taken in a subsample of 853 men. There was no loss to follow-up. Adipose tissue proportions of 4 polyunsaturated fatty acids that were considered to mainly reflect dietary intake (linoleic acid, 18:2n-6; α-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3; eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3; and docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3) comprised primary analyses, and all other available fatty acids were secondary analyses. Hazard ratios (HRs) for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, performed in 2015. Among the 853 Swedish men, there were 605 deaths, of which 251 were cardiovascular deaths. After adjusting for risk factors, none of the 4 primary fatty acids were associated with cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.92-1.05 for each standard deviation increase; P ≥ .27). Linoleic acid was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.98; P = .02) and directly associated with intake (P < .001). In secondary analyses, palmitoleic acid, 16:1n-7 (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.21; P = .02) was associated with higher all-cause mortality, whereas heptadecanoic acid, 17:0, tended to be associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.79-1.00; P = .05). Arachidonic:linoleic acid ratio was associated with both cardiovascular (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.31; P = .04) and all-cause (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.23; P = .005) mortality. Adipose tissue linoleic acid was inversely associated with all-cause mortality in elderly men, although not significantly with cardiovascular mortality.

Polyunsaturated Fat Intake Estimated by Circulating Biomarkers and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in a Population-Based Cohort of 60-Year-Old Men and Women.

High intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Large, prospective studies including both sexes and circulating PUFAs as dietary biomarkers are needed. We investigated sex-specific associations of the major dietary PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid, docohexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid, with incident CVD and all-cause mortality in a population-based cohort. PUFAs in serum cholesterol esters were measured at baseline in 60-year-old Swedish women (n=2193) and men (n=2039). With the use of national registers, 484 incident CVD events (294 men and 190 women) and 456 all-cause deaths (265 men and 191 women) were identified during follow-up (median, 14.5 years) in individuals without prior CVD at baseline. Associations of PUFAs with CVD and mortality were evaluated with Cox proportional hazard models. In multivariable-adjusted models, 1-SD increases in eicosapentaenoic acid and docohexaenoic acid were associated with lower risk of incident CVD among women (hazard ratio [HR], 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.64-0.97] and 0.74 [95% CI, 0.61-0.89], respectively). α-Linolenic acid was associated with moderately increased CVD risk in women (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02-1.32). Inverse associations with all-cause mortality were observed for eicosapentaenoic acid and docohexaenoic acid among all participants (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.72-0.91] and 0.80 [95% CI, 0.72-0.89], respectively) and for linoleic acid in men (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.64-0.83). Serum linoleic acid and very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs, partly reflecting vegetable oil and fish intake, respectively, were inversely associated with all-cause mortality. Inverse associations of eicosapentaenoic acid and docohexaenoic acid with incident CVD were observed only in women.

Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. seed oil: Chemical composition and antiproliferative effect on human colonic adenocarcinoma and fibrosarcoma cancer cell lines

In this work the physicochemical characteristics including fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols composition of Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich seed oil was determined. Results showed that linoleic acid (48.64%) and punicic acid (22.38%) were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among the phytosterols, β-sitosterol was the most abundant (396.25mg/100g), while the major tocopherol form was γ-tocopherol (44.23mg/100g). In addition, we evaluated for the first time the effect of E. elaterium seed oil on the growth of human colonic adenocarcinoma (HT29) and fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cell lines. The original finding was its potent antiproliferative effect on both tumour cell lines. This effect was dose-dependent, with half-maximal inhibition values of IC50=4.86μg/ml and 4.16μg/ml respectively. This pilot study opens the way for further investigation about the potential use of E. elaterium as an anticancer agent.

Fatty Acid Profile and Sterol Composition of the Marine Sponge Petrosia testudinaria

The interest of chemists, biochemists, and biotechnologists in lipids and fatty acids from marine sponges has been stimulated because among aquatic animals, sponges possess the greatest diversity of fatty acids, sterols, etc. Various applications of lipids, phospholipids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in pharmaceutical formulations have been reported [1, 2]. Some unusual FAs of sponges exhibit biological activity. Petrosia testudinaria (Lamarck) is a barrel marine sponge widely distributed in the Bay of Bengal of the Odisha coast [3]. Sponges of the genus Petrosia have yielded various types of secondary metabolites, viz. isoquinoline antibiotic alkaloids, bisquinolizidine alkaloids, polyacetylenes, and steroids [3–8]. A novel steroid, 23-ethyl-24-methyl-27-norcholesta-5,25-diene-3 -23-diol, is isolated from the sponge P. testudinaria [9]. The methanol and dichloromethane extract of this species have shown broad-spectrum larvicidal and insecticidal activity [10]. The present paper deals with the study of the FA profile and sterol of the lipid composition of P. testudinaria, collected from the Bay of Bengal region of the Odisha coast. The study of the FA and sterols of the lipophilic extract of P. testudinaria was carried out mainly to search for new FA structures, to evaluate a new source of major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of biological interest, and to get valuable information on its chemotaxonomy. Analysis of Fatty Acids. Twenty-three fatty acids were identified in the mixture of total lipids of P. testudinaria by GC-MS analysis (Table 1). Peak identification was carried out by comparison of the mass spectra with those available in the NIST and WILEY libraries and also confirmed by comparison of their chromatographic retention times as well as mass fragmentations with those of authentic standards C4–C24 (Supelco standard FAME mixtures). Among the identified FAs, linear saturated FAs constituted 45.26% of the total FA content. Generally among linear saturated FAs, 16:0 and 18:0 dominated in most of the marine sponges. In the present analysis, 19:0 (17.13%) was the major one among the linear FAs. Fatty acids 18:0 (9.76%) and 16:0 (7.44%) were also present in good amount. Branched saturated FAs constituted 15.26% of the total FA content, and 13-methyl-14:0 (7.42%) was the major one. The position of the methyl branch was confirmed by analysis of their pyrrolidide derivatives and further confirmed by comparing their key mass fragments with those already reported for similar fatty acids. In the mass spectrum of 13-methyl-14:0 (iso), there was a gap of 28 amu between two peaks at m/z 252 and 280 due to the loss of carbon 13 with its methyl group. Similarly in the mass spectrum of 12-methyl-14:0 (anteiso), two peaks m/z 238 and 266 occurred at a gap of 28 amu due to the loss of carbon 12 and its methyl group. In the mass spectrum of 10-methyl-15:0, there was a gap of 28 amu between two peaks at m/z 210 and 238 due to loss of carbon 10 with its methyl group. A gap of 28 amu between two peaks at m/z 196 and 224 in the mass spectrum of 9-methyl-16:0 is due to the loss of carbon 9 with its methyl group, and the structure is confirmed. In the mass spectrum of 6-methyl-18:0 there was a gap of 28 amu between two key mass fragments m/z 154 and 182 due to the loss of carbon 6 with its methyl group, whereas in 18-methyl-20:0, two peaks m/z 322 and 350 occurred at a gap of 28 amu due to the loss of carbon 18 and its methyl group. It is considered that saturated iso and anteiso C15–C20 acids have a bacterial origin [11]. Thus, in the sponge P. testudinaria, the content of iso and anteiso may be due to symbiotic bacteria.

Lipid characteristics of a seep clam, Mesolinga soliditesta: Comparison with those of two coastal clams, Meretrix lamarckii and Ruditapes philippinarum

The lipids and fatty acids of two coastal clams, Meretrix lamarckii and Ruditapes philippinarum, collected at 5 and 1m of depth, and a seep clam, Mesolinga soliditesta, collected at 331m of depth, were examined to assess their lipid physiology and trophic relationship with their diets. The major fatty acids of lipids in Mer. lamarckii and R. philippinarum were 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:1n-7, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3, while those of Mes. soliditesta were 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 20:1n-7, 20:1n-13, 20:2n-7, 15 (Δ5,13-20:2), and 22:2n-7,15 (Δ7,15-22:2). The major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the Mer. lamarckii and R. philippinarum lipids consisted of various n-3 and n-6 long-chain (LC) PUFAs, such as 20:4n-6, 22:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, and 22:6n-3, while those in Mes. soliditesta muscle and viscera included various n-4 family PUFAs (18:3n-7, 18:4n-4, 20:2n-7, and 20:3n-7) with limited kinds of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs (20:4n-6 and 20:5n-3). These findings indicate that, like other common shallow-water clams, Mer. lamarckii and R. philippinarum ingest phytoplanktonic n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFAs, whereas Mes. soliditesta utilizes limited kinds of n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFAs. In contrast to the other two bivalves species, Mes. soliditesta yielded various n-4 and n-7 (n-4/n-7) PUFAs, which were assimilated from the chemosynthetic symbionts. The high diversity of PUFAs contained in the Mes. soliditesta lipids (n-3, n-4 family, and n-6 PUFAs) suggests that this species mixotrophically utilized both photosynthetic products and vent chemosynthetic nutrition derived from geothermal energy.

Enhanced lipid and fatty acid content under photoheterotrophic condition in the mass cultures of Tetraselmis gracilis and Platymonas convolutae

Biomass, lipid, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles and concentrations in two green marine microalgae Tetraselmis gracilis (T. gracilis) and Platymonas convolutae (P. convolutae) in culture media with different nitrate and carbohydrate supplement concentrations under natural photoperiod were measured under indoor and outdoor conditions; T. gracilis and P. convolutae were cultured in a transparent vertical fiber tank and rectangular white fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) tank, respectively.The total lipid and FAME concentrations increased under nitrate limitation in both microalgae. The results reflected the dynamic changes in the syntheses of fatty acid (FA) under stress in the studied algae. Between the two algae studied, T. gracilis had the highest percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA: 14.0%) and eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA: 3.1%) at 0.05gl−1 nitrate concentration. The maximum EPA (4.4%) and ETA (2.0%) concentrations in P. convolutae were observed in the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) grown at a nitrate concentration of 0.1gl−1 in the culture media under outdoor conditions. The major PUFAs detected under different carbon supplements were C20:4 (ω3), C20:5 (ω3) and C20:4 (ω6). T. gracilis had the highest amount of EPA (14.7%) under photoheterotrophic growth with glucose (2gl−1) as the carbon source. The optimal condition for EPA production by P. convolutae (8%) was 1gl−1 glucose at 12-h light photoperiod under indoor mass cultivation and photoheterotrophic growth. These two microalgae had high lipid contents and showed a higher PUFA level under nitrate limitation. This result shows that biomass, lipids, and fatty acids as well as PUFA accumulate and reach elevated levels in these two microalgae species under photoheterotrophic growth conditions.

Distinctive metabolite profiles in in-migrating Sockeye salmon suggest sex-linked endocrine perturbation.

The health of Skeena River Sockeye salmon (Onchorhychus nerka) has been of increasing concern due to declining stock returns over the past decade. In the present work, in-migrating Sockeye from the 2008 run were evaluated using a mass spectrometry-based, targeted metabolomics platform. Our objectives were to (a) investigate natural changes in a subset of the hepatic metabolome arising from migration-associated changes in osmoregulation, locomotion, and gametogenesis, and (b) compare the resultant profiles with animals displaying altered hepatic vitellogenin A (vtg) expression at the spawning grounds, which was previously hypothesized as a marker of xenobiotic exposure. Of 203 metabolites monitored, 95 were consistently observed in Sockeye salmon livers and over half of these changed significantly during in-migration. Among the most dramatic changes in both sexes were a decrease in concentrations of taurine (a major organic osmolyte), carnitine (involved in fatty acid transport), and two major polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). In females, an increase in amino acids was attributed to protein catabolism associated with vitellogenesis. Animals with atypical vtg mRNA expression demonstrated unusual hepatic amino acid, fatty acid, taurine, and carnitine profiles. The cause of these molecular perturbations remains unclear, but may include xenobiotic exposure, natural senescence, and/or interindividual variability. These data provide a benchmark for further investigation into the long-term health of migrating Skeena Sockeye.

Fatty acids in female’s gonads of the Red Sea fish Rhabdosargus sarba during the spawning season

Objective: To determine the fatty acids profiles in female fish, Rhabdosargus sarba (R. sarba) from the Red Sea during the spawning season. Methods: Monthly individual R. sarba were obtained from Bangalah market in Jeddah, Red Sea and transported to the laboratory in ice aquarium. The total length, standard length and weight were measured, fishes were dissected. Ovaries were removed, weighed and 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid were added to 10 g of the ovary in a conical flask and immersed in boiling water until the sample was dissolved and the fat was seen to collect on the surface. The conical was cooled and the fat was extracted by shaking with 30 mL of diethyl ether. The extract was bowled after allowing the layers to separate into a weighed flask. The extraction was repeated three times more and distilled off the solvent then the fat dried at 100 °C, cooled and weighed. Then 50 mg of lipid was put in a tube, 5 mL of methanolic sulphuric acid was added and 2 mL of benzene, the tube well closed and placed in water bath at 90 °C for an hour and a half. After cooling, 8 mL water and 5 mL petroleum were added and shaked strongly and the ethereal layer was separated in a dry tube, evaporated to dryness. The fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by using a Hewlett Packard (HP 6890) chromatography, a split/splitless injector and flame ionization detector. Results: In female R. sarba, a total of 29 fatty acids were detected in ovaries throughout the spawning season. The main fatty acid group in total lipid was saturated fatty acid (SFA, 28.9%), followed by 23.5% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 12.9% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The dominant SFA were palmitic and stearic, the major MUFA were palmitoleic and oleic, and the major PUFA were C18:2 and C22:2. During spawning stages, there were no significant differences in total SFA, MUFA and PUFA. The highest value of SFA was in late spawning (36.78%). However, the highest value of MUFA and PUFA was in spawning (16.70% and 24.96% respectively). During spawning season there were significant differences in total SFA between March (late spawning stage) and December (nearly ripe stage), P<0.05. Conclusions: From the present study it has been shown that 29 fatty acids were detected in ovaries of R. sarba throughout the spawning season. The main fatty acid group in total lipid was SFA followed by PUFA and MUFA. The dominant SFA were palmitic and stearic, the major MUFA were palmitoleic and oleic, and the major PUFA were C18:2 and C22:2. The highest value of SFA was in late spawning. However, the highest value of MUFA and PUFA was in spawning.

Quality of Tuna Fish Oils Extracted from Processing the By-Products of Three Species of Neritic Tuna Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Fatty acid constituents of total lipids extracted from the head, the skin and the viscera of three neritic tuna species, namely Thunnus tonggol, Euthynnus affinis and Auxis thazard, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and Soxhlet extraction method were determined and compared. Saturated fatty acid (39.7–48.5%) was dominant in conjunction with monounsaturated fatty acid (21.9–26.6%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (24.1–27.9%) in all species, and the difference between methods were nonsignificant. Docosahexaenoic acid was the major PUFA, accounting for 17.0–19.9% in the head, 15.7–17.3% in the skin and 14.3–16.1% in the viscera of total fatty acids. Total oil extracted by SC-CO2 had lower free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value (PV) content than that by Soxhlet method. The ranges of FFA and PV were 1.8–5.0 and 1.2–2.4%, respectively. It was concluded that SC-CO2 is an effective method to extract fish oil that is rich in omega-3 fatty acids from tuna by-products. Practical Applications Fish waste is a by-product of fish process and fish-based food industries. Fish oil could be extracted from tuna fish waste that contains high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Supercritical fluid extraction could be applied to obtain refined, bleached and deodorized fish oil from tuna waste without any toxic organic solvent. Tuna waste oil contains long chain of omega-3,6 fatty acids, especially DHA, which have potential health benefits in reducing the risk of various diseases.

Ontogenetic changes in lipids, fatty acid, and body composition during larval stages of Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum)

Body composition and fatty acid profile of the body tissue of Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) fish larvae were determined from fertilized egg to 50 days post hatching (dph). Feeding with rotifer started from day 3 to day 7 thereafter they were fed with dry food until the end of the experiment. The changes observed in lipid content and the decrease in lipid levels during larval ontogeny reflect the utilization and mobilization of lipids during both embryogenesis and larvae development. During this study, palmitic and stearic acids were the most abundant saturated fatty acid (SAFA).In kutum larvae, no utilization of palmitic and stearic acids was observed until 20 dph. It thereafter was utilized as an energy source. Oleic and palmitoleic cacids were the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Oleic and palmitoleic acids utilized until 10 and 25 dph, respectively thereafter they increased. DHA, EPA and ARA were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The decrease in levels of DHA and EPA denotes their utilization as an energy substrate by kutum larvae. ARA decreased during larval ontogeny, reflecting dietary values. With regard to reared kutum larvae in fresh water and the low levels of HUFA in larval diet, it can be said that kutum larvae possibly are quite capable of elongating and desaturating C18 to C20 PUFA. In case of proximate analysis, the percentage of body protein and ash increased trend during ontogeny while the percentage of body lipid and moisture decreased trend during larval growth.

The role of albumin and PPAR‐α in differentiation‐dependent change of fatty acid profile during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to hepatocyte‐like cells

Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to hepatocyte-like cells is associated with morphological and biological changes. In this study, the effect of hepatogenic differentiation on fatty acid profile and the expression of proliferator-activated receptors-α (PPAR-α) have been studied. For this purpose, MSCs isolated from human umbilical cord were differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells on selective culture media. The morphological and biochemical changes, PPAR-α expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were studied during the differentiation process. Besides, the cells were processed to determine changes in fatty acid profile using gas chromatography analysis. The results showed that hepatic differentiation of the MSCs is associated with a decrease in major polyunsaturated fatty acids in mature hepatocytes, whereas there was an increase in the saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels during hepatocyte maturation. The differentiation-dependent shift in the ratio of SFA/USFA was associated with changes in albumin and PPAR-α expression, whereas changes in fatty acid profile were independent of ROS production and lipid peroxidation in differentiating cells. In conclusion, these data may suggest that hepatocyte formation during the stem cell differentiation is associated with a shift in the fatty acid profile that is probably a normal phenomenon in hepatogenic differentiation of the MSCs.

MOLECULAR SWITCH THAT CONTROLS THE FLUX OF LINOLEIC ACID INTO N-6 OR N-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN MICROORGANISMS

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) of the n-6 and n-3 series play important roles in nutrition. Microorganisms are important sources of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids; however, most produce either n-6 or n-3 fatty acids as the major PUFAs and very few produce both. This differential production suggests that PUFAs metabolic pathway is strictly controlled in microorganisms. The major pathway of n-6/n-3 faty acids biosynthesis in lower eukaryotes is composed of I”12 Desaturase (Des), ω3 Des (I”15, I”17), I”6 Des, I”6 Elongase (Elo), I”5 Des, I”5 Elo and I”4 Des, among which I”6 Des and I”15 (ω3) Des, located at the branch point of PUFAs metabolic pathways, are key regulators of the flux of linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) into either n-6 or n-3 fatty acid metabolic pathways. These latter two enzymes work together as a molecular switch that control the production of n-6/n-3 fatty acids. However the mechanism of the molecular switch is, so far, not clear. This review summarizes the recent advancement of the molecular base of the differentail production of n-6 or n-3 PUFAs in microorganisms.

English

The composition and profile (%) of fatty acids stored in liver, muscle, and fat tissues of the fresh-water African lungfish Protopterus annectens were determined by gas chromatography. High content of total fatty acids (TFA) was found in fat (62.06 &plusmn; 3.4 g/100 g) followed by liver (50.68 &plusmn; 4.72 g/100 g) and muscle tissues (10.9 &plusmn; 0.81 g/100 g). Saturated fatty acids (SFA) formed 72.9% TFA in the liver and muscles and 53.3% in fat. Fat was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), containing 31.1%, while muscle and liver contributed 12.9 and 10.6 % respectively. Fat and liver also contained, respectively, 9.59 &plusmn; 1.1 and 8.38 &plusmn; 1.9 g/100 g of monounsaturated acids (MUFA) compared to 1.56 &plusmn; 0.3 g/100 g in muscles. The major SFA were C16:0, C18:0 and C14:0. The MUFA were characterized by the Oleic (C18:1n9c) and Palmitoleic (C16:1) acids. The major PUFA in all three types of tissues was the Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), while C20:3n6 was detected in fat only, and C18:3n3 was detected in muscles only. The n-3/n-6 ratio in the muscles was 0.5. The results of this study show that fatty acid composition in the African lungfish P. annectens can considerably vary, depending on the storage organ. According to the present results, P. annectens was considered a semi-fatty fish, storing its lipids in muscles, liver and fat tissues. These organs are potential source of essential fatty acids and may play an important role in human health. More focus on lipid extraction from P. annectens is recommended. Key words: Fat, fatty acids, freshwater, liver, lungfish, muscle, P. annectens.

Seasonal changes in the biochemical components of Pseudonereis anomala (Polychaeta, Nereididae) from the Alexandria coast, Egypt

The biochemical composition (carbohydrates, protein, lipids, fatty acids and amino acids) of the nereid polychaete Pseudonereis anomala Gravier 1901, from a shallow part of the Alexandria coast (Egypt), was studied seasonally. The results revealed that P. anomala had a lower water content, higher carbohydrates and protein, but approximately similar or higher lipid levels than several other polychaetes.Fatty acids appeared to be dominated by unsaturated acids, constituting seasonally 49.6–81%, while saturated acids reached high amounts in winter and spring (23.3 and 38.3% respectively). C20:5n-3 was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid, accompanied by small amounts of C18:4n-3, C20:4n-6, C16:1n-7 and C20:1n-9. C18:0 dominated the saturated fatty acids for most of the year, except in autumn when C16:0 was the major one.

南海南部悬浮颗粒物脂肪酸组成分析

Some fatty acids( FA) are specific to individual classes of organisms and attempts to trace organic materials in the ocean. Fatty acid markers have been widely used to trace or confirm predator-prey relationships so as to illustrate the key trophic linkages in the marine ecosystem. Suspended particulate matter from 0m,75 m and 150 m were collected to better understand the fatty acid composition and its fatty acid biomarkers in the southern South China Sea. The cruise was conducted by"NanFeng"RV from February 22 to March 30,initiated by South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences. The range of FA contents were 9.9—15.65 μg /L,10.45 —14.45 μg /L and 9.65—16.45 μg /L at 0 m,75 m and 150 m,respectively. FA contents indicate that vertical change of FA contents was unobvious.Deep chlorophyll a( Chl a) maximum phenomenon was popular in South China Sea,thus FA /Chl a concentration varied in the water column obviously. The ratio of FA /Chl a was higher than 70 at surface and 150m layer,while lower than 30 at75m layer( except A7). Saturated fatty acids( SFA) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids( MUFA) dominated total fatty acid contents in all SPM from each layer. Major SFA was C16: 0,C18: 0 and C12: 0. Major MUFA were C14: 1n3,C16: 1n7 and C16: 1n9,and major polyunsaturated fatty acids( PUFA) were C18: 2n6 and C22: 2n6. Principle components analysis( PCA) revealed that PC1 was positively related to C16:0,C18:0 and C20:0 concentrations,so PC1 maybe the indicator of phytoplankton and debris. PC2 may be represented the information of zooplankton. Within five FA biomarkers,C16: 1n7 /C16: 0 was positively related to C16: 1 /∑FA,while negatively related to ∑C18 /∑FA,so the combination of C16: 1n7 /C16: 0 and C16: 1 /∑FA can be considered as FA biomarker of diatoms,and ∑C18 /∑FA also can be applied to indicate dinoflagellate.

Lipid Characteristics of Five Epinephelinae Fishes, Epinephelus fasciatus, Epinephelus retouti, Cephalopholis aurantia, Cephalopholis miniatus, and Variola louti, in the Coral Reef

The lipid and fatty acid compositions of the muscle and liver of five Epinephelinae fishes (Epinephelus fasciatus, Epinephelus retouti, Cephalopholis aurantia, Cephalopholis miniatus, and Variola louti) in the coral reef were investigated. The major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the Epinephelinae fish triacylglycerols was 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA), which was similar to high levels of DHA in the depot triacylglycerols of highly migratory fishes. In the phospholipids of all specimens, unusually high levels of 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid; ARA), 22:5n-6 (docosapentaenoic acid; n-6 DPA), and 20:5n-3 (icosapentaenoic acid; EPA) were found with markedly high levels of DHA. Noticeable levels of n-6 long-chain PUFA, such as ARA and n-6 DPA, were found in the muscle and liver polar lipids and suggested a typical profile of the fatty acid composition of coral demersal fishes. The five Epinephelinae fishes were healthful marine foods containing markedly high levels of DHA with noticeable levels of various n-3 and n-6 PUFA.

Comparative Lipid Profiles of Milk Bank Breast Milk and Infant Formulas

Lipid profiles of seven human breast milk samples obtained from milk banks and four infant formulas were compared in view of the potential food hypersensitivities of certain infants to human milk.The cholesterol (0.15-0.26 mM) content of the human samples was about 50% lower than that found in the infant formulas whereas the triglyceride (TG, 173-386 mM) contents of these products were found to be comparable.The major saturated fatty acid (SFA) and mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) were 16:0 and 18:1 respectively. The major poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was 18:2 with other PUFA members of the C18, C20 and C22 families identified and quantified. Although conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was not detected in any infant formulas tested, no other major differences in the fatty acid patterns were found. However, the mean (13.6) of the ratio of n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs in the human milk samples was about 50% higher than that observed in the infant formula samples.Although our results indicate that there are small yet significant differences in cholesterol and CLA content and the ratio of n-6 PUFAs/n-3PUFAs, the lipid composition of milk bank breast milk and infant formulas is quite comparable.

Circulating levels of linoleic acid and HDL-cholesterol are major determinants of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in patients with heart failure

ObjectiveMeasurements of oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with heart failure (HF) have yielded controversial results. This study aimed at testing the hypothesis that circulating levels of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal bound to thiol proteins (4HNE-P) are strongly associated with those of its potential precursors, namely n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Methods and resultsCirculating levels of 4HNE-P were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 71 control subjects and 61 ambulatory symptomatic HF patients along with various other clinically- and biochemically-relevant parameters, including other oxidative stress markers, and total levels of fatty acids from all classes, which reflect both free and bound to cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. All HF patients had severe systolic functional impairment despite receiving optimal evidence-based therapies. Compared to controls, HF patients displayed markedly lower circulating levels of HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, which are major PUFA carriers, as well as of PUFA of the n-6 series, specifically linoleic acid (LA; P=0.001). Circulating 4HNE-P in HF patients was similar to controls, albeit multiple regression analysis revealed that LA was the only factor that was significantly associated with circulating 4HNE-P in the entire population (R2=0.086; P=0.02). In HF patients only, 4HNE-P was even more strongly associated with LA (P=0.003) and HDL-cholesterol (p<0.0002). Our results demonstrate that 4HNE-P levels, expressed relative to HDL-cholesterol, increase as HDL-cholesterol plasma levels decrease in the HF group only. ConclusionResults from this study emphasize the importance of considering changes in lipids and lipoproteins in the interpretation of measurements of lipid peroxidation products. Further studies appear warranted to explore the possibility that HDL-cholesterol particles may be a carrier of 4HNE adducts.

Characteristics of lipid and fatty acid of marine gastropod Turbo cornutus: High levels of arachidonic and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid

Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were major components in the foot lipids of the turban shell Turbo cornutus, while triacylglycerol was the major one in its viscera, which demonstrate the high level of lipid in all specimens. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the major lipid classes of T. cornutus were 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid; ARA), 20:5n-3 (ecosapentaenoic acid; EPA), 22:4n-6, and 22:5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid; n-3 DPA), with very low levels of 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA). The unusual high levels of ARA, 22:4n-6, and n-3 DPA found in both the triacylglycerols and phospholipids of all specimens suggest the influence of dietary algae on its tissue lipids. In the polar lipids, the total PUFA content was consistently high, with n-6 PUFA compensating for the fluctuation in the total n-3 PUFA levels. T. cornutus concentrated high levels of ARA in the visceral lipids from the dietary algae whose lipid content were very low. The viscera may effectively serve as a source of ARA for infant formulas. High levels of ARA, EPA, and n-3 DPA in the phospholipids of T. cornutus were observed. T. cornutus is a healthful marine food containing high levels of n-3 DPA.

Retinoid X receptor activation is essential for docosahexaenoic acid protection of retina photoreceptors

We have established that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the retina, promotes survival of rat retina photoreceptors during early development in vitro and upon oxidative stress by activating the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Here we have investigated whether DHA turns on this pathway through activation of retinoid X receptors (RXRs) or by inducing tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptor activation. We also evaluated whether DHA release from phospholipids was required for its protective effect. Addition of RXR antagonists (HX531, PA452) to rat retinal neuronal cultures inhibited DHA protection during early development in vitro and upon oxidative stress induced with Paraquat or H2O2. In contrast, the Trk inhibitor K252a did not affect DHA prevention of photoreceptor apoptosis. These results imply that activation of RXRs was required for DHA protection whereas Trk receptors were not involved in this protection. Pretreatment with 4-bromoenol lactone, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, blocked DHA prevention of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of photoreceptors. It is noteworthy that RXR agonists (HX630, PA024) also rescued photoreceptors from H2O2-induced apoptosis. These results provide the first evidence that activation of RXRs prevents photoreceptor apoptosis and suggest that DHA is first released from phospholipids and then activates RXRs to promote the survival of photoreceptors.