Major Motivator Research Articles

The comparison of the tuition-paid and free tuition dental students' incentives in choosing their field of study at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Southwest of Iran

Background: Despite ascribed intellectual ability, academic success can be affected by progress motivation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the tuition-paid and free tuition dental students' incentives in choosing their field of study at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2016 which has been carried out in a descriptive-analytical and comparative form. Methods: The statistical population includes all 484 students who study professional doctorate of dentistry at the University. Sampling was carried out using census method. The 118 free tuition students and 58 tuition-paid students filled out questionnaires. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, frequency, frequency percentage, mean, Kolmogorov–Smirnov's normality test, and Mann–Whitney's nonparametric test for comparison of the mean were utilized using SPSS Version 21 software. Results: Having an independent clinic (0.75 ± 3.40), a high economic income (0.81 ± 3.16) and a proper social position (0.83 ± 3.09) were, respectively, the most important incentives in free tuition students to choose their field of study. In addition, having an independent clinic (0.53 ± 3.59), a proper social position (0.88 ± 3.17) and a high economic income (0.82 ± 3.09) were, respectively, the most important incentives for tuition-paid students to choose their field of the study. Discussion and Conclusion: Although access to a prestigious job and therefore, positions of high economic interests were the major motive of students in both groups, their excessive tendency toward dentistry has made the prospects of this field of study dim due to the saturation of the labor market and thus reduction of job mobility.

조리외식 전공만족도, 진로탐색효율 및 진로탐색행동에 미치는 전공선택동기와 직업가치관 효과

조리외식 전공만족도, 진로탐색효율 및 진로탐색행동에 미치는 전공선택동기와 직업가치관 효과

The Optimal Size of Local Government, with Special Reference to New South Wales

IntroductionIn the last 20 years, the three eastern Australian states of Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales (NSW) have significantly reduced the number of local councils. In the mid-1990s, Victoria slashed the number of local councils from 210 to 79. In 2008, Queensland reduced the number from 156 to 73 but, with four de-amalgamations in 2014, the number is now 77. As of May 2016 the NSW Government had reduced the number of councils from 152 to 129 and, at the time of writing, plans to amalgamate another 19 councils subject to the outcome of legal proceedings.These amalgamations have occurred despite much local opposition and notwithstanding that Australian local governments have an average population of 41,000, which is large by most international standards. The average population is 75,000 in Victoria and 50,000 in NSW. Among 22 'Western' countries (in Europe, North America and Australasia) only local governments in the UK, Ireland, Denmark and New Zealand have larger populations. On the other hand, the average population per local authority is 37,500 in the Netherlands, 32,500 in Sweden, 9,000 in Canada, 6,500 in Germany, 4,500 in the United States and only 1,500 in France.2 And it may be remarked that in terms of land size, Australian local governments are also considerably larger than local governments in the UK, Ireland, Denmark and New Zealand.In this paper, I discuss the major issues relating to the size of local government, examining four major criteria:1. Strategic capacity to work with higher levels of government2. Economic efficiency, sometimes described as financial capacity3. Effective provision of preferred local services4. Effective local democracy and social capital.The first of these has had special prominence in NSW. The other three are classic criteria in the economics literature. It should be noted that in NSW there has also been much rhetoric about the need for 'scale' in local government. The Independent Local Government Review Panel (ILGRP 2013a, 2013b) argued that at least 200,000 people are necessary for strategic and financial capacity. Likewise, the Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal (IPART 2015), following terms of reference imposed by the NSW Government, concluded that most councils in NSW were 'not fit for the future' because they lacked requisite scale of some 200,000 people. However, scale is not itself a welfare objective. It is simply a possible means to achieve other objectives. Rather surprisingly, in reviewing the criteria, IPART (2014) provided no justification for accepting the scale criterion.While the paper draws on the NSW Government's policies to increase the size of local councils, most of its discussion and conclusions have general application both across Australia and internationally.State and local government relations, and 'strategic capacity'The criterion that local councils must have the strategic capacity to work with higher levels of government has had a high profile in the debate in NSW. Justifying the recommendations of the ILGRP that local councils should be amalgamated into units of around 200,000 people, the Chair, Graham Sansom (ILGRP 2015: 65), stated: 'The ILGRP's concerns were with the effectiveness of local government as an arm of metropolitan governance.' The rationale is that local councils should have the capacity to assist with metropolitan planning and the provision of adequate transport and housing infrastructure.In this section I discuss first some major governance issues for urban areas (urban planning, housing and transport) and then some micro criteria for strategic capacity advanced by the ILGRP.A major motivator of the state government's desire to halve the number of councils in Sydney is the desire to address the problems of high house prices and transport congestion. House prices in Sydney are 40 per cent higher than the average in other Australian capital cities (Reserve Bank of Australia 2015). …

The Influence of Major Selection Motive on Major Satisfaction, Instruction Participation, Employability, Employment Strategies, Major Hope for Employment - In case of students who are majoring in Tax and Accounting -

The Influence of Major Selection Motive on Major Satisfaction, Instruction Participation, Employability, Employment Strategies, Major Hope for Employment - In case of students who are majoring in Tax and Accounting -

The Influence of Major Selection Motive on Major Satisfaction, Instruction Participation, Employability, Employment Strategies, Major Hope for Employment - In case of students who are majoring in Tax and Accounting -

The Influence of Major Selection Motive on Major Satisfaction, Instruction Participation, Employability, Employment Strategies, Major Hope for Employment - In case of students who are majoring in Tax and Accounting -

Depressive symptoms can amplify embarrassment in essential tremor

BackgroundEmbarrassment can be a considerable problem for patients with essential tremor (ET) and is a major motivator for treatment. Depression is also a common feature of ET; as many as 35 % of patients report moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Our goal was to assess the associations between these motor and psychosocial factors (tremor, depression, embarrassment) in ET, with a particular interest in more fully assessing the possible association between depression and embarrassment.MethodsNinety one ET cases (age 70.4 ± 12.8 years) enrolled in a prospective, clinical-epidemiological study. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10, 0–30 [maximum]), embarrassment, with the Essential Tremor Embarrassment Assessment (ETEA, 0–70 [maximum]), and action tremor, with a detailed in-person neurological examination.ResultsHigher CESD-10 score was significantly associated with higher ETEA score (p = 0.005), but not with increasing tremor severity (p = 0.94). In stratified analyses, cases with no or minimal depressive symptoms had the lowest ETEA scores, cases with moderate depressive symptoms had intermediate ETEA scores, and cases with severe depressive symptoms had the highest ETEA scores (p = 0.01). Furthermore, at each level of tremor severity, cases with more depressive symptoms had more embarrassment.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms seem to be more than a secondary response to the tremor in ET; they seem to amplify the level of embarrassment and, in addition to their own importance, seem to be a driver of other important clinical outcomes. Earlier treatment of depressive symptoms in ET patients could lessen the burden of secondary embarrassment.

Patient Perceptions of Expression of Empathy From Chinese Medicine Clinicians in a Chinese Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aims to examine the level of empathy perceived by patients receiving care from herbalists, acupuncturists and massage therapists and to investigate the factors that influence levels of perceived empathy.Participants who were 18 years or above; able to provide written informed consent; and able to read and write in Chinese without assistance were included. A total of 514 participants sampled from charity and semipublic Chinese medicine (CM) clinics in Hong Kong were recruited to assess levels of empathy perceived during various length of consultations (1–20 minutes) by the Chinese Consultation and Relational Empathy Measure (Chinese CARE). Multiple linear regressions were conducted to evaluate the associations between perceived levels of empathy and the type of CM practitioner consulted and participants’ demographic and health characteristics.The average Chinese CARE total score for participants consulting CM practitioners was 34.3 of a maximum of 50. After adjusting for participants’ health and demographic characteristics, acupuncturists received the highest ratings (P < 0.001), whereas massage therapists (P < 0.001) scored the lowest of the 3 modalities. Participants receiving social benefits (P = 0.013), those with longer waiting times (P = 0.002), and those with shorter consultation durations (P = 0.020) scored significantly lower on the Chinese CARE.The level of empathy perceived by participants using CM was similar to results found for those in conventional care, in contrast to findings in other geographical settings, where a high level of perceived empathy was a major motivator for participants to choose complementary medicine.

Foreword: Military doctrine and the management of uncertainty

ABSTRACTOrganization theorists have long argued that the management of uncertainty is a major motive of organizational behavior. Military organizations must deal with very high levels of uncertainty. Some uncertainty comes from the international political environment that gives the Military organizations life; some arises from the possibility of direct intervention by formal authorities upon whom the organization depends for critical resources; some emerges from the mixed motives of organizational participants; some arises from the fact that Military organizations do not get much realistic practice; and some arises from the very nature of combat. Doctrine is one of the many ways that militaries address these uncertainties. But doctrine writers make tradeoffs among these problems, tradeoffs that are themselves reflective of the politics of the moment.

The Effects of Social welfare Student's Major Choice Motive on the Job Choice in the Local University - Focusing on moderating effects of volunteering activities -

In this paper, I propose some policy and theoretical implications by analyzing moderating effects of volunteering activity in the causal relationships between social welfare major choice and their job choice. For the purpose of the goal of this study, I surveyed 242 university students in 2~4 grades majoring social welfare in Gwangju and South and North Jeolla Province. Analysis results showed that the personal motive on choosing a major affects the occupational aptitude & interests and economic feasibility of career when they choose their jobs. However, the social motive didn't affect the occupational aptitude & interests and economic feasibility of career. It means that they didn't choose their majors considering their aptitude & interests, but chose them by following the advice of the surrounding people. Also, moderating effects of volunteering activity was not significant, which means that volunteering period and schedules are too short and tend to be operated as a mere formality. This study suggests the policy implications so that they have the correct major selection and career options based on the analysis results.

Nietzsche Disempowered: Reading the Will to Power out of Nietzsche's Philosophy

ABSTRACT In this article I confront and criticize the widespread tendency to ignore, marginalize, or dismiss without serious consideration Nietzsche's psychological hypothesis that a “will to power” is the major motivator of human behavior. I begin by separating Nietzsche's psychological hypothesis from both his occasional cosmological extension of it into an account of all processes in the world and from his power-based theory of value. And I argue that, since the psychological thesis does not depend on the cosmological extension, is more fundamental to Nietzsche's overall project, and is much better supported by Nietzsche's argument, it deserves to be seriously considered on its own merits. Then, I critically consider Robert Solomon's attempts to deny any value at all to the will to power as a general motivational hypothesis and to reinterpret Nietzsche's theory of the will to power in a way that ignores what Nietzsche actually says about it and, moreover, radically undermines its significance.

Perceived Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs and Service Utilization among Higher Secondary School Students in Urban Nepal

Introduction: Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) is best addressed through the promotion of responsible, healthy behavior and the provision of age-appropriate services. This study aimed to assess Nepali adolescents’ perceived ASRH service needs and factors influencing their utilization of ASRH services. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was based on a structured, self-administered questionnaire of adolescents aged 15-19 (n = 338) in three government-run higher secondary schools in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Descriptive data was used to summarize socio demographics, sexual activity, and awareness and usage of SRH services. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests and binary logistical regression modeling were used to identify factors influencing ASRH service utilization. Results: ASRH service utilization was 9.2% among all respondents. Service utilization was lower among female (4.3%) than males (12.5%). Fifteen percent of students had ever felt a need to access ASRH services, a larger percentage than those who had accessed ASRH services (9.2%). Almost 37% intend to utilize ASRH services in the future. Students attending secondary schools that included ASRH in the school’s health services were 15 times more likely to utilize ASRH services(Adjusted OR: 14.85). The distance from health facility (Adjusted OR: 12.80) and being sexually active within 12 months (Adjusted OR: 10.31) were found to be associated with ASRH service utilization. Those who perceived barriers to services were more likely to utilize the services (Adjusted OR: 7.05).Lack of confidential services was the biggest barrier (71.4%),while friend and peer group influence (86.7%) was a major motivator to access ASRH services. Conclusion: ASRH service utilization among the adolescents is very low, with a gap between perceived needs and service utilization. Students who have accessed ASRH services are more likely to report that they perceived barriers, demonstrating that logistical difficulties may be considerable. Accessibility should be expanded.

Bikeshare: A Review of Recent Literature

The number of cities offering bikeshare has increased rapidly, from just a handful in the late 1990s to over 800 currently. This paper provides a review of recent bikeshare literature. Several themes have begun to emerge from studies examining bikeshare. Convenience is the major motivator for bikeshare use. Financial savings has been found to motivate those on a low income and the distance one lives from a docking station is an important predictor for bikeshare membership. In a range of countries, it has been found that just under 50% of bikeshare members use the system less than once a month. Men use bikeshare more than women, but the imbalance is not as dramatic as private bike riding (at least in low cycling countries). Commuting is the most common trip purpose for annual members. Users are less likely than private cyclists to wear helmets, but in countries with mandatory helmet legislation, usage levels have suffered. Bikeshare users appear less likely to be injured than private bike riders. Future directions include integration with e-bikes, GPS (global positioning system), dockless systems and improved public transport integration. Greater research is required to quantify the impacts of bikeshare, in terms of mode choice, emissions, congestion and health.

Preferences and Motivating Factors for Knowledge Sharing by Students

The main objective of this study was to explore students' perceptions of knowledge sharing, their preference for participation in face-to-face and online discussion boards, motivating factors, and barriers to knowledge sharing. A questionnaire was used for data collection and 154 graduate students from two public universities in Singapore participated in this study. It was found that over one-half of the students preferred face-to-face knowledge sharing, 26% preferred participation in study-related online discussion boards (ODBs) and the rest expressed an equal preference for both communication channels. The major motivator for face-to-face knowledge sharing received immediate feedback from peers while the major motivator for online discussion boards was the availability of enough time to conceptualise and express ideas. The major barriers to face-to-face knowledge sharing were shyness and poor language skills, whereas lack of time to read multiple threads was a barrier to participation over study-related online discussion boards.

Behavioral weight loss for the management of menopausal hot flashes: a pilot study.

Although adiposity has been considered to be protective against hot flashes, newer data suggest positive relationships between hot flashes and adiposity. No studies have been specifically designed to test whether weight loss reduces hot flashes. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy of behavioral weight loss in reducing hot flashes. Forty overweight or obese women with hot flashes (≥ 4 hot flashes/d) were randomized to either behavioral weight loss intervention or wait-list control. Hot flashes were assessed before and after intervention via physiologic monitoring, diary, and questionnaire. Comparisons of changes in hot flashes and anthropometrics between conditions were performed via Wilcoxon tests. Study retention (83%) and intervention satisfaction (93.8%) were high. Most women (74.1%) reported that hot flash reduction was a major motivator for losing weight. Women randomized to the weight loss intervention lost more weight (-8.86 kg) than did women randomized to control (+0.23 kg; P < 0.0001). Women randomized to weight loss also showed greater reductions in questionnaire-reported hot flashes (2-wk hot flashes, -63.0) than did women in the control group (-28.0; P = 0.03)-a difference not demonstrated in other hot flash measures. Reductions in weight and hot flashes were significantly correlated (eg, r = 0.47, P = 0.006). This pilot study shows a behavioral weight loss program that is feasible, acceptable, and effective in producing weight loss among overweight or obese women with hot flashes. Findings indicate the importance of a larger study designed to test behavioral weight loss for hot flash reduction. Hot flash management could motivate women to engage in this health-promoting behavior.

Constructing internationalisation in flagship universities from the policy-maker’s perspective

Internationalisation has become a central concern in today’s higher education and has been developed as an explicit institutional-wide priority. However, as many researchers argue the meaning of internationalisation remains ambiguous and unclear. The majority of existing studies on the phenomenon are case based or focus on the divergence of intuitional motives and strategies. With all has been known about the differences, a shared construct has yet been established to theoretically conceptualise the phenomenon. This article explored university practitioners’ perceptions of internationalisation, in order to construct the phenomenon. To construct university internationalisation, by and large, means to identify the comparable elements of the phenomenon across individual cases and contexts. Specifically, university policy-makers from 17 flagship universities in Australia, Singapore and China were involved in the investigation. The findings show considerable commonalities in the major motive that drives institutional internationalisation, the strategies that universities develop for internationalisation and the approach to implement internationalisation strategies. These similarities enable the establishment of an integrated construct of university internationalisation. This is not to say that university internationalisation is understood and implemented in the same manner in universities across different countries. The observed divergences are also discussed and linked to the influential contextual factors. The findings of this study contribute to the theorising of the widely discussed phenomenon by answering the key question that in what way university internationalisation can be constructed.

Factors Determining Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among Low Income Women: Focus Group Findings from Rural, Urban, and Peri-Urban Women Groups in Lilongwe District-Malawi

Most high prevalence sub-Saharan African countries tend to over-emphasize fidelity and condom use as major preventative measures relative to HIV and AIDS prevention. Studies of behavior change that focus exclusively on these strategies of most interest to the prevention community bias examinations of behaviour change downward by ignoring other potentially effective ways of limiting the epidemic. Regardless of the dearth in efficacy, as well as tolerance bottlenecks; the prevailing debate over provider initiated testing in Malawi may depict a shift towards HIV Testing and Counseling (HTC) in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prevention. The current study examines factors that determine VCT uptake among low income women in the Lilongwe district. A qualitative paradigm- the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was utilized to inform the study. Convenient sampling was used to isolate three women groups namely; St John Nsamba, Women of Action, and National Association of People Having AIDS in Malawi (NAPHAM) support group as participants. The first two groups were sampled as primary groups, the former representing the urban domain with the later representing the rural domain respectively. Between 10 – 15 participants from each group, approximately within the age category 20-49 were involved. Findings suggest socio-cultural gender stereotypes inhibiting negotiating testing with partners as well as the social comparison or optimistic bias motivating ordinary women to underestimate their risk of contracting HIV relative to significant others as major barriers. Recurrent illnesses was considered the major motivator, downplaying the empirical impression about access to treatment as major incentive. The methodical conclusion drawn from the study is that VCT has the potential to mitigate the spread of HIV but for the preventative measure to be successful there is need to surmount various ethnographic and socio-cultural constraints currently impeding the intervention.

How does enterprise and entrepreneurship education influence postgraduate students’ career intentions in the New Era economy?

Purpose – Enterprise and entrepreneurship education (EEE) is seen as a major contributor to economic growth and development in the post-2008 environment we term the “New Era”. The role of EEE in enabling graduates to develop entrepreneurial intentions and career plans is therefore of major importance. The paper explores how EEE can influence postgraduate entrepreneurship and career initiation in the context of the New Era economy at an international level. Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores the learning experiences of a group of 60 postgraduate international students who completed an Entrepreneurship programme at the University of Lincoln which included the development of personal learning narratives and career plans. The students were exposed to the opportunity-centred entrepreneurship approach and the “Entrepreneurial Effectiveness” model in the QAA (2012) guidelines. Their narratives were analysed to assess: prior career intentions, proposed career intentions resulting from the EEE programme, application of learning arising from the EEE programme and a survey of students was used to validate the narratives Findings – EEE has a wider influence on personal development and career planning than simply the intention to create new ventures. The paper builds on a prior study of international postgraduate students’ orientation to entrepreneurship education in their expectations of the UK higher education, which confirmed that career development is a major motivator for international study in the UK (Rae and Woodier-Harris, 2012). The paper contributes new understanding of the relationships between EEE and graduate career intentions, especially at PG and international levels. The paper explores personal growth, confidence and identity development, formation of new career intentions and the application of learning. The international dimension is considerable and this is discussed. Practical implications – The paper has implications for the marketing, design and delivery of EEE at international and HE institutional levels, as well as for the practices of educators in designing, validating and delivering programmes for entrepreneurial career development, at national and international levels. Originality/value – The paper contributes new understanding to the role of EEE in postgraduate career initiation at international level in a period of significant and complex economic transformation.

Motives for Choosing «Civil» Marriages by Modern Young People

This article considers the concept «civil» marriage used in modern literature, distinguishes the criteria of «civil» marriage offered by the researchers of the problem. It shows the results of the «pilot» research directed to revealing the motives inducing young people to live together not less then five years on the moment of poll to choose such form of life. It also marks the major motive of non-registered marriage as the desire for economical independence and the fear of possible adultery.

Cannabis cue-induced brain activation correlates with drug craving in limbic and visual salience regions: Preliminary results

Craving is a major motivator underlying drug use and relapse but the neural correlates of cannabis craving are not well understood. This study sought to determine whether visual cannabis cues increase cannabis craving and whether cue-induced craving is associated with regional brain activation in cannabis-dependent individuals. Cannabis craving was assessed in 16 cannabis-dependent adult volunteers while they viewed cannabis cues during a functional MRI (fMRI) scan. The Marijuana Craving Questionnaire was administered immediately before and after each of three cannabis cue-exposure fMRI runs. FMRI blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal intensity was determined in regions activated by cannabis cues to examine the relationship of regional brain activation to cannabis craving. Craving scores increased significantly following exposure to visual cannabis cues. Visual cues activated multiple brain regions, including inferior orbital frontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, superior temporal pole, and occipital cortex. Craving scores at baseline and at the end of all three runs were significantly correlated with brain activation during the first fMRI run only, in the limbic system (including amygdala and hippocampus) and paralimbic system (superior temporal pole), and visual regions (occipital cortex). Cannabis cues increased craving in cannabis-dependent individuals and this increase was associated with activation in the limbic, paralimbic, and visual systems during the first fMRI run, but not subsequent fMRI runs. These results suggest that these regions may mediate visually cued aspects of drug craving. This study provides preliminary evidence for the neural basis of cue-induced cannabis craving and suggests possible neural targets for interventions targeted at treating cannabis dependence.

Slash Manips: Remixing Popular Media with Gay Pornography

Slash Manips: Remixing Popular Media with Gay Pornography