Major Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Optimization of hemp production technology for fiber and seed

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the most intriguing agricultural crops worlwide. The hypothesis of this work was that industrial hemp properties would be affected by cultivar, seeding date, and row spacing effects on fiber and seed yield as measures of optimal production technology for specific hemp production outcomes. Field experiments were conducted in Bački Petrovac, Serbia (45.3568° N, 19.6173° E, at 82 m) during the 2020 and 2021 seasons following a multi-year pilot study. The study included 5 cultivars (Helena, J x USO31, Bob-1, H x USO31, and Marina). The three seeding dates were at the beginnings of April, May, and June, respectively. The three inter-row spacings were 12.5, 25, and 50 cm (4.92, 9.84, and 19.68 in., respectively). The results indicate that the tallest plants were obtained from plots seeded at 12.5 cm. Plants sown at a spacing of 50 cm exhibited a significant increase in stem thickness compared to those planted with a spacing of 12.5 cm. Overall, the fiber content varied between 26 % and 49.7 %. Cultivar Marina had the highest hemp fiber content (HFC) of all cultivars. The highest seed yield was obtained from cvs. H x USO31 and J x USO31, while cv. Marina had the lowest seed yield. Hemp seeds contained on average 88.6 % unsaturated fatty acids and 66.78 % new polyunsaturated fatty acids. Major polyunsaturated fatty acids in hemp oil were linoleic (C18:2 n6), gamma-linoleic (C18: n6) and linolenic (C18:3 n3) acids of which linoleic acid was most abundant, and it ranged from 45.3 % to 54.8 % in the analyzed seeds. The major monounsaturated fatty acid in the hemp seed oil analyzed in this study was oleic acid (an average of 15.09 % for all cultivars, seeding dates, and row spacing combinations). While the findings from this study are immediately applicable to the traditional hemp-production region of Vojvodina in Serbia, they can also be readily utilized by hemp fiber and seed growers at the same latitude across the world who want to improve agronomic sustainability of hemp, as well as for scientific readers all over the world.

Evaluation and Discrimination of Lipid Components and Iron and Zinc Levels in Chicken and Quail Eggs Available on the Polish Market.

All over the world, birds' eggs are an important and valuable component of the human diet. This study aimed to compare the content of lipid components and their nutritional value as well as iron and zinc levels in chicken and quail eggs commonly available on the market. In egg lipids, unsaturated fatty acids were dominant, especially oleic acid, the content of which was about 40% of the total fatty acids (TFAs). Linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Compared to other products of animal origin, eggs were characterized by favorable values of lipid quality indices, especially the index of atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and the hypocholesterolemic-to-hypercholesterolemic ratio. In the present study, no differences were found in the content of tested nutrients between eggs from different production methods (organic, free-range, barn, cages). Based on linear discriminant analysis, inter-breed differences were noticed. Cluster analysis showed that eggs enriched in n3 PUFAs (according to the producers' declarations) differed from other groups of chicken eggs. However, in eggs from one producer only, the amount of EPA and DHA exceeds 80 mg per 100 g, entitling the use of the nutrition claim on the package. Quail eggs differed from chicken eggs in FA profile and cholesterol and iron levels.

Fatty Acid Profile Analyses of Three Freshwater Fish Species from Igboho Reservoir, Oyo State, Nigeria

This study investigated the fatty acid profile of three freshwater fish species from igboho reservoir Oyo state Nigeria. This is as a result of a great degree of interest on fatty acids on human health. The fishes used in this study are snakehead (Parachanna obscura, Gunther 1844), African mud fish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) and African pike (Hepsetus odoe, Blotch, 1794). The fatty acid profile analysis showed the existence of Saturated (SFA), Monosaturated (MUFA) and Polysaturated (MUFA) fatty acids. Results obtained showed a wide range of Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (30.24-33.37%), Saturated fatty acids (SFA) (38.51-53.98%) and Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (13.28-24.30%). Palmitic and Stearic acids were the major fatty acids in saturated fatty acid group, Oleic and Palmitoleic acids were the predominant fatty acids in Monosaturated fatty acid group while Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Linoleic acid were the major Polyunsaturated fatty acids. The n-3/n-6 ratio values of the three fish species is below 1.0 which fall within the proposed dietary intake standard (0.25-1.0) and a good indication that the three fish species can supply the required essential acid needed by Man. Moreover, the PUFA/SFA coefficient ratio of P. obscura exceeded the minimum value by HMSO which represents an advantageous impart when consumed by Man.

Effects of Gas Composition on the Lipid Oxidation and Fatty Acid Concentration of Tilapia Fillets Treated with In-Package Atmospheric Cold Plasma.

Cold plasma (CP) is a non-thermal preservation technology that has been successfully used to decontaminate and extend the shelf life of aquatic products. However, the preservation effect of CP treatment is determined by several factors, including voltage, time, and gas compositions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of gas composition (GasA: 10% O2, 50% N2, 40% CO2; GasB: air; GasC: 30% O2, 30% N2, 40% CO2) on the lipid oxidation of tilapia fillets treated after CP treatment. Changes in the lipid oxidation values, the percentages of fatty acids, and sensory scores were studied during 8 d of refrigerator storage. The results showed that the CP treatment significantly increased all the primary and secondary lipid oxidation values measured in this study, as well as the percentages of saturated fatty acids, but decreased the percentages of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lipid oxidation values were significantly increased in the GasC-CP group. After 8 d, clearly increased percentages of saturated fatty acids, a low level of major polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially linoleic (C18:2n-6)), and a decrease in the percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) were found in GasC-CP; that is, the serious oxidation of lipids was found in the high O2 concentration group. In addition, the sensory score was also lower than that of the hypoxia CP group. Therefore, high O2 concentrations can enhance lipid oxidation and the changes in the fatty acid concentration. Controlling the O2 concentration is reasonable to limit the degree to which lipids are oxidized in tilapia after the in-package CP treatment.

Nutritional and functional characterization of defatted white sesame seed cake and protein isolates

With the ever growing population globally, there is a consistent demand for protein, that is produced in a sustainable and economic way to maintain the environmental equilibrium. New concepts of food production are pivotal, where waste is efficiently utilized and transformed into value added products. Hence a study was designed to utilize oilseed cake – a byproduct of oil industry to produce protein isolates. This work evaluated the nutrient composition, anti-nutrients, physico-chemical characteristics, functional properties, and fatty acid profile of defatted white sesame cake and protein isolates produced from sesame seed cake, which were obtained through alkaline extraction under optimal conditions. The nutrient composition revealed that protein content was high in protein isolates (93.83±0.34%) than in defatted flour (48.37±0.34%). Bulk density and tapped density were higher in defatted flours than in protein isolates. The fatty acid profile of the defatted flour and protein isolate was composed of saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranging between 16.10 to 19.47%, 37.25 to 43.89% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 43.28 to 43.09% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The major MUFA and PUFA were oleic acid (37.04 to 40.58%) and linoleic acid (41.69 to 41.93%). The results showed that defatted white sesame flour and protein isolates are components suitable to be included in a healthy diet

Seasonal changes in fatty acid profile of the freshwater snail Viviparus contectus (Millet, 1813) from lake habitat

ABSTRACT The freshwater snail, Viviparus contectus, is an important shellfish owing to its nutritional composition (i.e., high amounts of protein, essential amino acids, fatty acid profile and minerals) and its promise as a candidate for the treatment of some diseases in traditional medicine. Hence, the seasonal changes in the fatty acid (FA) profile of Viviparus contectus caught from Demirköprü Dam Lake were determined in this study. Saturated fatty acid (SFAs) (64.54–80.39% of total fatty acids) had the highest concentration followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (10.63–21.83%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (6.57–10.13%). Stearic acid (C18:0) was the major SFA while arachidonic acid (C20:4 n−6) was the major PUFA. The season significantly affected the FA profile of V. contectus while no significant difference was determined between seasons with respect to tissue MUFAs levels. A higher level of total SFAs was detected during spring (80.39%) while a higher proportion of MUFAs was detected during the winter (10.13%). The total amounts of PUFAs were highest in winter (21.83%). Overall, V. contectus has nutritional value. However, V. contectus caught in autumn may be nutritionally the most valuable for human consumption due to higher eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5 n−3 and docosahexaenoic acid contents.

Composition and contents of fatty acids and amino acids in the mycelia of Lentinula edodes.

With the global shortages of animal protein foods, mycoprotein as a low-cost alternative source of protein by its high-protein and low-fat content has become a development trend. Lentinula edodes (L. edodes) is a healthy food with high protein and low fiber. This work evaluated the nutritional value of L. edodes mycelia, and determined the composition and contents of fatty acids and amino acids. Eleven saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and 12 unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) were detected in the mycelia of L. edodes. The UFA content accounted for 75.7% and 73.1% of the total fatty acid content in the mycelia of strains 18 and 18N44, respectively. Linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the mycelia, accounting for 91.0% and 86.3% of the UFAs, respectively. The mycelia of the two strains contained 17 types of amino acids, and the essential amino acids were sufficient (357.92 ± 0.42 and 398.38 ± 4.52 mg/g pro, respectively), both close to the WHO/FAO reference protein pattern value. The most abundant essential amino acid was Lys, and the limiting amino acids were Met + Cys and Ile, respectively. The SRC values in the mycelia of the two strains were 68.07 and 54.86, and the EAAI values were 67.70 and 74.42, respectively, both being close to those of ovalbumin. It is concluded that L. edodes mycelia are rich in easily absorbed high-quality proteins and PUFAs, and can be used as a source for meat analog required by vegetarians. This study provides a scientific basis for the further utilization of mycelial resources.

Growth characteristics and fatty acids of the thermotolerant green alga <i>Desmodesmus</i> sp. isolated from a freshwater puddle in Ibaraki, Japan

We investigated the growth, thermotolerance, and fatty acid composition of the green alga Desmodesmus sp., which was isolated from a freshwater puddle in Ibaraki, Japan. Incubation experiments on the isolated strain were performed at a range of temperatures (20–40°C) with continuous illumination (110 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and nutrient-replete medium. High specific growth rates of 1.14–1.62 day−1 were observed at 20–35°C, but growth rates declined to 0.59 day−1 at 40°C. Lipid contents were 13.2%–14.4% (% dry weight) at 20–35°C and increased to 21.3% at 40°C. Some microalgae are known to regulate membrane fluidity by changing their fatty acid compositions in response to changes in ambient temperature. We found that the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA; C18:3 ω3) of Desmodesmus sp. was negatively correlated with water temperature. By contrast, no significant relationship was identified between temperature and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. The negative relationship between ω3 PUFA composition and temperature was stronger among thermotolerant as opposed to non-thermotolerant microalgae. This suggests that thermotolerant Desmodesmus sp. can grow at high temperatures by altering its fatty acid composition to affect membrane fluidity.

Effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal on growth performance, whole-body chemical composition, and fatty acid profile of Pontastacus leptodactylus juveniles.

Freshwater crayfish are considered as aquatic products of high quality and high nutritional value. The increasing demand has led to populations reduction in several locations throughout their range. Thus, the development of appropriate rearing conditions is considered necessary, among which, optimization of their diet is a basic part. Towards this direction, in the present study, a 98-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the impact of dietary fishmeal substitution by Hermetia illucens meal on Pontastacus leptodactylus juveniles kept under laboratory conditions. Insect meals represent an environmentally friendly alternative solution, considered as a high-value feed source, rich in nutrients such as protein and fat. Three dietary regimens were utilized with a fishmeal-based without Hermetia meal (HM) defined as the control diet (HM0), and two diets, the first with 50% (HM50) and the second with 100% (HM100) of fishmeal substitution by HM, respectively. Growth performance, whole-body composition, and fatty acid profiles of individuals were studied in the different treatments. At the end of the feeding trial, statistically significant differences were observed in the mean survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain (WG) values. More specifically, animals fed with HM-based diets had higher mean SR, while the control group performed better regarding FCR and SGR. The HM inclusion in the diet significantly altered the whole-body chemical composition of the crayfish signifying a different metabolic utilization compared to fishmeal (FM). The fatty acid analysis revealed that 16:0 (palmitic acid) was the predominant saturated fatty acid (SFA), 18:1ω9 (oleic acid) was found to be the main monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), while 18:2ω6 (linoleic acid) represented the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) followed by C20:3 cis ω3 (cis-11-14-17-eicosatrienoate) and C22:6 cis ω3 (cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic) fatty acids. The inclusion of dietary HM significantly reduced the contents of ∑SFAs, ∑PUFAs and ∑ω6 fatty acids, as well as those of C22:6 cis ω3 and increased the ω6/ω3 and hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic ratios in the body. In parallel with improvements in balanced diets and in culture conditions that need to be optimised for rearing of freshwater crayfish, our study provides new data that enlighten the suitability of insect meals in the nutrition of P. leptodactylus.

Yield Traits of Red Radish Seeds Obtained from Plants Produced from γ-Irradiated Seeds and Their Oil Characteristics

Red radish is an important root crop worldwide owing to its broad adjustment, high yield, and abundant nutritional contents. So, this study was conducted on radish seeds taken from plants established from seeds that were irradiated by different dose levels of gamma-ray (10, 20, 40 and 80 Gy) as well as the un-irradiated sample (control) to evaluate the changes in seed yield traits (number of pods/plant (NPP); total weight of pods/plant (TWPP) in grams; seed yield/plant (SYP) in grams; 100-seeds weight (100-SW) in grams). Proximate composition of the seeds yield, as well as the oil yield and its physico-chemical properties plus the bioactive ingredients of this oil were concerned. The results indicated that all traits of seeds yield were highly significant for all irradiation treatments except for 100-seed weight, which was not affected by irradiation treatments, and the dose of 40 Gy gave the best traits. There is a positive effect of irradiation on most of the proximate composition, except the content of crude fiber and moisture which were decreased by irradiation treatments. Furthermore, γ‑rays improved the minerals content of red radish seeds and the dose of 80 Gy was the most effective dose for increasing the content of nitrogen, potassium, and sodium, while the dose of 20 Gy gave the highest calcium content. As for the oil, the results showed that the oil yield increased by gamma-rays and the maximum yield was gained with dose level of 20 Gy (34.80%). The fatty acids composition was affected by γ‑rays different dose levels and erucic & oleic acids were the predominant mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) while, linoleic & linolenic acids were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Concerning the physico-chemical properties of the oil samples, it was observed that irradiation decreased the iodine value, while the acid, saponification, and ester values increased in all treatments, but on the contrary, the peroxide value was not affected by irradiation. With regard to the bioactive compounds of seeds oil and their antioxidant activity, were increased by irradiation.Therefore, radish oil is considered unconventional oil and can be evaluated as an alternative to traditionally consumed vegetable oils or as additives to them.

Diet of deep-sea holothurians in theVolcanologists Massif, Bering sea, as inferred from stable isotope and fatty acid analyses

Holothurians are one of the key components of the deep-sea megabenthos, often forming significant aggregations with high abundance and biomass. The crucial factors determining the pattern of their spatial distribution might be their food strategies, as well as the quantity and quality of available food. Using the set of trophic markers (analysis of fatty acid (FA) composition and stable nitrogen and carbon isotope signatures), we studied the trophic preferences of four common species of deep-sea holothurians (Paelopatides sp., Pannychia henrici, Psolidium sp., and Scotoplanes kurilensis) inhabiting the Volcanologists Massif, Bering Sea, at depths from 984 m to 3395 m. The δ13С values in tissues of all four species varied slightly (from −16.2 to −16.6‰) and were significantly higher than those in sediment organic matter (SOM) (on average, −21.5‰), which indicates the use of organic matter of the same origin by all species. The δ15N values (10.1–12.9‰) were also significantly higher than in SOM (on average, 4.4‰). The lowest average δ15N value was recorded for the deepest-dwelling species (Scotoplanes kurilensis), and the highest value from the shallowest-dwelling ones (Psolidium sp.). All the species differed significantly in FA composition. Psolidium sp. was distinguished by the highest saturated FA content (45.5%) and the lowest polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) content (18.7%). In the rest of the species, PUFAs dominated (>35%). The ratios of major PUFAs varied among the four species studied but all holothurians species were rich in phytoplankton derived FA suggesting tight trophic coupling to phytodetritus. However, for Psolidium sp., bacteria could constitute a substantial portion in the diet. The high level of 20:4n-6 might indicate a significant contribution of protozoans to the diet of Pannychia henrici. Paelopatides sp. and Scotoplanes kurilensis were characterized by a high level of 20:5n-3 and a high value of the 20:5n-3/20:4n-6 ratio, which indicates the predominance of fresh phytodetritus in their diet. The high level of primary production in the upper layers of the Bering Sea provides the high quality of the sedimentary OM and food supply of deposit feeders even at the greatest depths.

ROS-derived lipid peroxidation is prevented in barley leaves during senescence.

Senescence in plants enables resource recycling from senescent leaves to sink organs. Under stress, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated signalling activates senescence. However, senescence is not always associated with stress since it has a prominent role in plant development, in which the role of ROS signalling is less clear. To address this, we investigated lipid metabolism and patterns of lipid peroxidation related to signalling during sequential senescence in first‐emerging barley leaves grown under natural light conditions. Leaf fatty acid compositions were dominated by linolenic acid (75% of total), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in galactolipids of thylakoid membranes, known to be highly sensitive to peroxidation. Lipid catabolism during senescence, including increased lipoxygenase activity, led to decreased levels of PUFA and increased levels of short‐chain saturated fatty acids. When normalised to leaf area, only concentrations of hexanal, a product from the 13‐lipoxygenase pathway, increased early upon senescence, whereas reactive electrophile species (RES) from ROS‐associated lipid peroxidation, such as 4‐hydroxynonenal, 4‐hydroxyhexenal and acrolein, as well as β‐cyclocitral derived from oxidation of β‐carotene, decreased. However, relative to total chlorophyll, amounts of most RES increased at late‐senescence stages, alongside increased levels of α‐tocopherol, zeaxanthin and non‐photochemical quenching, an energy dissipative pathway that prevents ROS production. Overall, our results indicate that lipid peroxidation derived from enzymatic oxidation occurs early during senescence in first barley leaves, while ROS‐derived lipid peroxidation associates weaker with senescence.

Comparison of Biochemical Composition and Non-Volatile Taste Active Compounds of Back and Abdominal Muscles in Three Marine Perciform Fishes, Chromileptes altivelis, Epinephelus akaara and Acanthopagrus schlegelii.

Humpback grouper Chromileptes altivelis (HG), red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara (RG) and black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii (BS) are three popular perciform fishes with an increasingly important farming industry. The prices of BS are much lower than other grouper species; however, the differences in the nutritive values of these three perciform fishes with commercial specifications have not been reported. In this study, the biochemical composition and non-volatile taste active compounds of adult HG, RG and BS were investigated. Moisture contents in BS were significantly higher than in HG and RG (p < 0.05), and relatively lower crude protein contents in BS were observed. Lipid contents of back muscle were lower than that of abdomen muscle in the three fish species. C22:6n-3 (DHA) was the major poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in HG and BS, while the main PUFA in RG was C18:2n-6. The total healthy omega-3 fatty acid (Σn-3) profiles in HG were the highest (24.08–24.59%), followed by RG (18.24–19.06%) and BS (13.63–15.91%) (p < 0.05). Glycine was the most abundant free amino acid (FAA) in HG and RG, while lysine was the major FAA in BS. Equivalent umami concentration (EUC) values in BS were the highest, followed by HG and RG (p < 0.05). Lactic acid and PO43− were the major organic acids and inorganic ions, respectively. In conclusion, HG and RG provided more protein and healthy omega-3 fatty acids than BS, while BS had a stronger umami taste according to the EUC values.

Nutrient Constituents, Bioactive Phytochemicals, and Antioxidant Properties of Service Tree (Sorbus domestica L.) Fruits

The current study aimed to determine the major and minor nutritional constituents of Sorbus domestica L. fruits. It was revealed that palmitic acid was the most commonly occurring saturated fatty acid, while linoleic acid represented the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. The sterol fraction consisted mainly of β-sitosterol. Small amounts of lipophilic pigments were quantified. Potassium, iron, and boron were the most abundant macro-, micro-, and ultra-trace elements. The amino acid composition analysis suggested that the non-essential amino acids predominated over the essential ones. Soluble sugars (fructose and glucose) represented a large part of the total carbohydrate content, but pectin formed the major part of polysaccharides. Malic acid was the most abundant organic acid whereas quercetin-3-β-glucoside, neochlorogenic, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids were the major phenolic constituents. Fruits exhibited free-radical scavenging and protecting ability against peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals. Service tree fruits provided valuable bioactive constituents having a high nutritional value and potential health benefits.

Hydrolysis of Edible Oils by Fungal Lipases: An Effective Tool to Produce Bioactive Extracts with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential.

Hydrolysis of olive, rapeseed, linseed, almond, peanut, grape seed and menhaden oils was performed with commercial lipases of Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizomucor miehei and Candida rugosa. In chromogenic plate tests, olive, rapeseed, peanut and linseed oils degraded well even after 2 h of incubation, and the R. miehei, A. niger and R. oryzae lipases exhibited the highest overall action against the oils. Gas chromatography analysis of vegetable oils hydrolyzed by R. miehei lipase revealed about 1.1 to 38.4-fold increases in the concentrations of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids after the treatment, depending on the fatty acids and the oil. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by R. miehei lipase treatment from menhaden oil were linoleic, α-linolenic, hexadecanedioic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, with yields from 12.02 to 52.85 µg/mL reaction mixture. Folin–Ciocalteu and ferric reducing power assays demonstrated improved antioxidant capacity for most tested oils after the lipase treatment in relation to the concentrations of some fatty acids. Some lipase-treated and untreated samples of oils, at 1.25 mg/mL lipid concentration, inhibited the growth of food-contaminating bacteria. The lipid mixtures obtained can be reliable sources of extractable fatty acids with health benefits.

Particulate matters, aldehydes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced from deep-frying emissions: comparisons of three cooking oils with distinct fatty acid profiles

It is recognized that hazardous emissions produced from frying oils may be related to oil properties, particularly the fatty acid composition. However, investigations have been limited and partial. In this work, the emissions from deep-frying foods with three oils (palm, olive, and soybean oils) with distinct fatty acid profiles were comprehensively examined in a simulated kitchen, and the interrelationship among emitted substances, oil quality parameters, and fatty acids profiles was explored. Firstly, palm oil emitted the highest number concentration of total particle matters ((3895 ± 1796) × 103 #/cm3), mainly in the Aitken mode (20–100 nm). We observed a positive correlation between particle number concentration and levels of palmitic acid, a major saturated fatty acid (SAFA) (rs = 0.73, p < 0.05), and total polar compounds (TPC) (rs = 0.68, p < 0.05) in the fried oil, a degradation marker which was also positively correlated with that of black carbon (BC) (rs = 0.68, p < 0.05). Secondly, soybean oil emitted the highest level of gaseous aldehydes (3636 ± 607 μg/m3), including acrolein, propinoaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, hexanal, and trans-2-heptenal; the total aldehyde concentration were positively correlated with α-linolenic acid (ALA) percentage (rs = 0.78, p < 0.01), while hexanal and trans-2-heptenal were with linoleic acid (LA) (rs = 0.73 and 0.67, p < 0.05). LA and ALA were two major polyunsaturated fatty acids in non-tropical plant oils. Thirdly, palm oil emitted the most particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and a positive association was discovered between two PAHs and SAFA percentage. Olive oil seems superior to soybean and palm oils with regards to toxic emissions during deep-frying.

Fatty Acid Profile of Atlantic Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) oil Obtained using Different Extraction Methods

The effect of three extraction methods which include soxhlet, gas and charcoal powered smoking kiln on extraction of oil from Trachurus trachurus were investigated. Chemical analyses of the oil was carried out to determine its quantity and quality in terms of fatty acid composition by using standard laboratory methods. The results obtained indicated that the highest oil yield (14.0%) was recorded in oil extracted with soxhlet method, while the lowest (0.93%) in oil extracted with charcoal powered kiln extraction method. Based on the fatty acid profile of the oils, there are sixteen fatty acids in all the extraction methods with stearic acid (53.62%) as the highest saturated fatty acid (SFA); oleic acid (7.05%) as the foremost monounsaturated (MUFA) and linolenic acid (23.31%) as the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The Soxhlet methods consistently recorded the highest oil yield, and can be used to extract oil for industrial use. While, the gas powered kiln can be used to extract oil for consumption purpose.

Recombination of oxidized samples of DHA and purified sunflower oil reproduces the odor profile of impaired algae oil from Schizochytrium sp. and reveals the odor contribution of fatty acids other than DHA

Algae oil from Schizochytrium sp. is one of the major natural sources of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), but its applications in foods are limited because of its unpleasant odor. The complex composition of algae oil originates an odor profile that differs from that of its major PUFA, i.e. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The aim of this work was to explore the specific role of DHA oxidation in the odor profile of algae oil. According to the fatty acid composition and odor characteristics, oxidized sunflower oil was selected and combined with oxidized DHA to simulate the odor profile of algae oil. The recombination oil showed similar odor characteristics to the algae oil sample indicating that DHA oxidation was key in the formation of the unpleasant odor in algae oil and that oxidation of fatty acids other than DHA also made a contribution. The constructed off-flavor of algae oil was a consequence of a synthetic effect between odorants from oxidized DHA and oxidized oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid. This study provided a reference for the source research of volatile substances producing fishy odor in algae oil.

Valorization of hemp hearts oils by advanced extraction techniques and their comparative physicochemical characterization

Industrial hemp hearts were subjected to three different extraction techniques-advanced extraction techniques like microwave and ultrasound extraction and primitive extraction technique like mechanical cold pressing in order to extract oils. The extraction yield varied between 41.0 ± 2.1% (w/w) and 54.0 ± 2.7% (w/w). Linoleic acid (LA) was reported to be the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) followed by α−Linolenic acid (ALA). The ratio of LA to ALA was found to be close to 3:1 which is considered optimal for nutrition. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in the range of 6.7 to 9.1. Several minor compounds like ɣ-Sitosterol, stigmasterol, rhodoxanthin, carotene, and methyl cholate as well as antioxidants like β-Carotene and ɣ-Tocopherol have been identified in the oils. The physicochemical properties of the oils like the acid value, iodine value, and oxidative stability indicated that they have higher quality and that the level of unsaturation was very high. Furthermore, free radical scavenging activity of the oils revealed that the oils exhibited 94% of activity in the first 2 h. A perfect combination of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, an appropriate medley of different antioxidants not only qualifies hemp seed oil as an excellent source of nutrition but also as an important plant-based (vegetable) oil for the higher value nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Determination of ROS-Induced Lipid Peroxidation by HPLC-Based Quantification of Hydroxy Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.

Because they are highly unsaturated, plant lipids are sensitive to oxidation and constitute a primary target of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, quantification of lipid peroxidation provides a pertinent approach to evaluating oxidative stress in plants. Here, we describe a simple method to measure upstream products of the peroxidation of the major polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants, namely, linolenic acid (C18:3) and linoleic acid (C18:2). The method uses conventional HPLC with UV detection to measure hydroxy C18:3 and C18:2 after reduction of their respective hydroperoxides. The described experimental approach requires low amounts of plant material (a few hundred milligrams), monitors oxidation of both membrane and free fatty acids, and can discriminate between enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation.