Major Logic Research Articles

CriticalFuzz: A critical neuron coverage-guided fuzz testing framework for deep neural networks

Context:Deep neural networks (DNN) have been widely deployed in safety-critical domains, such as autonomous cars and healthcare, where error behaviors can lead to serious accidents, testing DNN is extremely important. Neuron coverage-guided fuzz testing (NCFT) has become an effective whitebox testing approach for testing DNN, which iteratively generates new test cases with the guidance of neuron coverage to explore different logics of DNN, and has found numerous defects. However, existing NCFT approaches ignore that the role of neurons is distinct for the final output of DNN. Given an input, only a fraction of neurons determines the final output of the DNN. These neurons hold the essential logic of the DNN. Objective:To ensure the quality of DNN and improve testing efficiency, NCFT should first cover neurons containing major logic of DNN. Method:In this paper, we propose the critical neurons that hold essential logic of DNN. In order to prioritize the detection of potential defects of critical neurons, we propose a fuzz testing framework, named CriticalFuzz, which mainly contains the energy-based test case generation and the critical neuron coverage criteria. The energy-based test case generation has the capability to produce test cases that are more likely to cover critical neurons and involves energy-based seed selection, power schedule, and seed mutation. The critical neuron coverage as a mechanism for providing feedback to guide the CriticalFuzz in prioritizing the coverage of critical neurons. To evaluate the significance of critical neurons and the performance of CriticalFuzz, we conducted experiments on popular DNNs and datasets. Results:The experiment results show that (1) the critical neurons have a 100% impact on the output of models, while the non-critical neurons have a lesser effect; (2) CriticalFuzz is effective in achieving 100% coverage of critical neurons and covering 10 classes of critical neurons, outperforming both DeepHunter and TensorFuzz. (3) CriticalFuzz exhibits exceptional error detection capabilities, successfully identifying thousands of errors across 10 diverse error classes within DNN. Conclusion:The critical neurons defined in this paper hold more significant logic of DNN than non-critical neurons. CriticalFuzz can preferentially cover critical neurons, thereby improving the efficiency of the NCFT process. Additionally, CriticalFuzz is capable of identifying a greater number of errors, thus enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of the NCFT.

Order from non-associative operations

Algebraic structures are often converted to ordered structures to gain information about the algebra using the properties of partially ordered sets. Such studies have been predominantly undertaken for semigroups, using various proposed relations. This has led to a spate of works dealing with associative fuzzy logic connectives (FLCs) and the orders that they generate. One such relation, proposed by Clifford, is employed both for its generality as well as utility. In a recent work, Gupta and Jayaram classified the semigroups that yield a partial order through the relation. In this work, we characterise groupoids that would give a partial order by introducing a property called the Generalised Quasi-Projectivity. Further, for the groupoids that lead to an ordered set, we explore the monotonicity of the underlying groupoid operation on the obtained poset. Finally, in light of the above results, we explore the major non-associative fuzzy logic connectives along these lines, thus complementing and augmenting, already existing works in the literature. Our work also shows when an FLC from a given class of operations remains one even w.r.to the order generated from it.

Housing logic: Rationalities behind housing choice behavior in coping housing market dynamics among urban residents in Sebeta Town, Ethiopia

Urban residents do have rationalities and justifications for the housing situation they are living in. This research is aimed to address the research question that proposed why housing choice behavior is different from person to person and why residents choose the housing type that they are living in given that in the dynamic housing market there are different housing options. The researchers are dedicated to investigating housing logic that guides urban housing choice behavior as a response to housing market dynamics. Understanding the housing logic behind the housing choice behavior of urban residents in a dynamic housing market is a logical basis of this research. This study benefited from both theoretical and empirical analysis because the literature review was supported by empirical observation. To achieve the research objective, the explanatory mixed-method sequential research design was employed where quantitative data were collected from 384 respondents who were randomly selected whereas qualitative data were collected via in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. Urban residents decided to utilize housing type that fits their overall socio-economic capacity and coping abilities. Findings indicated that urban residents shifted their housing choice from formal to informal markets which imply the logic of housing choice behavior. This shifting has happened due to the lowered extent of supportiveness of formal housing market dynamics and the decline of coping abilities that was associated with the socio-economic crisis. The authors came up with the conclusion that the major housing choice logic of urban residents is affordability, accessibility, adequacy, and aptness factors. The authors would like to suggest to the municipality to strengthen the formal housing market given that the informal housing market is likely to aggravate social injustices and inequitable housing development.

On the philosophical function of the ‘sage’ in the Laozi

ABSTRACT In philosophical interpretations of the Laozi the function of the ‘sage’ is a relatively under concentrated on topic. Although nearly every scholar does have something to say about the sage, comments are usually brief and often revolve around the sage as some particular character-type; for example highlighting the sage as a ‘sage-ruler’. In this article we will argue that the sage serves as a tool for understanding the major concepts, thinking, and logic of the Laozi. While the sage does often refer to the sage-ruler this does not mean all references are politically orientated, and even those that are can easily be applied to a host of social situations. This paper thus seeks to appreciate the context for what the Laozi says by looking at how the text itself envisions the embodiment of its ideas through reference to the sage.

Parallel Logic Programming: A Sequel

AbstractMulti-core and highly connected architectures have become ubiquitous, and this has brought renewed interest in language-based approaches to the exploitation of parallelism. Since its inception, logic programming has been recognized as a programming paradigm with great potential for automated exploitation of parallelism. The comprehensive survey of the first twenty years of research in parallel logic programming, published in 2001, has served since as a fundamental reference to researchers and developers. The contents are quite valid today, but at the same time the field has continued evolving at a fast pace in the years that have followed. Many of these achievements and ongoing research have been driven by the rapid pace of technological innovation, that has led to advances such as very large clusters, the wide diffusion of multi-core processors, the game-changing role of general-purpose graphic processing units, and the ubiquitous adoption of cloud computing. This has been paralleled by significant advances within logic programming, such as tabling, more powerful static analysis and verification, the rapid growth of Answer Set Programming, and in general, more mature implementations and systems. This survey provides a review of the research in parallel logic programming covering the period since 2001, thus providing a natural continuation of the previous survey. In order to keep the survey self-contained, it restricts its attention to parallelization of the major logic programming languages (Prolog, Datalog, Answer Set Programming) and with an emphasis on automated parallelization and preservation of the sequential observable semantics of such languages. The goal of the survey is to serve not only as a reference for researchers and developers of logic programming systems but also as engaging reading for anyone interested in logic and as a useful source for researchers in parallel systems outside logic programming.

Topology-Optimized Ultracompact All-Optical Logic Devices on Silicon Photonic Platforms

The realization of all-optical integration and optical computing has always been our goal. One of the most significant challenges is to make integrated all-optical logic devices as small as possible. Here, we report the implementation of ultra-compact all-optical logic devices and integrated chips on silicon photonic platforms by topology optimization. The footprint for the fabricated all-optical logic gates with XOR and OR functions is only 1.3*1.3 {\mu}m2 (~0.84{\lambda}*0.84{\lambda}), that are the smallest all-optical dielectric logic devices ever verified in experiments in the optical communication range. The ultra-low loss of the optical signal is also demonstrated experimentally (-0.96dB). Furthermore, an integrated chip containing seven major logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR) and a half adder is fabricated, where the associated footprint is only 1.3*4.5 {\mu}m2. Our work opens up a new path towards practical all-optical integration and optical computing.

Topologically protected beam splitters and logic gates based on two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal slabs.

The beam splitters are essential optical components that are widely used in various optical instruments. The robustness of beam splitters is very necessary to all-optical networks. Here we report the design of the topologically protected beam splitter, whose splitting ratio can change flexibly to an arbitrary ratio, such as 50:50, 33:67, 25:75, based on the two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal slab. By using the 50:50 beam splitter, all major logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, XOR, NAND, XNOR, and NOR) are suitably designed with the linear interference approach. Additionally, these devices exhibit robustness even though some disorders exist. It is expected that these robust and compact devices are potentially applicable in optical computing and signal processing.

Terahertz Spoof Surface Plasmonic Logic Gates.

SummaryLogic gates are important components in integrated photonic circuitry. Here, a series of logic gates to achieve fundamental logic operations based on linear interference in spoof surface plasmon polariton waveguides are demonstrated at terahertz frequencies. A metasurface-based plasmonic source is adopted to couple free-space terahertz radiation into surface waves, followed by a funnel-shaped metasurface to efficiently couple the surface waves to the waveguides built on a domino structure. A single Mach-Zehnder waveguide interferometer can work as logic gates for four logic functions: AND, NOT, OR, and XOR. By cascading two such interferometers, NAND and NOR operations can also be achieved. Experimental investigations are supported by numerical simulations, and good agreement is obtained. The logic gates have compact sizes and high intensity contrasts for the output “1” and “0” states. More complicated functions can be envisioned and will be of great value for future terahertz integrated computing.

The Progress of Modernization and Chinese Socialist Party Politics

Modernization gave birth to party politics, and party politics dominates modernization. Their correlation and interaction have been a major logic behind the evolution of human civilization since the beginning of modern times. The objectivity of China’s modernization gives rise to the historical inevitability of party politics, and its relevance to the Chinese nation and to the current time dictates that party politics should be socialist in China and that its development is an irreversible trend. In the Chinese revolution, in the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and in the modernization of China over the past century, to accomplish the historic task of national rejuvenation, Chinese socialist party politics has profoundly changed the course of Chinese history, making Chinese society strive for modernization and causing great changes in the contemporary world. During this process, Chinese socialist party politics has had a “distinct fundamental value orientation,” followed “the premise of essential theoretical guidance,” enjoyed “dominant institutional support,” provided “goal-oriented value guidance” and received a “crucial political guarantee.” It has combined its own values with China’s modernization and played a leading role in this drive. It has pursued the most deep-seated values, demonstrated the most unique characteristics of practice, and made the most significant contribution to civilization. All this is a key element of the experience and theory of the interaction between modernization and Chinese socialist party politics. It also provides crucial support for and guides the value of strengthening the Communist Party of China (CPC) and modernizing China.

Topological all-optical logic gates based on two-dimensional photonic crystals.

In this work, we report the design of topological filter and all-optical logic gates based on two-dimensional photonic crystals with robust edge states. All major logic gates, including OR, AND, NOT, NOR, XOR, XNOR, and NAND, are suitably designed by using the linear interference approach. Moreover, numerical simulations show that our designed all-optical logic devices can always work well even if significant disorders exist. It is expected that such robust and compact logic devices have potential applications in future photonic integrated circuits.

Programmable logic controllers based systems (PLC-BS): vulnerabilities and threats

This paper provides a review of the state-of-the-art of major Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based devices along with their security concerns. It discusses, mainly, the threats and vulnerabilities of PLCs and associated field devices—including local industrial networks. As PLC-BS are becoming more integrated and interconnected with other complex systems and open source solutions, they are becoming more vulnerable to critical threats and exploitations. Little attention and progress have been made in securing such devices if compared to that of securing overall Industrial Control Systems. This review shows the fact that major PLC based devices have several vulnerabilities and are insecure by design—firmware, code, or hardware. This paper suggests policies, recommendations, and countermeasures to secure PLC-BS. Securing PLC-BS is vital and crucial since a compromised PLC-BS would lead to significant financial loss and safety risks that could endanger human lives or the environment.

The Jewish Calendar and Calendation According to al-Maqrīzī in <em>al-Khiṭaṭ</em>

Al-Maqrīzī devotes several chapters toward the end of his al-Khiṭaṭ to Jewish history and religion, including one concerning the Jewish calendar. In this chapter he provides a detailed month-by-month overview of the Jewish year, specifying the length of each month, the festivals that fall during it, the names of the festivals and the months, and major practices and logic of the observances, Rabbinic adjustments of the positioning of several festivals during the week, various lunisolar reconciliations, and so on. His descriptions are instructive of his knowledge—accurate or otherwise—of Rabbanite and Karaite teachings and of his compilation technique. They also shed light on the traditions of the Jews in Egypt in the Mamluk period (1250–1517 ce). In the discussion that follows, I investigate his account of the Jewish calendar, determine whether it corresponds to the Rabbinic or the Karaite approach and to what extent, and suggest sources of information that may underlie it.

Did Lewis Carroll own a copy of George Boole's Laws of thought? An argument from the sale catalogues

Private libraries of scientists offer valuable information on their character, work, and acquaintances. Charles L Dodgson (alias Lewis Carroll) constructed an impressive library of several thousand volumes. The sale catalogue of Carroll's library reveals that it contained at his death most of the major logic works that would be expected for a British mathematical logician of the time. However, there is dispute as to the presence of the most important logic book of all: George Boole's Laws of thought (1854). The absence of this work would make both an unfortunate and an intriguing gap. This paper explains the source of this dispute and introduces a new argument from the sale catalogues centred on the dissemination of the books after the sale of the library.

Model Event/Fault Trees With Dynamic Uncertain Causality Graph for Better Probabilistic Safety Assessment

Probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) has been widely applied to large complex industrial systems like nuclear power plants, chemical plants, etc. Event trees (ET) and fault trees (FT) are the major tools, but dependences and logic cycles may exist among and within them, and are not well addressed, leading to even optimistic estimates. Repeated representations and calculations exist. Causalities are assumed deterministic, while sometimes they are uncertain. This paper applies dynamic uncertain causality graph (DUCG) in PSA to overcome these problems. DUCG is a newly presented approach for uncertain causality representation and probabilistic reasoning, and has been successfully applied to online fault diagnoses of large complex industrial systems. This paper suggests to model all ETs and FTs of a target system as a single DUCG allowing uncertain causalities and avoiding repeated representations, and calculate the probabilities/frequencies of the undesired events by using the DUCG algorithm. In the calculation, the problems of dependencies and circular loops are solved. The suggested DUCG representation mode and calculation algorithm are presented and illustrated with examples. The results reveal the effectiveness and feasibility of this methodology.

Hybrid Logics: An Oxymoron? The Case of Variation of a Minor and Major Logic.

The literature on logics takes for granted that in a same organization, hybriditization or combination is the result of several independent logics. Moreover, it shows that those independent logics are only focused on one unique institutional field. In this paper, we attempt to show that a given independent logic encompasses already in its roots, a pre-existing logic or a minor logic, which may or may not be expressed. From an inductive in-depth case study in a social integration enterprise (SIE) in France, which combines both a social welfare and a commercial logic, we show through a practice lens how hybridization of social welfare and commercial logics will impact practice variation of recruitment. We found that in same hybrid logic, when social welfare logic is higher, the SIE tends to recruit people with more extensive social problems, whereas when commercial logic increases, good physical and mental conditions are more accepted despite societal troubles.

The possibility of the using and limitations of logic model and BSC model for measuring performance in non-profit organizations

The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics and limitations of the two major performance measure systems, BSC model and logic model. To do this, this paper tried to analysis two systems in terms of the sphere of performance, the level of performance measurement, the logic of the measurement, the emphasis of measurement, and the main group of performance measurement. The results of this study show that logic model is much useful for measuring performance of a program or a project than that of the organization. Also, if you want to consider communication between employees and program users, the participation of employees and program users in the measuring process, and the accomplishment of the organizational goal or program objectives, logic model is a useful tool for the measurement system.

ISOLATED WORD RECOGNITION USING LPC & VECTOR QUANTIZATION

Speech recognition is always looked upon as a fascinating field in human computer interaction. It is one of the fundamental steps towards understanding human recognition and their behavior. This paper explicates the theory and implementation of Speech recognition. This is a speaker-dependent real time isolated word recognizer. The major logic used was to first obtain the feature vectors using LPC which was followed by vector quantization. The quantized vectors were then recognized by measuring the Minimum average distortion. All Speech Recognition systems contain Two Main Phases, namely Training Phase and Testing Phase. In the Training Phase, the Features of the words are extracted and during the recognition phase feature matching Takes place. The feature or the template thus extracted is stored in the data base, during the recognition phase the extracted features are compared with the template in the database. The features of the words are extracted by using LPC analysis. Vector Quantization is used for generating the code books. Finally the recognition decision is made based on the matching score. MATLAB will be used to implement this concept to achieve further understanding.

Towards automatic integration of the business-data layers in enterprise-systems1

Enterprise information systems distinguish the Domain layer that handles the major business logic of an application, from the Data (Persistent) layer that handles storage concerns alone. The integration of these layers is not straightforward since usually the requirement is for partial persistency, i.e., persistency is required only for a subset of the Domain layer classes. Industry tools provide partial help by supporting convenient abstractions on top of concrete database systems. Nevertheless, the developer still has to design the concrete ties between the layers. Full automation can be a great improvement in complex system development, and goes along with the Model Driven Engineering approach. In this paper we introduce a set of independent Data Access Patterns that provide the missing link towards full automation of the Domain-Data layer interaction. Each pattern is a simple refactoring that yields some Data Access layer constructs, and relies on local information in the Domain layer. All patterns are Domain layer transparent, i.e., their application leaves the Domain layer intact. We provide an algorithm for combined pattern application and show its correctness. An implementation of our method is on the way.

Das Kapital: A Critique of the Labor Theory of Value

A deep probe into the specific categories of Hegelian logic that Marx employed in Das Kapital. Drawn for the most part from Minor Logic and Major Logic, these epistemological apparatuses of Hegel became the presuppositions for the methodology of Das Kapital, or the logic articulated by Hegel in ‘The Book of Essence’, in Minor Logic and Major Logic became the explanatory foundation on which Das Kapital was constructed. In addition, a definition of labor and value based upon the form-content modality of Hegel. An application of the form-content modality reveals the distinction Marx drew between labor and value, or the understanding of the Hegelian employment of these logical categories, after subjected to a Feuerbachian transformative critique, is necessary to a proper assessment of Marx's labor theory of value. The creation of Marx's method of political economy on the substructure of Hegelian logic.

Economic structural reform and China’s financial security

The authors believe that the financial operation based on the issuance of paper money in excess of economic capacity resulting from dependence on the state investment is the central manifestation of factors of China’s financial insecurity. The financial support for the economic reform, the financial reform and the impact of globalization constitute the major logic of its formation. The fundamentals to safeguard financial security lie in the persistence of the state’s comprehensive development strategy, so as to maintain long-term accumulation of the state’s net wealth and the stability of faith in markets.