Major Motivations Research Articles

Measuring the Success of English Borrowings in Chinese

After entering the recipient language, many borrowings are in competition with their native equivalents, serving as an alternative lexical choice to express the designated concept. Concerning this phenomenon, questions arise as to whether some borrowings are used more frequently than others and what factors contribute to their success if we consider borrowings with a higher frequency more successful. To address these issues, this study takes an onomasiological approach, considers both borrowings and their native equivalents, and measures the relative frequency of borrowings in comparison with their native equivalents to assess their success. Raw frequencies are avoided in the study because they are subject to the popularity of topics in which a concept might be mentioned, meaning that some borrowings are frequently used possibly just because the relevant topics are popular, which thus cannot effectively reflect how the linguistic features of the borrowings affect their usage and success. Based on a dataset with data collected from Weibo, this study conducts a multiple regression analysis in Rbrul to investigate how the factors affect the success of English borrowings in Chinese, including concept frequency, concept novelty, lexical field, age of borrowing, number of competitors, and relative length of borrowings. The results of the statistical model indicate that borrowings are significantly more successful than others if they denote a new or low-frequency concept and if they fall into the rapidly-evolving fields rich in new inventions. In contrast, age of borrowing and relative length cannot significantly determine the success of borrowings. By measuring the success of English borrowings in Chinese, this study not only fills the gap caused by the rarity of studies taking an onomasiological approach on the contact-induced outcome in Chinese but also sheds light on the major motivations for using borrowings in Chinese.

Unhousing the Archives Around theZong, Again

Unhousing the Archives Around the<i>Zong</i>, Again

Review of Literature on the Media Uses and Gratifications Derived By Students of Higher Education in India

This study is a brief review of the literature on the media uses and gratification among students of higher education in India. With the proliferation of social media and the pandemic-induced lockdown of the past two years, it is important to understand – how students use social media, seek and gain gratification from it, because with the proliferation of large number of social media networking sites and the magnitude of traffic that it generates, brands today put a significant weightage on promotions via these channels as the engagement metrics of these particular sites are new currencies of today’s connected world. The demography, ‘College going students’ was specifically chosen as they are consumers of tomorrow and their buying behaviour pattern will direct and shape the dimensions of future markets. The area of focus for this study was to review the published literature on the uses and gratifications of Media (specifically social media) uses among college going students through the lens of the ‘Uses and gratification’ theory. What are the gratifications sought and gratifications obtained through Social Networking Sites (hereinafter SNS)? Why people choose specific site/ service for a particular desire to be fulfilled? Why the internet – a great platform for searching and sharing information, is being utilized by college students primarily for communication and social networking activities rather than for the academic purposes? How the gratifications sought differ between males and females? What are the major motivations and needs for the consumers, belonging to demography stated above, to join SNS? The difference in treatment and the gratification sought from professional SNS like ‘LinkedIn’ and if there are any improvements or increase in efficiency in learning process due to incorporation of SNS in academics? The review found that Students prefer to spend more time online communicating and socialising using internet resources than devoting it for academic pursuits. Why people are so enamoured with social media is explained by its "user-friendly" and "let users manage" features as well as its user-generated material. Higher education students want to be involved in their communities; therefore, they seek out to their peer network in an effort to do so. Social fulfilment leads to adoption. College students use and built social capital on different social media platforms for gratification of their various desires. The gratifications sought and obtained varies from platform to platform.

Exploration of the Motivation of Secondary Vocational Education Under the Background of “Diversion”—Based on a Case Study of Impoverished Junior High School Students in Northwest Rural Areas of China

The society generally regards the students who choose the secondary vocational school as the students who failed the high school entrance examination. Based on interviews and on-site observations of poor junior high school students and their parents in a rural junior high school in Northwest China, the paper summarizes the four major motivations for rural poor students to enter secondary vocational schools under the background of today&amp;rsquo; s high school entrance examination diversion. The cost of educational choices and compromises, the influence of peer groups, and individual interests are motivated by school, family, peer, and individual motives, respectively. In view of the current fierce competition in education in China, the disparity of educational resources between regions and the embarrassed family background, the decision to enter secondary vocational school is the result of the interaction between the macro-structure and micro-situation of poor rural junior high school students. In conclusion, promotion to secondary vocational education is a reasonable choice for many rural families. Therefore, in order to meet the survival and development needs of the disadvantaged rural poor students and their families, and make vocational education truly a channel for their upward mobility, it is necessary to strengthen the publicity of vocational education, change the concept of discrimination against vocational education, and at the same time strive to improve vocational education.

“After All, They Don’t Know Me” Exploring the Psychological Mechanisms of Toxic Behavior in Online Games

Toxic behavior is commonplace in online games and has negative consequences for players. Although previous studies have illustrated common types and features of in-game toxic behavior, it remains unclear what psychological mechanisms can explain why toxic behavior emerges and evolves in gaming environments. To fill this research gap, guided by Online Disinhibition Effect theory, this study applies a qualitative interview approach to understand when, how, and why people engage in toxic behavior in online games. Specifically, by interviewing players of the game Honor of Kings (a popular Chinese mobile multiplayer online battle arena game), this study illustrates the evolving processes of both verbal and behavioral in-game toxic behavior and identifies six major motivations for players’ toxic behavior and three theoretical explanations for how the online gaming environment facilitates players’ toxic behavior. Implications of this study on future research are also discussed.

THE MOTIVATIONS OF CHINESE INDIVIDUAL FOREIGN INVESTORS IN THE AUSTRALIAN RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE MARKET

There is an increasing number of Chinese individual foreign investors (IFIs) in Australian residential real estate markets, but few studies specifically focus on Chinese IFIs and comprehensively analyse these investors’ motivations in the Australian real estate market. This paper examines the motivations of IFIs in the Australian residential real estate markets. A qualitative historical research approach was employed to examine the topic. By using semi-structured interviews of Chinese individual investors (consisting of Chinese temporary residents and Chinese nonresidents) and Australian agents in Australian residential real estate from 2014 to 2015, the paper finds four common motivations (good living environment, stable political environment, cost efficiency and profit returns) and three distinct motivations (education, immigration and bandwagon effects) of Chinese IFIs. It was found that cost efficiency, profit returns, education investment and immigration tend to be articulated differently between Chinese temporary residents and Chinese nonresidents, although these four motivations were expressed by both. Chinese nonresidents consider cost efficiency and profit returns as their major motivations. In contrast to Chinese nonresidents, education, and immigration are the most important motivations instead of some traditional motivations such as profit returns or cost efficiency for Chinese temporary residents.

A regression-based rating prediction model for mobile-based puzzle games

Cell phones, nowadays, are used for not only making phone calls and sending messages but also for entertainment. Mobile-based games of various kinds are instrumental in acting as a source of entertainment. Player enjoyment is one of the major motivations in playing any kind of mobile game. The first model proposed for player enjoyment was Flow, which used eight different elements of enjoyment. GameFlow, a later model, was derived through mapping with the Flow model. Each element of GameFlow consists of a set of criteria for experiencing enjoyment while playing mobile games. Prediction of mobile games’ rating using aspects of player enjoyment can be extremely beneficial to mobile game designers. This work first provides a Regression-Based Rating Prediction Model (RBRPM) for Android-based puzzle games using elements of the GameFlow model. RBRPM is derived by applying Forward Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression on a data set consisting of 80 puzzle games. The data set is compiled by playing these games considering the criteria of all elements of the GameFlow model. RBRPM relies on five predictors, namely feedback, social interaction, concentration, clear goals, and player skills for predicting a games’ rating. Next, this work extends RBRPM by including not only additional criteria in the already identified elements but also adds three new elements i.e. fantasy, mystery, and thrill. The improved model (IRBRPM) uses 8 predictors. MMRE and PRED(x) are used as prediction accuracy metrics for assessing this model and K-fold cross-validation is used for model validation. These two steps provide encouraging results.

Motivations to enter the Police Profession in the Caribbean: Evidence from a Cohort of Jamaican Police Recruits

While the topic of motivation to enter policing has proliferated in the Global North, there are limited studies examining recruit’s motivations to enter policing in the Caribbean. As a result, the current effort was designed to analyze the motivations for entering the police profession by gathering data from police recruits in training at the National Police College in Jamaica via standardized, self-administered questionnaires. Data were gathered from one hundred and sixty-one (n=161) police recruits and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The analyses were based on gender, age, marital status and educational level and sought to determine the motivations of police recruits who entered the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF). The findings indicated that the major motivations for entry into policing in Jamaica were: (1) the desire to assist others, (2) the opportunity to further education, and (3) the opportunity to enforce laws. This study provides insights into the motivations behind motivations for entry into policing in Jamaica and is a starting point for future research on motivations to enter the police profession in the Caribbean.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Motivations for Online Expression, Willingness of Online Help-Seeking, and the Risk of Suicide Among Hong Kong Youths: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Despite widespread interest in social media use, little is known about the heterogeneity of underlying motivations for online engagement among at-risk adolescents. This study adopted a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the motives of online expression among Hong Kong youths aged 15-19, as well as their relationships to online help-seeking willingness and suicide risks. In total, 6 focus groups and 12 individual interviews were conducted (N = 40) to elicit information regarding online expression purposes and to construct questionnaire items. The cross-sectional survey (N = 1,676) was undertaken subsequently to determine the prevalence of motives, and their correlations with online help-seeking willingness and suicide risks. Qualitative interviews revealed two key themes: major motivations for online expression, and features of online expression and help-seeking among suicidal youths. Quantitative analyses demonstrated the prevalence of each online expression purpose, with most reporting on "emotional expression" and "life sharing and documentation," but variations identified by gender, school academic banding, and suicide-related experience. Notably, an ordinal logistic regression model revealed that motives of "emotional expression" and "image building" were associated with increased suicide risks, while the purpose of "life sharing" was associated with decreased suicide risks. Those who expressed online for "self-expression" and "friend making" showed a stronger willingness for online help-seeking. These findings provide a more holistic overview of the purposes of online expression, which suggested the likelihood of mental health issues and the need for support. Such insight may facilitate the development of more effective suicide prevention strategies and online intervention services.

Motivation for Ecopreneurial Behavior (MEB): Scale Development and Validation

The study helps in construct development for identifying motivators for adopting ecopreneurial behavior in StartUps. The study aims to address the limitations of previous studies that we are unable to suggest any such scale. The extensive literature review helped in forming initial statements. These statements underwent a few rounds of expert consultation and helped in identifying 20 statements. The exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 140 StartUps, suggested three major motivations that lead to ecopreneurial behavior. Later, confirmatory factor analysis using 160 respondents helped in offering a reliable and valid scale to evaluate these motivations in another sample of Startups to adopt ecopreneurial behavior. The study initiates to fill the gap of empirical contribution in the field of ecopreneurship and would help in the expansion of this field globally by identifying factors that are responsible for adopting ecoprenuerial behavior and foresee its linkages further.

Challenges of senior 8-year-program medical students' scientific research in China: A multicenter questionnaire-based study.

Among the diverse medical education systems in China, the 8-year program is dedicated to cultivating physician scientists. Although the research ability of senior students in 8-year medical programs is a pivotal quality, it remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the current status and challenges of students’ research experience, abilities, and outputs.A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 medical schools in northern China. Electronic questionnaires were sent to 235 randomly chosen fifth-grade or sixth-grade 8-year-program medical students. A total of 211 responses were collected and analyzed using SPSS 22.0.Only 13.3% of participants chose research as their future career goal. Students generally felt that conducting research was stressful and difficult. The greatest obstacle was a lack of time due to heavy workloads. The 2 major motivations for research were graduation and/or future employment (75.8%) and research interest (24.2%). More than half of the students (142, 67.3%) had research experience by the time of the survey, among whom 84 students already had research outputs. A higher proportion of students with outputs was motivated by the requirements for graduation or employment compared to students without outputs (71.4% vs 55.2%, P = .046).Senior 8-year-program medical students in China generally had high pressure to conduct research and devoted their efforts to overcome these challenges. More guidance and novel encouragement to enhance students’ initiative and interest in research could be provided by medical schools and educators in the future.

DIGITAL BUILDING DATA LONGEVITY AND INTEROPERABILITY CHALLENGES IN THE DOCUMENTATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS

Abstract. One of the major motivations behind the introduction of BIM (Building Information Modelling) was to mitigate the challenges of interoperability and interdisciplinary interaction between different stakeholders, this is particularly critical in the heritage buildings sector that involves more diverse stakeholders in a wide range of disciplines compared to a standard construction project. A crucial concern in dealing with heritage buildings is the longevity and safeguarding of the digital documentation data that is usually required to be kept as a digital record for the future. This is especially challenging in the digital medium due to the diversity of the software tools, and the fast-advancing and changing software market.In order to assess the needs and challenges facing the heritage buildings sector in terms of data longevity and interoperability and to assess the interdisciplinary interaction needs of relevant disciplines, the authors designed an online survey targeting professionals and academics in the heritage buildings sector and the wider AEC industries. This paper presents the preliminary findings of this survey.

Model development in practice: a comprehensive update to the boundary layer schemes in HARMONIE-AROME cycle 40

Abstract. The parameterised description of subgrid-scale processes in the clear and cloudy boundary layer has a strong impact on the performance skill in any numerical weather prediction (NWP) or climate model and is still a prime source of uncertainty. Yet, improvement of this parameterised description is hard because operational models are highly optimised and contain numerous compensating errors. Therefore, improvement of a single parameterised aspect of the boundary layer often results in an overall deterioration of the model as a whole. In this paper, we will describe a comprehensive integral revision of three parameterisation schemes in the High Resolution Local Area Modelling – Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational (HIRLAM-ALADIN) Research on Mesoscale Operational NWP In Europe – Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (HARMONIE-AROME) model that together parameterise the boundary layer processes: the cloud scheme, the turbulence scheme, and the shallow cumulus convection scheme. One of the major motivations for this revision is the poor representation of low clouds in the current model cycle. The newly revised parametric descriptions provide an improved prediction not only of low clouds but also of precipitation. Both improvements can be related to a stronger accumulation of moisture under the atmospheric inversion. The three improved parameterisation schemes are included in a recent update of the HARMONIE-AROME configuration, but its description and the insights in the underlying physical processes are of more general interest as the schemes are based on commonly applied frameworks. Moreover, this work offers an interesting look behind the scenes of how parameterisation development requires an integral approach and a delicate balance between physical realism and pragmatism.

Military carrier choice during the Covid-19 pandemic in Hungary

Covid-19 pandemic has changed availability of reasonable jobs. To avoid joblessness, many young adults selected military service in Hungary. The aim of this research was to study their motivation, their individual needs and the way they think about the military forces. In this study, half-structured, focus group interviews with standard questions have been qualitatively analyzed by applying the Grounded Theory (GT) method. Three levels of coding were applied: open (basic), axial and selective coding. This process resulted in fewer codes representing larger categories leading to a final concentrated overview of the interviews. Three selective codes (Enrollment, Pathfinding, Fulfillment), and many sub-codes were identified. We could establish that the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic for the military career-choice really can be detected in many individuals. The military force offers for them safe, predictable existence and career image, in which, in addition to continuous learning and development, teamwork and camaraderie provides major motivations.

Perception of genetic testing among patients with inherited retinal disease: Benefits and challenges in a Japanese population.

Inherited retinal disease (IRD) is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Awareness of the importance of genetic testing for IRD in the clinical setting is increasing with the recent development of new therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy. Here, the perception of genetic testing, including its benefits and potential challenges, among patients with IRD was investigated to establish strategies for IRD genetic testing and counseling practices that can meet the requirements of the patients in Japan. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 275 patients with IRD who underwent genetic testing after clinical consultation and genetic counseling to investigate the motivations for genetic testing, benefits, challenges, status of communication of results to family, and attitude to timing of genetic testing. In total, 228 (82.9%) responses were analyzed. Several major motivations for genetic testing were identified, including gaining information on future treatment options and clarification of the inheritance pattern, among others. No association was found between the sharing of results with family members and the results of genetic testing. Moreover, according to patients who received positive results, the benefits of genetic testing included information on the inheritance pattern, additional information on the diagnosis, and mental preparation for the future. Even patients who received negative or inconclusive (variant of uncertain significance) results reported certain informative and psychological benefits. Altogether, these findings suggest that provisions for genetic testing and genetic counseling are necessary within a certain period after clinical diagnosis and it is necessary to facilitate appropriate family communication about genetic testing results while paying attention to the background of family relationships. Moreover, the benefits of genetic testing can be influenced by the careful interpretation and information provided on the test results during genetic counseling and consultation.

Constructing Online Political Habitus: Unpacking Filipino Generational Political Facebook Posts Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis

Social networking sites had become influential as a platform for discourses, social interaction, and self-presentation (Delise, 2014). Facebook (FB) had become mainstream that its feature of posting political posts and information impacts the society. It is the objective of this study to explore the nature of online political posts and its users. A purposively sampled participants were selected (n=200), and their online political posts were coded and analyzed. Using exploratory sequential mixed methods, six major motivations to use social media was identified thru content analysis. Multiple correspondence analysis was done to cluster individuals into defined groups, namely: political activism, political slacktivism, and politically enmeshed. Moreover, the structure of online political habitus was constructed. It is cognitively structured by the individual level of political knowledge and socially constructed by political participation. Implications of the result show the crucial role of values formation during the early formative years in a person’s life. The established beliefs and values later dictate a person’s online political engagements. Moreover, educational attainment also contributed to the development of online political habitus of individuals wherein they are instinctively motivated to do political posting.

Main-chain flexibility and hydrophobicity of ionenes strongly impact their antimicrobial activity: an extended study on drug resistance strains and Mycobacterium.

The spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and the resurgence of tuberculosis disease are major motivations to search for novel antimicrobial agents. Some promising candidates in this respect are cationic polymers, also known as synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs), which act through the membrane-lytic mechanism. Development of resistance toward SMAMPs is less likely than toward currently employed antibiotics; however, further studies are needed to better understand their structure–activity relationship. The main objective of this work is to understand the cross-influence of hydrophobicity, main-chain flexibility, and the topology of ionenes (polycations containing a cationic moiety within the main-chain) on activity. To fulfill this goal, a library of ionenes was developed and compared with previously investigated molecules. The obtained compounds display promising activity against the model microorganisms and drug-resistance clinical isolates, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The killing efficiency was also investigated, and results confirm a strong effect of hydrophobicity, revealing higher activity for molecules possessing the flexible linker within the polymer main-chain.

Conviction, Votes, or Nationalism?

Why do policymakers pursue cultural policies? The existing literature presents several potential answers but no study has surveyed them in a comprehensive way. In this essay, I examine a diverse array of factors behind cultural policymaking. Combining domestic and international perspectives, I identify three major motivations: intrinsic demand, constituency demands and nation-building objectives. I employ a mix of qualitative and quantitative evidence to explore the hypotheses stemming from these different decision-making dynamics.

Backyard poultry flocks in France: A diversity of owners and biosecurity practices

Over the past few years, the number of backyard poultry flocks has been increasing in France. A mandatory step to improve backyard poultry management is to assess health risks by characterizing the flocks and understanding the owners’ motivations for keeping poultry and their husbandry practices. A survey of backyard poultry owners was conducted in France to gather information about their motivations for owning poultry, flock characteristics, and breeding and biosecurity practices. The survey was completed by 1,160 owners. The major motivations for owning poultry flocks were egg consumption (93.3 %), recycling (72.4 %) and having pet animals (53.2 %). Most owners had already heard about avian influenza (96.7 %), but were less aware about other diseases such as Newcastle Disease (41.6 %), salmonellosis (79.1 %), or campylobacteriosis (18.6 %). Owners mainly kept only egg-layers (78.4 %), and the median size flock was five egg-layers. Owners gave eggs to their relatives, occasionally or regularly, in 86.6 % of the cases. Contacts with other family poultry owners were frequent (68.9 %) and biosecurity practices were poorly implemented: 50 % of owners did not wash their hands systematically after visiting the flock and more than 60 % of owners did not wear specific shoes. Drawing from the survey data, five profiles of family poultry flocks were identified with multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The profiles, based on flock characteristics and owners’ practices and motivations, illustrate the heterogeneity of the backyard poultry sector: 1) urban poultry, 2) traditional poultry, 3) student poultry, 4) pet poultry and 5) hobby poultry. Urban poultry consisted of recently constituted (< 2 years old), small (< 3 birds) flocks of layers, and traditional poultry of older, medium-sized flocks belonging to retired and older people. These two profiles were characterized by limited contacts (direct or indirect) with other flocks and owners. Student poultry consisted of younger owners (<30 years old) with flocks over 5 years old. Pet poultry consisted of recently established, medium-size flocks of layers located in both rural or urban environments. Hobby poultry consisted of dedicated owners who breed and sell poultry and participate in exhibitions and poultry shows. Pet and hobby poultry profiles were characterized by greater knowledge of diseases and biosecurity practices, more bird movements, and reported more frequent clinical signs. The observation of different profiles can help target veterinary and public health education messages to prevent disease transmission in backyard poultry flocks in France.

Transition of mobility in companies – A semi-systematic literature review and bibliographic analysis on corporate mobility and its management

Advancement measures and negative externalities of the current transport system have been extensively researched but significant changes concerning greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction is yet to be achieved. The expected mobility changes, triggered by the introduction of electric mobility, sharing concepts, modern vehicle concepts, new planning approaches and future autonomous vehicle concepts open up new options for an improved efficiency in the corporate mobility sector. The purpose of this article is to review literature between 2016 and mid-2020 on all transport-related activities of corporations and critically review research conclusions and their implication to determine research gaps for potential alternative ways of system transition. This is achieved by a semi-systematic review of international scientific journals and conference papers independently from their research field with a set of a-priori defined terms on corporate mobility and logistics. The article concludes with a summary of major research motivations and outcomes to the mobility transition in companies and identified research gaps with potential added value to the transport system. The review reveals that the major objective of analysed articles is the zero-emission future. An examination of new mobility solutions, technologies, and their potential impact is ongoing. The potentials to design future systems and ways of system transition have yet to be sufficiently examined. The relevant question is how mobility management in corporations could be upgraded. The integration into companies’ strategic management and inter-company mobility concepts could be potential fields. These findings are important for policymakers and mobility managers to jointly work on the zero-emission future.