Major Patterns Research Articles

Investigating the interaction between major dietary patterns and psychological disorders in association with sleep quality and quantity among Iranian adults: YaHS-TAMYZ study

Investigating the interaction between major dietary patterns and psychological disorders in association with sleep quality and quantity among Iranian adults: YaHS-TAMYZ study

Evolutionarily diverse fungal zoospores show contrasting swimming patterns specific to ultrastructure

Zoosporic fungi, also called chytrids, produce single-celled motile spores with flagellar swimming tails (zoospores).1,2 These fungi are key components of aquatic food webs, acting as pathogens, saprotrophs, and prey.3,4,5,6,7,8 Little is known about the swimming behavior of fungal zoospores, a crucial factor governing dispersal, biogeographical range, ecological function, and infection dynamics.6,9 Here, we track the swimming patterns of zoospores from 12 evolutionarily divergent species of zoosporic fungi from across seven orders of the Chytridiomycota and the Blastocladiomycota. We report two major swimming patterns that correlate with the cytoskeletal ultrastructure of these zoospores. Specifically, we show that species without major cytoplasmic tubulin components swim in a circular fashion, while species with prominent cytoplasmic tubulin structures swim in a pattern akin to a random walk (move-stop-redirect-move). We confirm cytoskeletal architecture by performing fluorescence confocal microscopy across all 12 species. We then treat representative species with variant swimming behaviors and cytoplasmic-cytoskeletal arrangements with tubulin-stabilizing (Taxol) and depolymerizing (nocodazole) pharmacological compounds. We observed that when treating the "random walk" species with nocodazole, their swimming behavior changed to a circular-swimming pattern. Confocal imaging of the nocodazole-treated zoospores demonstrates that these cells maintain flagellum tubulin structures but lack their characteristic cytoplasmic tubulin structures. Our data demonstrate that the capability of zoospores to perform "complex" random-walk movement is linked to the presence of prominent cytoplasmic tubulin structures and suggest a link between cytology, sensory systems, and swimming behavior in a diversity of zoosporic fungi.

Genomic prediction of yield-related traits and genome-based establishment of heterotic pattern in maize hybrid breeding of Southwest China.

When genomic prediction is implemented in breeding maize (Zea mays L.), it can accelerate the breeding process and reduce cost to a large extent. In this study, 11 yield-related traits of maize were used to evaluate four genomic prediction methods including rrBLUP, HEBLP|A, RF, and LightGBM. In all the 11 traits, rrBLUP had similar predictive accuracy to HEBLP|A, and so did RF to LightGBM, but rrBLUP and HEBLP|A outperformed RF and LightGBM in 8 traits. Furthermore, genomic prediction-based heterotic pattern of yield was established based on 64620 crosses of maize in Southwest China, and the result showed that one of the parent lines of the top 5% crosses came from temp-tropic or tropic germplasm, which is highly consistent with the actual situation in breeding, and that heterotic pattern (Reid+ × Suwan+) will be a major heterotic pattern of Southwest China in the future.

Pan-genome analysis reveals novel chromosomal markers for multiplex PCR-based specific detection of Bacillus anthracis

BackgroundBacillus anthracis is a highly pathogenic bacterium that can cause lethal infection in animals and humans, making it a significant concern as a pathogen and biological agent. Consequently, accurate diagnosis of B. anthracis is critically important for public health. However, the identification of specific marker genes encoded in the B. anthracis chromosome is challenging due to the genetic similarity it shares with B. cereus and B. thuringiensis.MethodsThe complete genomes of B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. weihenstephanensis were de novo annotated with Prokka, and these annotations were used by Roary to produce the pan-genome. B. anthracis exclusive genes were identified by Perl script, and their specificity was examined by nucleotide BLAST search. A local BLAST alignment was performed to confirm the presence of the identified genes across various B. anthracis strains. Multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were established based on the identified genes.ResultThe distribution of genes among 151 whole-genome sequences exhibited three distinct major patterns, depending on the bacterial species and strains. Further comparative analysis between the three groups uncovered thirty chromosome-encoded genes exclusively present in B. anthracis strains. Of these, twenty were found in known lambda prophage regions, and ten were in previously undefined region of the chromosome. We established three distinct multiplex PCRs for the specific detection of B. anthracis by utilizing three of the identified genes, BA1698, BA5354, and BA5361.ConclusionThe study identified thirty chromosome-encoded genes specific to B.anthracis, encompassing previously described genes in known lambda prophage regions and nine newly discovered genes from an undefined gene region to the best of our knowledge. Three multiplex PCR assays offer an accurate and reliable alternative method for detecting B. anthracis. Furthermore, these genetic markers have value in anthrax vaccine development, and understanding the pathogenicity of B. anthracis.

Lipoteichoic Acid from Heyndrickxia coagulans HOM5301 Modulates the Immune Response of RAW 264.7 Macrophages.

Heyndrickxia coagulans (formerly Bacillus coagulans) has been increasingly utilized as an immunomodulatory probiotics. Oral administration of H. coagulans HOM5301 significantly boosted both innate and adaptive immunity in mice, particularly by increasing the phagocytic capacity of monocytes/macrophages. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) in Gram-positive bacteria, exhibits differential immunomodulatory effects due to its structural heterogeneity. We extracted, purified, and characterized LTA from H. coagulans HOM5301. The results showed that HOM5301 LTA consists of a glycerophosphate backbone. Its molecular weight is in the range of 10-16 kDa. HOM5301 LTA induced greater productions of nitric oxide, TNFα, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to Staphylococcus aureus LTA. Comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses identified the differentially expressed genes and proteins triggered by HOM5301 LTA. KEGG analyses revealed that HOM5301 LTA transcriptionally and translationally activated macrophages through two immune-related pathways: cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and phagosome formation. Protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated that the pro-inflammatory response elicited by HOM5301 LTA was TLR2-dependent, possibly requiring the coreceptor CD14, and is mediated via the MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways. Our results demonstrate that LTA is an important MAMP of H. coagulans HOM5301 that boosts immune responses, suggesting that HOM5301 LTA may be a promising immunoadjuvant.

Impact Strength Properties and Failure Mode Classification of Concrete U-Shaped Specimen Retrofitted with Polyurethane Grout Using Machine Learning Algorithms

The inherent brittle behavior of cementitious composite is considered one of its weaknesses in structural applications. This study evaluated the impact strength and failure modes of composite U-shaped normal concrete (NC) specimens strengthened with polyurethane grout material (NC-PUG) subjected to repeated drop-weight impact loads (USDWIT). The experimental dataset was used to train and test three machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely decision tree (DT), Naïve Ba yes (NB), and K-nearest neighbors (KNN), to predict the three failure modes exhibited by U-shaped specimens during testing. The uncertainty of the failure modes under different uncertainty degrees was analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The results indicate that the retrofitting effect of polyurethane grout significantly improved the impact strength of concrete. During testing, U-shaped specimens demonstrated three major failure patterns, which included mid-section crack (MC), crushing foot (CF), and bend section crack (BC). The prediction models predicted the three types of failure modes with an accuracy greater than 95%. Moreover, the KNN model predicted the failure modes with 3.1% higher accuracy than the DT and NB models, and the accuracy, precision, and recall of the KNN model have converged within 300 runs of Monte Carlo simulation under different uncertainties.

The association between dietary patterns before pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: a matched case-control study in China.

We aimed to explore the relationship between dietary patterns and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pre-pregnancy six months using principal component analysis (PCA) and the geometric framework for nutrition (GFN). We conducted a case-control study that included 210 GDM pregnant women and 210 controls. The dietary intake of all participants was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Major dietary patterns were extracted by PCA. A conditional logistic regression model was used to determine whether specific dietary patterns are associated with the risk of GDM. Meanwhile, the relationship between dietary patterns and GDM was visualized using GFN. Four major dietary patterns were identified: "protein-rich pattern," "plant-based pattern," "oil-pickles-desserts pattern," and "cereals-nuts pattern." After adjustment for confounders, the "plant-based pattern" was associated with decreased risk of GDM (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.08), whereas no significant association was found in other dietary patterns. Moreover, there was no dietary intake of ice cream cones and deep-fried dough sticks for the population, which would produce fewer patients with GDM. Deep-fried dough sticks had statistically significant differences in the case and control groups (p < 0.001), while ice cream cones had the opposite result. The "plant-based pattern" may reduce the risk of GDM. Besides, although the "cereals-nuts pattern" had no association with GDM risk, avoiding the intake of deep-fried dough sticks could decrease GDM risk.

Dietary Patterns and Geriatric Syndromes in older Mexican adults: Analysis of the 2018-19 National Health and Nutrition Survey

BackgroundThe study of dietary patterns in older adults (OA) and their association with geriatric syndromes (GS) is scarce in Latin America. ObjectiveTo describe the association of dietary patterns with GS in the Mexican older adult population, using data from the 2018-19 National Health and Nutrition Survey. MethodsDietary data were collected from 3,511 adults (≥60 years of age, both sexes) using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis based on the consumption of 162 foods from 24 food groups. The GS studied were: frailty, depressive symptoms (DS), low appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), and inflammation. Logistic regression models were used. ResultsFour major dietary patterns were identified: a) “Western”, b) “Prudent”, c) “Soups”, and d) “Traditional”. The middle and higher tertiles of the “Prudent” pattern were associated with lower odds of DS (OR 0.71, p = 0.04; and OR 0.61, p = 0.008), respectively. The second tertile of the “Soups” pattern was associated with lower odds of low ASMM (OR 0.68, p = 0031) and inflammation (OR 0.58, p = 0.022). The highest tertile of the “Traditional” pattern was associated with low ASMM (OR 1.55, p = 0.008) and lower odds of inflammation (OR 0.69, p = 0.044). No association was found between the “Western” dietary pattern and GS. ConclusionsThree of four major dietary patterns were associated with GS in older Mexican adults. Further studies are needed to address strategies to improve diet quality in this age group and its association with health and functional outcomes.

Intraoperative Comparison Between Strain Elastography and Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in High-Grade Gliomas Using Fusion Imaging: A Pilot Study

To compare the elastographic patterns of high-grade gliomas (HGGs) solid portions and those of adjacent healthy brain parenchyma, on intraoperative ultrasound, with magnetic resonance image (MRI) characteristics. Clinical records and images of HGGs patients, operated between June and December 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. Fusion images were used to compare preoperative gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images (Gd-T1 MRI/FLAIR) to intraoperative strain elastography (SE). FLAIR/Gd-T1 MRI images were used to define: enhancement patterns (absent/whole lesion/peripheral) and lesions' characteristics (primary and secondary pattern, further subdivided in solid/necrotic/cystic/infiltrating). HGGs SE patterns were categorized as homogeneous/inhomogeneous, while lesions' primary and secondary patterns as stiff/intermediate/elastic. The SE motive of neighboring healthy brain parenchyma was defined similarly. 18 patients (M:F, 11:7; mean age: 53 years) harboring 14 glioblastomas (77.8%, GBMs) and 4 anaplastic astrocytomas (22.2%, AAs) were compared. GBMs typically enhanced peripherally and had a primary necrotic pattern (78.6% and 64.3%, respectively), while AAs did not enhance and were solid (75% both) at T1-Gd MRI and FLAIR images. At SE AAs had a homogeneous stiff primary pattern, whereas the majority of GBMs primary patterns were heterogeneous (85.7%) and intermediate (78.6%). Three major SE patterns defined HGGs and adjacent healthy brain parenchyma. SE patterns varied accordingly to HGG histotypes and Gd-T1 MRI/FLAIR characteristics.

A Corpus-Driven Study of Syntactic And Semantic Models of Transitivized English Intransitive Verbs

Transitivized English intransitive verbs, abbreviated as transitivized EIVs in the present study, refer to the English intransitive verbs which are transitively used taking direct objects as normal transitive verbs do. This study aims to systematically explore their syntactic and semantic patterns through a specialized corpus with 585 instances of 211 transitivized EIVs from the EIV corpus and approximately 97,000 words from the instances of 210 transitivized EIVs from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. To code the syntactic and semantic patterns of transitivized EIVs, conventional lexical and phrasal categories as well as the Ideal Motion Event Category were employed. The results of investigation indicate that the transitivized EIVs feature three major syntactic patterns: “EIVs + NP/Pron. + Zero”, “EIVs + NP/Pron. + meaning-supplementing expressions” and “EIVs + one’s way + Prep.-Phr.” while their semantic patterns are governed by law: The basic semantic pattern of the transitivized EIVs is the cause sense, but with its weakening or backgrounding, the other semantic patterns take the stage involving the sense combination of cause and manner, the sense of manner or the sense of abstract motion. This study offers a relatively comprehensive landscape of the linguistic phenomenon of transitivized EIVs and is believed capable of facilitating a better understanding of EIVs, thereby flexible and appropriate use of EIVs in intercultural communication.

Association Between Body Composition Patterns, Cardiovascular Disease, and Risk of Neurodegenerative Disease in the UK Biobank.

Accumulating evidence connects diverse components of body composition (e.g., fat, muscle, and bone) to neurodegenerative disease risk, yet their interplay remains underexplored. This study examines the associations between patterns of body composition and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, exploring the mediating role of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This retrospective analysis used data from the UK Biobank, a prospective community-based cohort study. We included participants free of neurodegenerative diseases and with requisite body composition measurements at recruitment, who were followed from 5 years after recruitment until April 1, 2023, to identify incident neurodegenerative diseases. We assessed the associations between different components and major patterns of body composition (identified by principal component analysis) with the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, using multivariable Cox models. Analyses were stratified by disease susceptibility, indexed by polygenetic risk scores for Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, APOE genotype, and family history of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we performed mediation analysis to estimate the contribution of CVDs to these associations. In addition, in a subcohort of 40,790 participants, we examined the relationship between body composition patterns and brain aging biomarkers (i.e., brain atrophy and cerebral small vessel disease). Among 412,691 participants (mean age 56.0 years, 55.1% female), 8,224 new cases of neurodegenerative diseases were identified over an average follow-up of 9.1 years. Patterns identified as "fat-to-lean mass," "muscle strength," "bone density," and "leg-dominant fat distribution" were associated with a lower rate of neurodegenerative diseases (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.74-0.94) while "central obesity" and "arm-dominant fat distribution" patterns were associated with a higher rate (HR = 1.13-1.18). Stratification analysis yielded comparable risk estimates across different susceptibility groups. Notably, 10.7%-35.3% of the observed associations were mediated by CVDs, particularly cerebrovascular diseases. The subcohort analysis of brain aging biomarkers corroborated the findings for "central obesity," "muscle strength," and "arm-dominant fat distribution" patterns. Our analyses demonstrated robust associations of body composition patterns featured by "central obesity," "muscle strength," and "arm-dominant fat distribution" with both neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging, which were partially mediated by CVDs. These findings underscore the potential of improving body composition and early CVD management in mitigating risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

The Greenhouse gas Observations of Biospheric and Local Emissions from the Upper sky (GOBLEU): a mission overview, instrument description, and results from the first flight

BackgroundThe Greenhouse gas Observations of Biospheric and Local Emissions from the Upper sky (GOBLEU) is a new joint project by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and ANA HOLDING INC. (ANAHD), which operates ANA flights. GOBLEU aims to visualizes our climate mitigation effort progress in support of subnational climate mitigation by collecting greenhouse gas (GHG) data as well as relevant data for emissions (nitrous dioxide, NO2) and removals (Solar-Induced Fluorescence, SIF) from regular passenger flights. We developed a luggage-sized instrument based on the space remote-sensing techniques that JAXA has developed for Japan’s Greenhouse gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The instrument can be conveniently installed on a coach-class passenger seat without modifying the seat or the aircraft.ResultsThe first GOBLEU observation was made on the flight from the Tokyo Haneda Airport to the Fukuoka Airport, with only the NO2 module activated. The collected high-spatial-resolution NO2 data were compared to that from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite and surface NO2 data from ground-based air quality monitoring stations. While GOBLEU and TROPOMI data shared the major concentration patterns largely driven by cities and large point sources, regardless of different observation times, we found fine-scale concentration pattern differences, which might be an indication of potential room for GOBLEU to bring in new emission information and thus is worth further examination. We also characterized the levels of NO2 spatial correlation that change over time. The quickly degrading correlation level of GOBLEU and TROPOMI suggests a potentially significant impact of the time difference between CO2 and NO2 as an emission marker and, thus, the significance of co-located observations planned by future space missions.ConclusionsGOBLEU proposes aircraft-based, cost-effective, frequent monitoring of greenhouse emissions by GOBLEU instruments carried on regular passenger aircraft. Theoretically, the GOBLEU instrument can be installed and operated in most commercially used passenger aircraft without modifications. JAXA and ANAHD wish to promote the observation technique by expanding the observation coverage and partnership to other countries by enhancing international cooperation under the Paris Agreement.

Major dietary patterns and their associations with total weight loss and weight loss composition 2–4 years after sleeve gastrectomy

BackgroundFood intakes 1–2 years following bariatric surgery depend more on patients than the surgery’s gastrointestinal tract changes. This study aimed to determine the major dietary patterns of patients after the first two years of sleeve gastrectomy and to investigate their associations with total weight loss (TWL) and the proportion of TWL as fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) loss.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 146 patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy 2–4 years after surgery. Dietary patterns were determined using principal component analysis based on the 19 food groups. The percentage of FM loss relative to TWL (%FML) and FFM loss relative to TWL (%FFML) were calculated. A suboptimal clinical response was defined as a TWL of less than 25%. High FM loss and excessive FFM loss were defined based on the highest tertiles. Linear and logistic regression models were used to derive unstandardized (B) coefficients and odds ratios (OR), with dietary pattern scores serving as both a continuous and a binary variable (higher vs. lower adherence groups based on median).ResultsTwo predominant dietary patterns were retained. Each 1-unit increase in the first dietary pattern score characterized by high intakes of fast foods, soft drinks, processed meats, sugar confectionary, salty snacks, grains, and organ meats was associated with higher %FFML (B = 1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34, 3.66), lower %FML (B = − 1.84; 95% CI − 3.49, − 0.20), and higher odds of excessive FFM loss (OR = 1.84; 95% CI 1.09, 3.11). Participants with higher adherence to the first dietary pattern had lower %TWL, and greater odds of suboptimal clinical response and excessive FFM loss than those with lower adherence. Each 1-unit increase in score for the second dietary pattern characterized by a high intake of fruits, dairy, vegetables, legumes, eggs, nuts, red meats, poultry, and fish was associated with lower odds of suboptimal clinical response (OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.31, 0.86).ConclusionPatients should be encouraged to modify their diet by reducing the consumption of ultra-processed foods and increasing their intake of high-quality protein sources, fruits, and vegetables to achieve the best postoperative outcome.

Insights into Afikpo Synclinorium structures: Subsurface analysis and intrusion outlining from airborne magnetic data

The airborne magnetic data over Afikpo Synclinorium were used to highlight subsurface structures and establish the orientations of tectonic features and their influence on the hydrocarbon play of the area. The characteristic trends of the lineaments were achieved through the center for exploration targeting of grid data analysis. The results of the TMI, residual magnetic field, first vertical, horizontal derivative, Analytic signal, and Tilt angle derivative classified the area into regions of high magnetic intensity observed around the northeastern, southwestern, and central portions of the study area. These areas characterized by anomalous signatures of short magnetic wavelengths delineate shallow magnetic sources. Conversely, regions with medium to low magnetic intensities are characterized by long magnetic wavelengths which indicates deep-seated magnetic source(s) and prospect for hydrocarbon (if other play concepts are emplace); due the thick sediment cover at the southern portion of the area (around, southern part of Nguzu, Ohafia, Biakpan, Abriba and Bende areas). The sediment thickness decreases towards north, west, North-east and north-west (dominated by Benue Trough deposit). Depth to the anomaly sources is of two categories, namely, shallow <1.0 km (dominated by NE trending structures) and deep ≥2.5 km. Ground-truthing confirmed the anomalous zone of high magnetic sources in the northeastern and central regions as Tertiary related tectonic-magmatic intrusion. The most prominent intrusion cuts across Amangwu Edda in Afikpo South through Amaeta-Oziza to Cross River State in a fissure form. This intrusion occurrence conformed to the high magnetic signature identified as a dolerite sill within the Afikpo Sub-basin. It stretches over 16 km in length with an average width of about 1.2 km, having its widest part in the northern parts of Mata Hospital Afikpo. The subsurface topographic model indicated that no fewer than 50% of the study area is characterized by sporadically distributed intrusive rocks. The result revealed several structural lineaments with high lineament density at the northcentral corner of the area trending NE-SW with fault lines (slip fault) perpendicular to it, offsetting the Akpoha, Ibii, Amasiri. and Ozara-ukwu ridges. The major drainage systems across the area followed major structural trends perpendicular to the identified major lineaments, passing through the major regional structural displacement pattern of the Basin. The emplacement of these intrusions might have impacted the hydrocarbon potential of the basin.

Effects of Meteorological Conditions in Summer and Early Autumn on PM2.5 and O3 Pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Surrounding Areas

PM2.5 pollution remains prominent in autumn, whereas O3 pollution gradually manifests in summer. To understand the dual high characteristics and meteorological effects of PM2.5 and O3 in the summer and early autumn of 2021 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 and O3 concentrations, as well as meteorological conditions, subtropical high index, and weather situation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas were analyzed. The results showed that PM2.5 concentration and DPO3 （O3 daily maximum 8h mean minus O3 concentration at 06：00） from June to September 2021 decreased compared with those in the same period in 2020 and 2022, and high concentrations were mainly occurring in June. The overall PM2.5 concentration and DPO3 showed a gradual decrease from the middle to the north and south, with synchronous spatiotemporal changes. The hourly value of PM2.5 concentration presented a multimodal distribution, reaching the peak at 07：00-10：00 and 22：00-24：00. O3 concentration showed an opposite trend of change with PM2.5 concentration, reaching their peak from 14：00-16：00. When DPO3 and the concentration of PM2.5 were high, the characteristics of near-surface meteorological elements were characterized by temperatures ranging from 24.0-28.0℃, relative humidity concentrated at 58.4%-76.3%, and wind speeds ranging from 1.5-3 m·s-1. There was a high lag correlation between the subtropical high index and DPO3. When the subtropical high was farther and stronger from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas, DPO3 was higher. The major weather patterns with both high PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in the study area were near surface low-pressure front, high-pressure type, and frontal type. The high altitude was controlled by high-pressure ridges, and the subtropical high ridge line was stable between 21°-28°N.

Development and validation of a stromal-immune signature to predict prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly desmoplastic tumor with poor prognosis even after curative resection. We investigated the associations between the composition of the ICC stroma and immune cell infiltration and aimed to develop a stromal-immune signature to predict prognosis in surgically treated ICC. We recruited 359 ICC patients and performed immunohistochemistry to detect α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD3, CD4, CD8, Foxp3, CD68, and CD66b. Aniline was used to stain collagen deposition. Survival analyses were performed to detect prognostic values of these markers. Recursive partitioning for a discrete-time survival tree was applied to define a stromal-immune signature with distinct prognostic value. We delineated an integrated stromal-immune signature based on immune cell subpopulations and stromal composition to distinguish subgroups with different recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) time. We defined four major patterns of ICC stroma composition according to the distributions of α-SMA and collagen: dormant (α-SMAlow/collagenhigh), fibrogenic (α-SMAhigh/collagenhigh), inert (α-SMAlow/collagenlow), and fibrolytic (α-SMAhigh/collagenlow). The stroma types were characterized by distinct patterns of infiltration by immune cells. We divided patients into six classes. Class I, characterized by high CD8 expression and dormant stroma, displayed the longest RFS and OS, whereas Class VI, characterized by low CD8 expression and high CD66b expression, displayed the shortest RFS and OS. The integrated stromal-immune signature was consolidated in a validation cohort. We developed and validated a stromal-immune signature to predict prognosis in surgically treated ICC. These findings provide new insights into the stromal-immune response to ICC.

Exploring the Interaction between Major Dietary Patterns and Overweight/Obesity Status in Relation to the Chance of Anxiety among Iranian Population: A YaHS-TAMYZ study

Background: Anxiety is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses globally. While there are long-established, separate, and bidirectional connections between nutrition, excess body weight, and anxiety, it is still unclear how these variables interact and affect anxiety state. The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether there was a significant interaction between major dietary patterns (DPs) and overweight/obesity status in relation to the chance of anxiety among Iranian individuals in Yazd, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on baseline data of a large Iranian cohort study (Yazd Health Study: YaHS-TAMYZ). Dietary intakes were collected via a validated food frequency questionnaire. Major DPs were identified by principal component analysis (PCA). Then, body weight was assessed via an accurate body analyzer. Anxiety score was also evaluated using the validated scale-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire. Finally, the interaction between DPs and overweight/obesity in relation to the odds of anxiety was assessed using a multivariable adjusted binary logistic regression. Results: In total, 5781 participants were included in the present investigation. Individuals with the highest adherence to "high animal protein" DP and with overweight/obesity state had significantly lower odds of anxiety compared to those with the lowest imitation and normal body weight (P for interaction: 0.03). Conclusion: Findings of the current study revealed that the “high animal protein” DP may be inversely linked to the lower chance of anxiety in participants with overweight/obesity. Yet, further long-term prospective investigations are required to confirm the results.

Research on the historical spatial characteristics and conservation strategies of colonial cities in Asia and Africa: a case study of 21 typical cities

Colonial cities in Asia and Africa, developed under the dual influence of native and sovereign cultures during the colonial era, exhibit unique urban morphological characteristics and reflect the planning ideologies of diverse cultures. Thus, the morphological study of colonial cities in Asia and Africa is crucial for understanding and identifying the historical and cultural value of these cities, which in turn enables the formulation of precise conservation strategies. In light of this, the study develops an urban morphological analysis methodology comprising "Colonial Background Analysis—Morphological Characteristics Analysis—Driving Factor Extraction" based on the Conzenian Approach, which is used to examine the morphology of 21 typical colonial cities in Asia and Africa across various colonial periods. As a result, "Dual-City" emerges as the core spatial characteristic of colonial cities in Asia and Africa, reflecting the morphological differences in road layouts, urban fabric, and urban cores between native and European zones. Additionally, as native settlement sizes, social structures, and cultural identities differ between cities, three major spatial patterns of the "Dual-City" model can be identified: separated, mediated, and integrated spatial patterns, resulting from the varied planning approaches applied by colonizers. Furthermore, suggestions for the conservation of colonial heritage are proposed based on the driving factors analysis from the morphological study.

Intentional physical self-injury in Auckland: patterns, associations and clinical implications in a single-centre cross-sectional study

introduction: Intentional physical self-injury (IPSI) is a pressing health challenge and there is little awareness of injury patterns, management and outcomes. This study examines IPSI’s epidemiological and clinical aspects in one major Auckland hospital, highlighting demography, injury patterns and implications for clinical practice and prevention. methods: Using Auckland City Hospital Trauma Registry data, a retrospective, descriptive study was conducted covering adult patients admitted from January 2015 to December 2019. It assessed demographic characteristics, injury patterns and outcomes, using Mann–Whitney U tests, Fisher’s exact tests and Chi-squared tests. results: Among 137 IPSI admissions, 92 (67%) required surgery, and 24% experienced post-operative complications. Major trauma was identified in 39 (28.5%) admissions. Discharge destinations varied, with only 64 (47%) patients returning home unassisted. Injury severity did not significantly vary across sex, age or injury event location. Major injuries often resulted from falls (19 of 39) and minor injuries from lacerations/stabs (73 of 98). conclusions: IPSI represents a significant challenge to Auckland health services, with a notable burden of care. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to reduce the incidence of IPSI and improve outcomes. It underscores the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to care, integrating surgical, mental health and rehabilitative services.

Smartwatch Measures of Outdoor Exposure and Myopia in Children

Time spent outdoors has been proven effective in preventing myopia, but little is known about the association of outdoor exposure patterns with myopia. To examine the association of outdoor exposure patterns with myopic shift in children. This 1-year prospective cohort study from December 2017 to December 2018 was a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial (Shanghai Time Outside to Reduce Myopia [STORM]). STORM was a school-based intervention study, recruiting 16 schools from 8 districts in Shanghai, from October 2016 to December 2018. Children without myopia at baseline who consistently wore a smartwatch for a minimum of 6 hours daily, sustained for at least 90 days, and who had complete information were included. Data analysis was performed from December 2017 to December 2018. The outdoor exposure pattern was defined as the episode of time outdoors and instant sunlight intensity over a continuous period. Myopic shift was defined as the absolute change in refraction between the initial spherical equivalence and the follow-up spherical equivalence. This study included 2976 students (mean [SD] age, 7.2 [0.6] years; 1525 girls [51.2%]). The mean (SD) daily time outdoors was 90 (28) minutes, and the mean (SD) sunlight intensity was 2345 (486) lux. Of the 12 outdoor exposure patterns, the major outdoor exposure patterns were time outdoors with at least 15 minutes, accounting for 74.9% of minutes (33 677 584 of 45 016 800 minutes). Only patterns with at least 15 minutes accompanied with no less than 2000 lux were associated with less myopic shift in refraction (for ≥15 minutes and 2000 to 3999 lux, -0.007 diopter [D] [95% CI, -0.011 to -0.002 D]; for ≥15 minutes and ≥4000 lux, -0.006 D [95% CI, -0.010 to -0.002 D]). The isotemporal substitution of patterns with at least 15 minutes and 2000 lux for other outdoor exposure patterns was positively associated with less myopic shift. In this 1-year prospective cohort study of children with smartwatches, continuous outdoor exposure with at least 15 minutes accompanied with no less than 2000 lux sunlight intensity was associated with less myopic shift. These findings suggest that future outdoor interventions should focus not only on the overall time outdoors but also on the effective outdoor exposure patterns, as a means to effectively prevent myopia in children.